RE-ENTRY: FRESHMAN FEARS PLUS: AFSA AWARD RECIPIENTS BY NANCY PIET—PEIDN THE LEADER OF THE

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On Political Courage

Several months ago we lamented that neither Republicans nor Demo¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN crats were willing to take the political heat for sponsoring the tax SERVICE ASSOCIATION hike that this country so desperately needs. We see no other way to meet Governing Board domestic program demands and still finance our core foreign affairs priori¬ President: THEODORE S. WILKINSON ties adequately. Now at least the possibility of a tax increase is “on the State Vice President: GEORGE E. JONES AID Vice President: WENDELL MORSE table” in the ongoing budget talks between the White House and the USIA Vice President: VANCE PACE Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ congressional leadership. What is still needed is the statesman willing to Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER acknowledge responsibility for new taxes. Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA State Representatives: PURNELL DELLY We’d also like to see a little more political courage on some of our vacant more direct foreign affairs interests. A couple of issues come instantly to DAVID T. JONES ROSS QUAN mind: DAVID SMITH AID Representatives: PAULA BRYAN Senator Helms’s veto: It seems that by causing so many delays and SAMUEL SCOTT difficulties for such a long list of nominees in the past, the senior senator USIA Representative: vacant Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER from North Carolina has now acquired a personal veto right over new L. BRUCE LAINGEN nominees. As we understand it, the administration planned to nominate DAVID SCHNEIDER Melissa Wells as ambassador to Nicaragua but dropped the plan in mid¬ Staff spring out of concern that Senator Helms would hold up confirmation. Executive Director: SABINE SISK General Counsel: TURNA LEWIS Evidently Ambassador Wells while in Mozambique wasn’t sufficiently sym¬ Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Member Sendees pathetic, in Helms’s view, to the anti-Marxist insurgency. We endorse the Director: CHRIS BAZAR subsequent selection of expert Harr)' Shlaudeman—who had recently re¬ Member Sendees Representatives: AMY L. MACEACHIN tired—to take on the delicate task of building a relationship with the new CATHERINE SCHMITZ Nicaraguan government. Under the circumstances, however, it isn’t sur¬ Director for Membership: JANET L. SCHOUMACHER Membership Assistant: IRENE I.OWY prising that it took some persuading to get him to accept. Letjal Assistant: CHRISTOPHER PERINE Wells may not be the only current Helms victim. The White House Law Clerk: VICKIE GIPSON Conference Coordinator: BRIAN HENNESSEY’ has been slow to forward several recent nominations for no apparent Executive Assistants: BARBARA THOMPSON NICOLE HAMMANN reason other than dithering about possible adverse reactions from individ¬ Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL ual members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, primarily Helms Professional Issues and his staff. The issue here is not whether the Senate has a right to RICHARI') S. THOMPSON Congressional Liaison consider the record of career FSOs before confirming them as ambassa¬ ROBERT M. BEERS, RIC K WEISS dors; obviously it has both that right and duty. But the duty includes Scholarship Programs moving swiftly to confirm nominees who can clearly be shown to have CRISTIN K. SPRINGET served the country faithfully and represented accurately U.S. foreign pol¬ icy. Senate rules of procedure allow the committee chairman to limit The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924, is the professional association of the For¬ delays and to call promptly for votes. Neither the administration nor the eign Service and the official representative of all Senate itself should permit the political fringes to sacrifice diligent career Foreign Service employees in the Department of FSOs like Melissa Wells on the altar of ideology. State and the Agency for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Affirmative action in State: We may need to see a little more political Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to courage in this regard too, if we are to improve progress in upward mobil¬ all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to ity for minorities. AFSA has been on record as dissatisfied with the glacial persons having an interest in or close association rate of improvements to date and impatient to see an overdue State equal with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Mem¬ employment opportunity plan (which has now just been published). Nev¬ bers—$80-165; Retired Members—$45-55; Associ¬ ate Members—$45. All AFSA members are mem¬ ertheless, it seems that some in management would like to pin the slow bers of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA pace of progress on us. We are told that in a recent high-level, inter¬ dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may bureau meeting (at which AFSA was not represented), there was general be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholar¬ support for placing minority representatives in key assignments with pro¬ ship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible motion potential. But some pointed out the difficulty of identifying mi¬ as charitable contributions. • AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION nority bidders on the basis of official records, since personnel files for 2101 F Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Ex¬ years have been purged of all ethnic references. The senior management ecutive offices, membership, professional issues, schol¬ representatives reportedly observed that some form of annotation about arship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL of¬ fices: (202) 338-4045. Governing Board, standing minority status would be likely to founder on opposition from AFSA, committees, general counsel, labor-management rela¬ since, in their view, AFSA’s leadership is no more representative of the tions, member services, grievances: (202) 647 U.S. population than the Foreign Service as a whole. 8160. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 Our answer to that is: try us! We could envisage a system, for instance,

Continued on page 66

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 FOREIGN SERVICE

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER People: Freshman Fears 16 RICHARD AHERNE Nancy Piet-Pelon WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN LOUCHE How to make long-distance preparations for BENJAMIN LOWE LYNN SEVER your college-bound teen THEODORE WILKINSON “The Independent Voice of the Speaking Out: Equal Opportunity Foreign Service” at the State Department 20

Editor ANN LUPPI Gerry Sikorski Associate Editor ANNE STEVENSON YANG Assistant Editor/ A member of Congress challenges the department to action Advertising Manager JULIA T. SCHIEKEN

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is pub¬ Taking a Fresh Look at Indochina 26 lished monthly except August by the Amcri can Foreign Service Association, a private Frederick Z. Brown non-profit organization. Material appear ing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent Obstacles and openings for new relations the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries invited. JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Mem bers—included in annual dues; Others, S25. Can U.S. Aid Cure Nicaragua’s Ills? 33 Overseas subscriptions (except Canada), $35 per year. Airmail not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, Patrick F. Morris D.C., and at additional post office. Postmas ter: Send address changes to AFSA, 2101 Development patterns in the Dominican Republic suggest a E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm cautionary precedent Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed bv Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The ap¬ AFSA Awards: pearance of advertisements herein does not imply AFSA endorsement of the services Recognizing Outstanding FSOs 42 or goods offered.

© American Foreign Service Association, 1990 ISSN 0015 7279 July 1990, Vol. 67, no. 7 Departments

AFSA Views 2 Letters 4 10 • 25 • 50 8 Clippings 12 Books 36 In Memory 44 AFSA News 62 Survey of the Foreign Service Cover: Until recently, Ameri¬ Results 56 cans have felt more comfort¬ able keeping memories of Vi¬ etnam under wraps. Now Realtors 50 Advertisers’ Index/ author Frederick Z. Brown Classifieds 54 Marketplace 47 thinks it’s time to assess the potential for constructive US. relations with Indochina. David Chen did the artwork for the JOURNAL.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JULY 1990 3 Letters

AID notes Soviet experience in Afghanistan, Cu¬ S&T agreements is in the foreign ban experience in Angola, the Libyan policy arena. S&T agreements are To the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: experience in Chad, the Vietnam more than “frequently of scientific Robert Klein’s cynical musings in a experience in Cambodia, and the benefit.” The idea that we are simply recent issue of the FOREIGN SERVICE Indian experience in Sri Lanka would passing out scientific “largesse” is the JOURNAL (March 1990) make one- have left behind a few lessons on the misconception which has given poli¬ wonder why he bothered to spend effectiveness of outside powers acting cymakers the mistaken idea that S&T an entire career with AID at all. The as “policemen.” Oh, I forgot: Gre¬ agreements can be use to lever IPR arguments presented fail on almost nada and Panama. But these actions policy. In fact, S&T agreements pro¬ every count. were followed by a larger rather than vide an important scientific benefit to First, he suggests that Third World a smaller role for AID. U.S. agencies and institutions. Often commercial prospects are too insig¬ Finally, he indicates that our bilat¬ research conducted would otherwise nificant to merit attention. The eral aid program should be elimi¬ be impossible, and often U.S. scien¬ United States may write off potential nated, while continuing “to provide tists find that research even in devel¬ markets with populations numbering aid monies through multilateral insti¬ oping countries can be ahead of that at least 1.1 billion in South Asia, 600 tutions on the grounds that we’re a in the United States. Moreover, the million in Africa, and 400 million in rich country and it would be embar¬ old saw of “bilateral foreign policy Latin America. Our economic com¬ rassing not to.” We already rank interests” leaves us vulnerable to petitors in Europe and Japan certainly second from the bottom among charges of putting U.S. national in¬ will not. OECD donors in this regard and terests second. We should instead Second, he argues that humanitar¬ don’t seem very embarrassed. In an emphasize the actual cost/benefit ra¬ ian concerns will dwindle in the face increasingly competitive commercial tio of IPR policy for our total na¬ of growing domestic problems. The world, channeling all aid resources tional interest. As the article points public constituency for foreign aid through multilaterals will be less rather out, the scientific agencies most af¬ has always been small. But at least than more attractive. fected by our IPR policies have little two of the five “domestic” concerns The issues raised in the Woods or no role in policy formation or cited—drug control and environ¬ Report and other recent-studies are negotiation. mental problems—have obvious inter¬ serious and may well point to a Beyond the IPR/S&T issue, it also national dimensions and can hardly restructured AID. It is unfortunate would be interesting to know why, be addressed in isolation. that Mr. Klein’s presumed career in a time when we are more and more Third, he states that the impor¬ outside the United States didn’t re¬ learning that the world does not spin tance of the Third World will dimin¬ sult in a more substantial contribu¬ around the Washington axis, policy ish still further as East-West tensions tion to the debate. continues to be made based on such ease. In fact, the easing of tensions /.S. Addleton anachronistic ideas as “noblesse may well focus more rather than less Sana’a, Yemen oblige” and scientific “largesse.” Is it attention on the Third World. If not, not the obligation of the Department the problems of the Third World will Scientific interest of State to address such issues where be increasing visited on Europe and they affect our national interest? the United States. Just ask the grow¬ To the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: Duane C. Butcher ing numbers of legal and illegal Third The article by Teresa and David Arlington, Virginia World migrants who vote with their Jones (JOURNAL, March 1990) is an feet each year, the idea that the Third excellent overview of the problems Re-employ retirees? World is about to “evaporate” as a U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR) major concern or interest to the policies are causing science and tech¬ To the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: United States is more an exercise in nolog)' agreements. S&T agreements In my opinion, nothing could more wishful thinking than anything else. are indeed a very weak reed with disprove State’s “Up and Out” em¬ Fourth, Mr. Klein posits a possible which to move the IPR mountain ployment policies, i.e., the abrupt new role for the United States as a and the Department of State should retiring and/or cashiering of senior policeman in the Third World “in act immediately to pull our negotiat¬ officers, than the demands our For¬ order to maintain stability.” One ing goals and policy together in the eign Service will face with respect to would have thought by now that the national interest. However, one un¬ the expansion in and adequate staff¬ French experience in Algeria, the derlying fallacy was underemphasized. ing of posts in renascent Eastern American experience in Vietnam, the It is wrong to imply that the Europe. For different reasons, of Egyptian experience in Yemen, the primary benefit to be gained from course, this is also true in regions

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Key Questions To Ask Yourself Before Insuring An Automobile Overseas such as Latin America (where our presence has been reduced while most If I'm transferred, am I still covered at my new post? of the countries slide more quickly in When I'm transferred, can I collect a claim bankruptcy) and in the EC where the if I'm insured by a foreign carrier? growing economic muscle and pros¬ perity also argue for greater coverage. Most of all, how can you help me protect my investment? Under these circumstances I am increasingly perplexed at the policies in reference, ones that AFSA has both In business for 34 years, the Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service personnel ably reported and fought. The Japa¬ worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and conditions and flexible value limits nese, Washington’s favorite bete noir, often not available from other insurance carriers. are moving ahead in these areas while one can only wonder at what drives Worldwide Coverage our powers-that-be. Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision protection are available at all foreign posts. Obviously, some redirection of the so-called “peace dividend” toward U. S. Auto Liability the foreign policy community is called Available for short term on home leave, change of assignment, and for. Perhaps one-tenth of the sums new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. now being committed to European Contact us today for "The Embassy Plan” Brochure. It explains common pitfalls defense could be redeployed to the and provides all the answers to assure you dependable coverage, diplomatic side once Congress and low-cost premiums and peace of mind. the White House decide on what to Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company do. I would hope that, as part of the process, State would cease its self¬ 3530 Forest Lane #305 Telephone: 214-350-5141 destructive personnel policies and con¬ Dallas, Texas 75234-7955 FAX: 214-352-7022 sider further assignments for those INSURING WORLDWIDE SINCE 1956 trapped in the current “holding pat¬ tern.” Finally, I believe attention should be given to the re-employ¬ RADCLIFFE COLLEGE ment of many of the seasoned and qualified officers who have been NEILL, The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America obliged to retire in recent years. MULLENHOLZ Louis V. Riggio & SHAW The Schlesinger Library Hollywood, Florida on the History of Women in America Unhealthful policy ATTORNEYS AT LAW at Radcliffe College is collecting cookbooks To the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT published by American women LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN while serving at posts abroad. I was disappointed to see, in State SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD [telex] 142181, one more example ACTIONS * SECURITY If you wish to add cookbooks to of the low regard in which the CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO the Schlesinger Library collection, Foreign Service is held by Congress— * TAXATION AND TAX PLANNING the repeal of the unhealthful post * ESTATE PLANNING, WILLS please include documentation of AND TRUSTS * GOVERNMENT how and why it was written, extra service credit provisions for RELATIONS how it was funded and produced, Foreign Service Retirement System and how the authors worked with participants. What’s next? the residents of the host country. G. JERRY SHAW Kenneth W. Parent Dhaka, Bangladesh WILLIAM L. BRANSFORD To donate a cookbook, THOMAS J. O'ROURKE send it to: 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 800 Ms. Barbara Haber Washington, D.C. 20006 Curator of Printed Books 10 Garden Street (202) 463-8400 Cambridge, MA 02138 FAX: (202) 833-8082 (617) 495-8647

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Diplomatic Relations in the 1990s

The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Diplomacy under a Foreign Middle East Connection Flag How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey’s NATO When Nations Break Relations Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East Edited by David D. Newsom by George McGhee (Former US Ambassador An Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Book to Turkey); Experienced diplomats who have been involved in breaks in Foreword by the Rt. Hon. Lord Carrington diplomatic relations and their aftermath address an important, if unusual, aspect of diplomacy: the role of the protecting power and, "[McGhee] treats the reader to a detailed account of his maneuvering since the mid-1960s, of the interests section. within the U.S. bureaucracy and with European diplomats to orchestrate the campaign for Greece and Turkey's admission to 1990 144 pp. ISBN 0-312-04051-2 $35.00 NATO. Foreign Service readers will be struck with the irony of how a long-ago (1961) chiefs of mission conference in Istanbul was deliberately chosen for the venue for a major salvo in the campaign. Forthcoming in August McGhee rounds out his survey with chapters on American-Turkish relations subsequent to the collapse of the Baghdad Pact and a Communication in concluding chapter on 'Turkey's Role Today.’ Not surprisingly, he concludes that glasnosl, perestroika, and their sequels International Bargaining notwithstanding, Turkey is as important to us and to Europe as she by Christer Jonsson ever was McGhee's memoirs and commentary are right on the mark.” Communication is an important and problematic aspect of - Daniel O. Newberry, Foreign Service Journal international bargaining, yet the communicative aspects of 1990 242 pp. ISBN 0-312-03540-3 $35.00 bargaining have been neglected in existing bargaining theory. This book aims to fill that gap, drawing on semiotics and cognitive theory. International bargaining involves the sending and interpretation of signals. Arguing that diplomats are “intuitive Diplomatic Immunity semioticians,” the author explores the impact of national cultures, the diplomatic subculture and common cognitive biases on by Grant V. McClanahan; signalling across national boundaries. Foreword by Sir Nicholas Henderson August 1990 256 pp. ISBN 0-312-04181-0 $35.00 An Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Book In a valuable update on diplomatic “privileges and immunities" as Fodhcoming from St. Martin's Press' they affect a diversity of diplomatic operations in today's international environment, McClanahan surveys current issues and The Conflict Series abuses, ranging from minor violations to violent breaches of accepted rules by both individuals and governments. Conflict as a field has become a major area of research, yet because of its pervasive nature as a subject which 1989 290pp. ISBN 0-312-02833-4 $39.95 cl. draws on so many different disciplines, no studies have ISBN 0-312-02832-6 $15.95 pb. been done that deal specifically with all aspects of conflict. This series closes that gap in the literature by collecting the most important and representative essays Forthcoming in August written to date. Communicating with the Conflict: Resolution and Prevention by John Burton World July 1990 ISBN 0-312-03743-0 $39.95 cl. U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas ISBN 0-312-03748-1 $16.95pb. by Hans N. Tuch; Conflict: Practices in Management, Foreword by Marvin Kalb Settlement and Resolution An Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Book by John Burton and Frank Dukes July 1990 ISBN 0-312-04197-7 $45.00 cl. Tuch traces U.S. public diplomacy from World War II through the ISBN 0-312-04217-5 $16.95 pb. Colei War to today's democratic upheavals - from Roosevelt to Reagan/Bush - while noting the distinctive styles of U.S. Conflict: Human Needs Theory Information Agency directors like Murrow, Shakespeare and Wick. by John Burton Explaining how and by whom public diplomacy is practiced, the September 1990 ISBN 0-312-04034-2 $45.00 book examines and vividly illustrates specific methods and media such as press services, publications, traveling exhibitions, cultural Conflict: Readings in Management and and educational exchanges, well-stocked libraries and broadcast media. Resolution Edited by John Burton and Frank Dukes August 1990 200pp. ISBN 0-312-04532-8 $39.95 d. October 1990 ISBN 0-312-04088-1 $39.95 d. ISBN 0-312-04809-2 $16.95 pb. ISBN 0-312-04084-9 $16.95 pb.

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most FSJ, July 1980 We think our Foreign Relations series should be the oudet for the overall process of making and implementing U.S. foreign policy. Insofar as the CIA important and other intelligence agencies participate in that process, we think it should be documented in that series. The activities of the intelligence community— especially intelligence policies—appear to have been of great and growing investment importance in the foreign policy process over the past 20 years or so. It has therefore been increasingly difficult for historians to describe the overall foreign policy process without covering intelligence questions. With the We do get clearance on certain questions reflected in the Foreign Relations series, but we often encounter problems in obtaining favorable declassification decisions regarding some very significant materials. Also, we management simply have no way of knowing about many developments that took place in this area. In fact, the U.S. government simply doesn’t have well-thought- out policies and procedures regarding how intelligence matters should be dealt with in official historical publications. I think there is an urgent need for the government to think this through, to ensure that our Foreign Relations series will be as comprehensive and useful to historians seeking to assess U.S. foreign policy developments as possible. . . . We believe that if you trust. we cover these matters responsibly and accurately in our series, we can limit the damage that would otherwise result from the publication of distorted Rental and Management accounts, unauthorized leaks, fabrications, and other sensational treatments. We believe, as the officially authorized outlet for government information of Tine Properties in relating to past foreign policy, our series is the appropriate outlet and context Tlorthwest T)C, CheVy Chase, for this information to be publicly released. Pethesda and Potomac Obviously, we’re not talking about releasing information about subjects that are still sensitive, such as specific intelligence operations in the field. The executive order covering declassification clearly precludes this, and there are explicit legal safeguards to protect particular sources and methods. We can accept and work with that. But I don’t think these limitations should prevent the publication of desensitized material that is historically important and does not compromise sensitive sources and methods. I think it would help rather than threaten national security to cover this area more fully than we have to date. Interview with David F. Trask, then-State Department historian, by John J. Harter FSJ, July 1965 Roughly speaking any administration can be classed as active or inactive; as Executive Housing wanting to do things; wanting to solve problems; or wanting not to do things and therefore wanting to shove problems under the rug. In a period Consultants, Inc. of active government, government is always very much more open. Officials 7315 Wisconsin Avenue are eager to acquaint the American people with the outlines of problems that are going to require action, because the way you get support for action Suite 1020 East when it has to be taken is to have people understand the problem. And Bethesda, Maryland 20814 therefore, doors are open; there is less worry about publication; officials are 301/951-4111 more free in their conversations with people in my trade because they know that the leader of the government, whoever he may be, is going to want to deal with the problem and therefore will not be enraged when it is dragged “We care for your home out from under the rug. as if it Were our oWn. ” In a period of inactive government, the reverse situation obtains. Quite obviously this is only natural; for if a government does not want to do what needs doing, it doesn’t want to have it pointed out that this does need

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ATTENTION... doing. The most convenient thing, therefore, is to have the problem kept carefully under the rug. And so as I say there is a wide variation from PEOPLE on the administration to administration in openness and closeness. . . . MOVE. . . [I]t is always unwise and self-defeating to keep problems much too long under the rug and to prevent people from understanding the real form of the problems so that they get only a distorted picture. Furthermore it is downright pernicious and dangerous to keep from the public knowledge of the views of our problems taken by the wisest leaders in the government. Trying to do this, in my judgment, is a very serious deformation of the Cathie Gill, inc. American system as I have always known it. In this manner, the national forum of debate is starved of the facts that are needed to give the debate Opens Doors substance and reality. Our government, if I may say so, lives and moves and acts by public information. It does not matter what an inner group of policymakers may decide. If the public is not adequately informed, if they do not understand the problem, the decisions that the policymakers make We specialize in will not be publicly supported; and so the job will not be done. ... If you’re sales and property honest about the facts, and if the facts indicate a compelling need for action, management in the the American people in my experience (and I know no exception to the rule) Metropolitan Washington have always ultimately supported the needed action. “Governmental Press Relations,” by Joseph Alsop area. FSJ, July 1940 Our name means Of the several ways in which good will can be cultivated, one of the more Personal Attention, obvious is in the treatment of distinguished foreign visitors. With such visits, especially if state visits, there is usually a certain amount of ceremony, and Service, and Results. American ceremony is an interesting institution. We have no royal coaches in which to parade our visitors, no palaces and no diplomatic uniforms or other foreign ceremonial paraphernalia, but we do have a native hospitality which more than makes up for the gold braid and other trappings that we lack, and we are admirably assisted by the Army, Navy, and Marine corps when the occasion demands a fanfare of trumpets or a parade. The dignity of ceremonial occasions must be maintained as the outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace. It is an essential part of hospitality to show one’s guests that consideration which is, after all, based on one’s own self-respect. . . . On these ceremonial occasions the members of the press an the ever-present cameramen are not often conducive to the dignity of the event, but they are nevertheless an essential part of any work in public relations. CatfiieCM \nc. The freedom of the press in the United States is a part of the American scene REALTORS ® and gives point to these ceremonies, whereas in a country with a controlled press the stereotyped reporting of official functions, however loud and diligently covered by propaganda agents, is empty by comparison. Indeed if 4801 Massachusetts it were not for the press, and the newsreels, the visits of distinguished Avenue, NW foreigners to the United States would lose a good deal of their interest, since Suite 400 they would reach a so much smaller public. . . . Protocol’s best efforts, like other civilizing influences, can only be made Washington, DC 20016 in times of peace. War is the breakdown of diplomacy and although the (202) 364-3066 United States is not at war, the dislocation of normal processes is felt throughout the world today, but the creation of the friendly atmosphere known as protocol will surely rise to shine again in a better world. Serving Washington, DC, “A Glance at Protocol,” by Stanley Woodward, Division of Protocol Maryland & Virginia

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Hope in Moscow asked at an embassy reception later if the Foreign Service, working in China, he had gotten tired of all the quips Yugoslavia, Canada, the Soviet Un¬ Associated Press, May 9, 1990 about the bugged embassy building, ion, Iran, and West Africa. As the by Brian Friedman replied: “It’s inevitable.” years go by, he has found, the heart Even the audience couldn’t resist. grows fonder of one’s hometown— Bob Hope did his stand-up comedy When Miss Shields stopped during something Cather discovered after routine in front of the world’s biggest her act and told the director she was moving to the East Coast. microphone—the heavily bugged U.S. hearing a strange sound, some in the “You have to go a long ways away embassy in Moscow—for an apprecia¬ crowd shouted: “Microwaves!” sometimes to find out what you have tive audience unaccustomed to live back home,” Hutson said. entertainment. Flow-through borders That helps explain why, between About 300 members of the Ameri¬ his coast-to-coast and overseas trav¬ can community sat on blankets on a Associated Press, May 14, 1990 els, he renovated a 120-year-old home grassy field in the middle of the U.S. by Joel Williams on Red Cloud’s main street into the embassy compound on a chilly Richardson House, a bed-and-break- Moscow evening for the taping of a This year’s college graduates will taste fast retreat Hope road show. Never mind that international relations whether they Hutson said the home will be a the late-setting sun played havoc with want to or not, Ambassador John stop for hunters, Cather fans, and the cameras and delayed the taping, Negroponte told the 1990 graduat¬ foreign visitors he has met during his or that an audio glitch forced Brooke ing class of the University of Texas- years abroad. “I know a lot of people, Shields to perform her song twice, or Pan American. “We now live in a and one thing I am is a good that temperatures had dipped so low world in which borders mean less and correspondent,” he said. “I’ve stayed into the 30s that by the time Hope less,” Negroponte said. “. . .a world with them all and they’re all looking sang “Thanks for the Memory,” his in which a Chicago buyer is as likely forward to staying at my place.” . . . breath was visible. to shop in Taiwan or Ciudad Juarez It will give him something to do The audience of embassy employ¬ as across the street.” during retirement, he said, and will ees, their families, Marines in dress “Things have changed so much give his family a feeling for the Red uniforms, and other Americans didn’t that you, the graduates of Pan Ameri¬ Cloud roots he cherishes. seem to care: this was live—not a can, don’t have to make a choice to month-old videotaped TV show seek a career in international rela¬ Foxhole diplomacy mailed from the States or last year’s tions,” Negroponte said. “Whether hit movie. . . . you enter business, politics, social The Washington Post, May 29, 1990, Standing on a makeshift USO stage work, or journalism, you will live and “For the Record” near the soon-to-be-dismanded U.S. work in an international environ¬ embassy office building, Hope drew ment.” From a congressional hearing May 8 some of his biggest applause with UT Pan American is located in on prospects for democracy in Burma, jokes about extensive Soviet elec¬ South Texas about 15 miles from the Mongolia, and Nepal: tronic surveillance at the site—a sore Mexican border. “The whole world Rep. Stephen Solarz (D-NT): Do subject because of the millions of is becoming like this border along we actually have an embassy in Ulan dollars it will cost to tear down and which you’ve studied,” he said. “Peo¬ Bator? build a new embassy building. ple, ideas, and goods flow back and Desaix Anderson, assistant secretary “What a shame that this new U.S. forth, from east to west, north to of state for East Asia: Yes, sir. We embassy has to be destroyed because south.” have two American FSOs and three of all the listening devices hidden in Mongolians, and we have an ambassa¬ it,” he said. “This place has so many Cherished roots dor who, unfortunately, is posted bugs in it, it should be known as the here in Washington but visits from roach motel.” The Lincoln Journal, May 11, 1990 time to time. Or: “I’m not saying this place is by Paul Hammel Solarz: Well, is there any reason bugged, but I looked at myself in the why he’s not a resident? washroom mirror and said, ‘Boy, Tom Hutson knows how Willa Cather Anderson: There is no suitable place what a handsome guy,’ and the mir¬ felt about her childhood home on the for him to live, but as soon as such ror said, ‘That’s funnier than any joke Webster County prairie. is ready, we’re going to move him you’ll tell today.’” The 50-year old Red Cloud, Ne¬ out there. U.S. Ambassador Jack Madock, braska, native has spent 20 years in Solarz: No suitable place for him

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to live? I mean really, Mr. Anderson. What are we sending—a pacha over there? I mean, no suitable place? I mean we have Asian countries where Americans slept in foxholes in order to defend freedom, and many gave M/ hen it is time for your their lives. Are you saying that the jjjtext overseas assignment, only reason we don’t have an ambas¬ qfell the relocation and sador is we can’t find a suitable ige specialist with mansion? K 60 years of Anderson: Mr. Chairman, I’m one ■rience. Victory's of those who slept in foxholes, but ern warehouses offer we felt that we should have enough cWJfclete protection for going on between the two countries ydispossessions you and also that we had a place that was lisa*in storage. Special suitable so it could . . . crnwte controlled, high %|jnrity areas are Solarz: Is this absence of a suitable j^tvailable for silver, art, residence the main reason we don’t jggfiques and private have somebody over there? M|Np£t)ft£. Your overseas Anderson: Yes, sir, but we’re plan¬ ^mpment will be packed ning to . . . with precision and Solarz: Permit me to say this is accuracy to assure timely ludicrous ... I mean it’s one thing arrival to any point not to have an ambassador in Phnom around the world. Penh or Hanoi—there are political reasons for this. You can agree or disagree, but I really cannot believe that in the first Asian Communist country to undergo democratic trans¬ formation we don’t have an ambassa¬ dor only because suitable quarters Joe Talley has expertly can’t be found. protected valuables for Victory's customers Alexandria, Virginia for 32 years. (703) 751-5200 800-572-3131

Notice to Readers and Advertisers

The July and August issues of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL have been com¬ bined since 1980. Begin¬ ning this year, due to popu¬ lar demand and the growth in editorial submissions, the JOURNAL will resume publishing a separate August issue.

14 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • JULY 1990 Your free government coverage could leave you overseas and undercovered* jfHOP//

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The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. Freshman Fears meaningless back home. “They en¬ appointments, do laundry without counter a lack of specialness and at ruining everything, keep their rooms Coping with college when the same time are plunged into a peer reasonably clean, and cook a meal if the United States group they have no experience with.” pressed. More important, they must doesn’t feel like home Compounding the difficulty is the know how to manage their finances. tendency of young people raised With parents so far away, Foreign abroad to be relatively independent Service children often have more NANCY PIET-PELON and dislike joining groups. Jordan money within easy reach than their suggests they take along phone num¬ peers. They have to know how to bers of friends from foreign posts budget, since it could be difficult for For adults in the Foreign Serv¬ who have also returned to the United parents to bail them out quickly. ice, no matter how many years States and hold frequent reunions Financial matters can present particu¬ they have spent abroad, the United with people who share their experi¬ lar problems to children of Foreign States is always home. But children ences abroad. “Their peers aren’t Service families, who generally have who have spent their young lives interested in their experiences over¬ not worked at after-school or summer overseas develop deep attachments seas. There’s a tremendous amount jobs or earned their own money. As to countries where they grew up; of ethnocentricity here,” and that can one friend put it, “My daughter they immerse themselves in the local make Foreign Service kids feel cut doesn’t have a clue about how to get culture to a far greater extent than off. a job. She feels uncomfortable that do their parents. Their circles of she is totally dependent on us for friends, memories, and experiences Support systems money. All of her friends have had are all centered abroad. For these some work experience.” Having the “third culture kids,” returning to the The first step to easing adjustment pre-freshman return to the United United States to attend college is for the college-bound youth is choos¬ States for the summer prior to college doubly traumatic. They must not ing the right university. Foreign Serv¬ can help the student gain useful only adjust to their new independ¬ ice children will probably want to Stateside work experience. This is ence and the demands of the aca¬ attend schools with diverse student especially germaine as it appears that demic program, but must do it in a populations including nationals from federal budget problems are putting largely unfamiliar country, where rela¬ a variety of countries and the children the embassy “summer hire” program tionships with extended family mem¬ of expatriates. The social and aca¬ for teen dependents on, hopefully, bers are weak and friends are scat¬ demic desirability of a particular uni¬ temporary hold. tered. Uprooted, many of these stu¬ versity may have to be weighed against dents long to go abroad again and its proximity to family and friends, Orientation frequently return overseas for their however. Some Foreign Service chil¬ own careers. dren choose to attend a college in Encouraging the student to attend Children of Foreign Service fami¬ order to be near grandparents or university orientation programs also lies are marked by their experiences close family friends who will welcome helps ease adjustment. Most schools abroad, and difference is not always them for Thanksgiving and other offer a short orientation program respected in their new peer groups in holidays that their friends spend at before freshman year, providing time the United States. “Many students home. to learn about the campus and meet feel very negatively about coming Parents should also make sure their potential friends. Parents might ar¬ back,” says Dr. Kathleen Jordan, a children have caught up with their range to be in the area at the same Washington counselor specializing in peers. The prospective college stu¬ time, not interfering, but getting an “third culture” children. Third cul¬ dent will need a driver’s license for idea of where their children will be ture kids abroad are special by virtue identification purposes, even if the spending the next four years. In of belonging to a small community student does not have or want a car. addition to university orientation, or¬ of foreigners. Back in the United Besides, driving is an important rite ganizations for Foreign Service fami¬ States, they tend to feel lost in the of passage in America, and the non¬ lies, such as AWAL (Around the crowd. What made them unique over¬ driving student may feel left behind World in a Lifetime) and the Foreign seas—being a representative of the by peers with licenses. Service Youth Foundation, offer ori¬ United States in a foreign country—is Young people preparing to leave entation workshops, re-entry counsel¬ home should also know how to take ing, alumni networks, and other sys¬ Nancy Piet-Pelon writes frequently about care of themselves: shop for appropri¬ tems of support (see box page 19). Foreign Service issues. She is currently ate college clothes, schedule medical Parents should also make every posted in Kathmandu.

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FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER^391 ^PROSPERITY AVENUE^AIRFAXWA 22031_ effort to accompany their children more, children of Foreign Sendee on moving day, the first day of Delayed adolescence families tend to develop very close school. It can be acutely isolating to Despite careful preparation, many relationships with their parents and enter the dorm burdened with suit¬ young people are not ready for col¬ less strong peer relationships. Leaving cases and struggling alone. Pamela lege, and some feel they have chosen the family can be especially difficult Winder, stationed in Bangkok when die wrong one. At the end of one for them, and many who have lived her younger daughter started college, semester they want to transfer or happily overseas take years to adjust was unable to come home for the first even come home. Many parents get to their own country and settle down. day of college, so she arranged tor a apoplectic at the thought: parents Many students returned from over¬ sister-in-law to take her daughter to tend to strongly encourage the stu¬ seas may find college counseling pro¬ the dorm. That helped, Winder said, dent to stick it out. They can help grams helpful to work out feelings of not only because the daughter had by listening to the child’s concerns loneliness and exclusion. In addition, someone to accompany her on the and helping get perspective about the the State Department has a confiden¬ first day but because the sister-in-law need for a good education and the tial counseling service, the Employee could then report back to the family value of attending college with the Consultation Service (ECS), which on how their daughter was adjusting. same age group. Parents should also refers clients to local counselors who Finally, before leaving the student let the child know he or she can come are familial- with the particular prob¬ behind, parents and the student home if necessary. After the first lems encountered by Foreign Service should discuss and agree upon a home leave, the visit home tends to children. regular system for communication take on less importance in the stu¬ Most of all, parents should be and support. Most parents decide on dent’s thoughts, says Dr. Jordan. flexible and prepared for their chil¬ a fixed schedule of telephone calls, as Leaving home tends to be much dren’s cries for help. Experts on teens often as once a week or, more com¬ more difficult, Jordan says, for stu¬ raised overseas say that is it not monly, once a month. Even if a good dents whose families change posts unusual for them to go through a communication system is in place, while they are away. These students delayed adolescence from age 18 to times of emergency may require the may return to a place that has no 28. Instead of being free of their intervention of a third party. Most feeling of home. children,, parents often find these parents arrange with a close relative Although parents do not want to years present a demand for continu¬ or friend who agrees to see or talk overreact to their children’s expres¬ ing nurturing and care. Many young with the student regularly. This sys¬ sions of dissatisfaction with college, a people take a long time before they tem saves a lot of stress on both sides constant barrage of unhappiness, es¬ assimilate their overseas experience and helps the parents relax, knowing pecially when accompanied by failing and apply what they have learned to that an adult they trust is watching grades, indicates that a change or their lives. They will be working on out for their child. reassessment is in order. These young that through their late teen years and people are at a vulnerable age. Further¬ as they get older. □

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Resources for returning students APPLIANCES & u. ELECTRONICS £ Offering the Best 50 • Family Liaison Office Foreign Service Youth Foun¬ cycle appliances (FLO), Dept, of State. FLO dation □ Top rated by leading and its 153 community liai¬ 1019 19th Street, N. W. consumer magazine son offices overseas work on Suite 900 □ Adjustable split glass employment and training for shelves Washington, D.C. 20036 □ Automatic defrost Foreign Service families, and Tel: 202/466-7951, Fax: 202/ □ Dual Humidity controlled provide personal and commu¬ 466-4113 crispers nity support to Foreign Serv¬ □ Refrigerated metal drawer ice personnel during personal • Around the World in a or country' crises. A FLO Lifetime (AWAL). AWAL flmana quarterly offers information is the Foreign Service teen Refrigerator/Freezer on family resources at post membership club established and in the United States, in 1982, which now has ranging from schools and about 120 members. AWAL counseling services to shop¬ holds meetings and retreats ping guides, vacation tips, and publishes a newsletter and summer employment. for Foreign Service teens. Con¬ Contact: tact:

Education Counselor AWAL, c/o Overseas Briefing Family Liaison Office Center M/FLO, Room 1212A Foreign Sendee Institute Department of State Room C-l Washington DC 20520-7310 1400 Key Boulevard Tel: 202/647-3178 Arlington, VA 22209 Tel: 703/875-5348 • Foreign Service Youth Foun¬ □ 10 cookmatic level dation. The foundation runs • The Employee Consulta¬ □ stainless steel cavity training programs to help tion Service (ECS). This □ 700 watts □ exclusive rotowave system Foreign Service teenagers ad¬ State Department service pro¬ just to life in the United vides confidential counseling States after tours abroad and and gives referrals to local generally coordinates support counselors who are familiar for the children of Foreign with the particular needs of Service families. The founda¬ Foreign Service families. Con¬ tion was created in 1989 tact: through the collaborative ef¬ forts of the State Depart¬ ECS ment’s Family Liaison Of¬ Room 3243 fice, the Association of Ameri¬ Department of State Washington, D.C. 20520- can Foreign Service Women, Also offering Frigidaire, May¬ and the Overseas Briefing 6817 tag, Philips Sansui and Sony Center of the Foreign Serv¬ Tel: 202/647-4929 ice Institute. Contact: FREE gifts & local delivery SOURCE: State Department Family Liaison with your purchase when you Office mention this ad

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 19 Speaking Out

Building a Representative Foreign Service

The department must finally offer equal opportunity

GERRY SIKORSKI

If Thomas Jefferson, our nation’s Uphill battle first secretary of state, were to return to the State Department in Over the past 20 years, the State 1990, he would discover an entirely Department has only reluctantly in¬ new United States diplomatic corps. creased its efforts to recruit and In 1790, the State Department con¬ advance women and minorities in the sisted of eight employees in New Foreign Service. Instead of voluntar¬ York City and sent ministers to only ily following affirmative action plans Congressman Sikorski two countries, France and Great Brit¬ and recruitment goals, State has re¬ ain. Today, the State Department acted to court cases, Equal Employ¬ ment’s commitment to creating a employs 4,700 civil servants in Wash¬ ment Opportunity (EEO) complaints, discrimination-free workforce. The ington, D.C., 5,100 Foreign Service congressionally mandated internal re¬ cases and complaints take time, en¬ officers, and about 4,200 Foreign views, legislation, and investigations. ergy, and funds that could be put to Service specialists throughout the Though a series of legal actions better use. world. against the department’s alleged dis¬ When Jefferson served as secretary crimination have produced victories of state, all positions in the depart¬ Problems that won’t go away ment were obtained through political patronage. Today, Foreign Service “I am discouraged by Congress has practiced consider¬ officers must meet highly competitive inequality in a system that able oversight to ensure fair practices entrance requirements before repre¬ appears to stack the deck within the Foreign Service since its senting America worldwide. founding in 1924. In 1972, Congress One aspect of the State Depart¬ in favor of a select few. ” amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act ment has remained virtually the same to require federal agencies, including over 200 years, however: the composi¬ the State Department, to develop an tion of the senior workforce. in court, the decisions seem to have annual plan “to maintain an affirma¬ White women and black men were litde impact on a general pattern of tive program of equal employment first admitted into the Foreign Serv¬ discrimination, and the suits keep opportunity,” prohibiting discrimina¬ ice officer corps in the 1920s and multiplying. In 1985, the department tion based on race, color, sex, relig¬ 1930s. Yet by 1961, black Americans finally setded a three-year-old suit by ion, and national origin. constituted a mere 1.8 percent of the a qualified applicant denied entry into The Foreign Service Act of 1980 3,726 Foreign Service officers at the the Foreign Service because of his reorganized the Foreign Service, em¬ State Department, while women made blindness. In 1989, State was forced phasizing that the Foreign Sendee up 8.8 percent. In 1963, Secretary of to suspend its annual written examina¬ should be representative of the Ameri¬ State Dean Rusk launched the State tion when it was found to discrimina¬ can people. Specifically, the legisla¬ Department’s first affirmative action te against women and minorities. tion aimed at strengthening the For¬ efforts by inviting civil rights leaders Recendy, several black Foreign Serv¬ eign Service by promoting policies to Washington to discuss the need to ice officers filed a class action suit and procedures—including affirma¬ increase the number of minorities alleging discrimination, and Hispanic tive action—that would encourage serving as Foreign Service officers. officers are poised to file a similar entry and advancement in the For¬ suit. From 1976 to 1986, over 240 eign Service by people from all seg¬ EEO cases have been filed—and the ments of American society, as well as Gerry Sikorski (D-Minnesota) chairs the number keeps growing. promoting fair and equitable treat¬ Subcommittee on the Civil Service of the Such legal action and the large ment for all without regard to politi¬ House Post Office and Civil Service Com¬ number of EEO complaints raise cal affiliation, race, color, religion, mittee. serious questions about the depart¬ national origin, sex, marital status,

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age, or handicap. briefing for all members of the Post in hiring and promoting women and Since the passage of the 1980 act, Office and Civil Sendee Committee minorities within the ranks of the several oversight hearings have been to examine the State Department’s Foreign Service. held by both the House Post Office policy on blind applicants to the In October, the Civil Service and Civil Service Committee and the Foreign Service. Soon after the hear¬ Subcommittee and the International Committee on Foreign Affairs. In ing, the department agreed to revise Operations Subcommittee of the 1989, the Subcommittee on the Civil its discriminatory hiring policies House Foreign Affairs Committee Service held three hearings examining against the blind. held two joint hearings examining State’s discriminatory policies toward In September 1989, General Ac¬ the personnel system of the Foreign women, members of racial and ethnic counting Office (GAO) told the Civil Service, with testimony from mem¬ minorities, and the handicapped. Be¬ Service Subcommittee that the State bers of two study groups, the Bremer ginning in February 1989, I held a Department continues to discriminate and Thomas commissions, which re¬ ported on the Foreign Service per¬ sonnel system. The State Depart¬ SUSS?'”' As ment’s Bremer report had concluded that too few highly skilled people, particularly from minority popula¬ tions, were applying for and entering the Service, while the congressionally mandated Thomas commission found that discrimination against women Should the Changing Face of and minorities still exists. The subcommittee also heard testimony Global Economies from Under Secretary Ivan Selin, Change the Face of Your Portfolio? Foreign Service personnel Director General Edward Perkins, and the FIND OUT IN THIS NEW A.G. EDWARDS SPECIAL REPORT. president of AFSA, Theodore Wilkin¬ As democracy sweeps across Eastern Europe and Pacific Basin son. Again, members heard a familiar companies continue growing, many investors wonder whether they should add an international flavor to their investment portfolios. tune: action must be taken to correct Our new report, “Understanding Global Investing," helps you decide persistent discrimination. whether you should join the growing numbers of global investors, and shows you: All talk, no action How you can Invest in European and Pacific Basin interests How to evaluate foreign investments and determine which, if any, What has the State Department are right for your portfolio Why you should take a long-term view of foreign investments done to respond to concerns raised What unusual risks accompany the potential rewards of by the numerous suits and congres¬ international investing sional hearings? Phone—Write—Visitrnorie—write—Visit Following the 1972 amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the A.G Eduards&Sons,&& Inc. State Department commissioned sev¬ sS INVESTMENTS/ VlTCTtTf vrrv SINCEcixir'c 1887100-7 eral studies and instituted programs Members New York Stock Exchange to recruit women and minority For¬ THE INCOME SPECIALISTS eign Service officers. In 1979, Secre¬ NEARLY 400 OFFICES NATIONWIDE tary of State Cyrus Vance formed the Call today for your free copy of "Understanding Global Investing: Habib Committee, which reported EDWARDS EDWARDS in 1980 that a basic objective of the Mr. William C. Mitchell Mr. Norman B. Schrott, Vice Pres. State Department must be to “ensure Spring Valley Center Courthouse Square that the Foreign Service is truly 4801 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. 524 King Street, EO. Box 590 Washington, D.C. 20016 Alexandria, Virginia 22313 representative of American diversity.” 364-1600 548-5700 In June 1980, Secretary Edmund FP-109-5644 d *EDC SIPC Muskie told State Department em¬ ployees that he was “dedicated to eliminating any vestige of discrimina¬ tory practices and attitudes, and mak-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 25 Taking a Fresh Look at Indochina

Why it’s time to overcome the Vietnam syndrome

FREDERICK Z. BROWN

Historians will argue into the next context has changed, and the precepts we century whether the American in¬ took for granted as late as 1975 are now tervention in Indochina actually saved the open to challenge. It is high time to ask rest of Southeast Asia from conquest by two questions: which countries pose a fu¬ Sino-Vietnamese communism. Would a uni¬ ture threat to our national security and that fied Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh have of our ASEAN friends—the Soviet Union? followed its nationalist instincts, changed its China? Vietnam? Where are the opportuni¬ ideological spots, and emerged over time ties in the 1990s to enhance our strategic as a buffer against Mao’s expansionism? interests in Southeast Asia? Whatever the effects of U.S. actions in One opportunity, ironically, is presented Indochina, today more than 300 million by Indochina and particularly Vietnam. The people in the six countries of the Associa¬ trauma of an involvement a generation ago tion of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN: should not obscure today’s realities or pre¬ Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, clude a new relationship with Vietnam in Thailand, and Brunei) live in relative secu¬ the broader regional context of Southeast rity and are racking up the fastest economic Asia. growth rate of any region in the world. The dominoes we’ve heard falling are not Thai¬ land, Malaysia, or Indonesia but the Marxist- Behind the fiction Leninist governments of Eastern Europe. While the “red tide” from the north we The American public remains ambivalent feared in the 1950s and 1960s has receded, about Indochina, caught between curiosity the United States and ASEAN still share about what went wrong and an impulse to regional security interests and will continue block out the whole mess. Apprehension to do so for the foreseeable future. The and anxiety alternate with indifference. Ab¬ sorbed in the war’s drama and corrosive social impact, we prefer to view it through Frederick Z. Brown, senior associate at the the cinema prisms of “Platoon” and “Full George Mason University Indochina Insti¬ Metal Jacket” or TV soap operas like “Tour tute, was a Foreign Service officer from 1958 of Duty'” and “China Beach.” In the ava¬ to 1984. He is author of Second Chance: lanche of films and war novels about Ameri¬ The United States and Indochina in the can soldiers in “Nam,” Vietnam has be¬ 1990s, (Council on Foreign Relations, 1989). come a fictional country where Vietnamese

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 rarely appear except as targets. This, sadly, Interests and opportunities says a good deal about our misconceptions of the war and what was at stake in that vast American involvement. Why should the administration pay any Indochina For all the confusion, the American pub¬ attention to a forlorn corner of Southeast should lic seems ready to make a more sophisti¬ Asia? never again cated examination. The reactive blocking Indochina does not exist in isolation but assume anything out of Vietnam shows signs of giving way alongside some of our best friends in South¬ remotely to a more mature attitude and a desire to east Asia, not to mention China. Though resembling understand the reasons for our past involve¬ relationships with ASEAN members loom the importance ment and the prospects for the future. The far larger than any the United States is assigned to it profusion of college courses on the war and likely to develop with Vietnam, Cambodia, after 1954 documentaries on Vietnam and Cambodia or Laos in the next generation, we do not indicate as much. The process is slow; no have to choose. Continued close ties with one can predict what revisions of reality and our friends and allies in ASEAN and else¬ belief will occur along the way. where would be complemented by a posi¬ Except for a flurry of enthusiasm for tive relationship with the countries of Indo¬ normalization with Vietnam in the early china. Carter years, American administrations have The Soviet Union, despite all its troubles assigned Indochina low priority. Only since and an eroding alliance with Vietnam, re¬ about 1988 have prospects for a Cambo¬ mains an influential player. The Soviets are dian settlement and the gruesome possibil¬ conducting a more imaginative foreign pol¬ ity of a return to power of the Khmer icy toward ASEAN and the Pacific nations, Rouge excited interest. Among leaders of and they still deploy a formidable military both political parties there is acute appre¬ presence from Vladivostok to the Indian hension over reinvolvement, however slight, Ocean. As the Cold War abates—or perhaps in the affairs of Indochina. Fifteen years just changes venue and style—other geopo¬ after the war, the wounds are still fresh, the litical and economic rivalries intensify. The domestic political risk still evident. Southeast Asia game is already being played Inevitably, foreign affairs crises of the on a broader field with more players, in¬ moment preempt long-term policy, and cluding the ascending powers of Japan, Indochina is not a crisis but a humiliation India, and Indonesia. Sooner or later, Viet¬ better forgotten. With Vietnam, the prob¬ nam will join the contest. lem is far more complicated. At the policy Moreover, China remains the central geo¬ level these days, there is a mindset of political fact of life for many Southeast hostility to what many still think of as Asian leaders. There are multiple competing “North Vietnam,” a fear of being seen as claims (including Vietnam’s and China’s) weak, and little inclination to look beyond to the Spratly and Paracel islands and other the tactical problems of the moment. Fix¬ potentially oil-rich areas of the South China ated on tire “Hanoi regime,” Washington Sea. Historical intra-regional tensions are overlooks the most fundamental reality of bubbling back up. Important leadership all—the Vietnamese people and their future changes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and direction. As a government, we seem to elsewhere are not far off. There remains a have remembered everything yet learned clear need for a continued active American nothing from that long, painful engage¬ presence in the region, and with the evolu¬ ment. tion of the post-1945 U.S. role in the Indochina, specifically Vietnam, should region as a balancer instead of policeman, never again assume anything remotely re¬ Vietnam must be taken into account. sembling the importance assigned to it after Indochina presents economic opportuni¬ 1954. The region is today a second- or ties as well. Businessmen from Japan, Ko¬ third-rank priority, given our other policy rea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and especially the commitments. But with a relatively small ASEAN countries are already streaming into investment of political and economic re¬ Saigon, Hanoi, and Phnom Penh to line sources and through imaginative diplomacy, up deals and lay the groundwork for future U.S. strategic interests in the region can be commercial relations. The United States is promoted. It makes no sense to cede to nowhere to be seen. While doing business China and the Soviet Union the preponder¬ with Vietnam will not correct our trade ant influence in shaping events in Indo¬ deficit, why should modest opportunities china, and especially in Vietnam’s evolution. be left to others? U.S. oil, information,

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 27 communications, and commercial aviation mental problems that cause thousands of companies could be highly competitive, Vietnamese to flee their country by boat while the Vietnamese have made no secret each year. While responsibility for reforms Through of their preference for American technology rests with Hanoi, the United States has an imaginative as well as their desire for a future counter¬ interest in the improvement of living stan¬ diplomacy, U.S. weight to Japan’s pervasive presence. dards in Vietnam so that this outflow, with strategic A talented work force gives Vietnam its attendant tragedies, will cease. The interests economic potential. After being chronically United States can do nothing to resolve in the region food-deficient for decades, a partial relaxa¬ Vietnam’s own MIA problem but might at can be promoted tion of restrictions in the agricultural sector least recognize its existence—an estimated helped Vietnam’s Mekong Delta blossom 300,000 missing from the North and many over the past two years into the world’s thousands in the South. third-largest exporter of rice. With a low wage structure and the entrepreneurial skills of the South, honed during the 1955 to First step: Cambodia 1975 period of the Republic of Vietnam, Saigon and Danang would have, under a The United States has a moral obligation liberalized system, the human resources to to help end Cambodia’s agony through a become Silicon Valley East for the electron¬ compromise political settlement and an end ics industry, following in the footsteps of to foreign interference. In the 1970s, Cam¬ Taiwan and the other Little Tigers of Asia. bodia may have been a sideshow; in 1990, Finally, the United States has acute hu¬ its unresolved situation stands squarely in manitarian interests in Indochina. Resolving the way of any new relationship with Viet¬ the fate of 2,303 American servicemen still nam. From either perspective, the most missing and unaccounted for (POW/MIAs) immediate U.S. interest in Indochina is to is the best-known problem. Emigration achieve a successful peace process in Cam¬ under the Orderly Departure Program for bodia. former reeducation camp detainees and other After Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1978 Vietnamese with connections to the United and deposed the Democratic Kampuchea States, such as Amerasian children, and regime of Pol Pot, the United States sup¬ family reunification generally are also pieces ported ASEAN’s lead role in forcing Viet¬ of unfinished business. Vietnam alone has nam to terminate its military occupation immense humanitarian needs, and private and reverse a situation that Hanoi called American voluntary agencies—even the U.S. “irreversible.” The U.S. trade and economic government itself—should help address embargo, established in 1964 against North them. There is no quick fix for the fonda- Vietnam and extended to the entire country in 1975, was a major coercive factor in bringing Hanoi to the negotiating table. In How Marxism perishes September 1989, the Vietnamese army was obliged to withdraw for a variety of reasons, Two schools of thought debate the appropriate strat¬ one of which was the embargo. Thus, on egy toward a repressive regime such as Hanoi’s. One, one level, U.S. policy proved highly effec¬ which might be dubbed “Let them stew in their own tive. Thailand was secure; ASEAN matured juice,” sees no advantage in establishing a relationship politically; and its individual countries pros¬ with Vietnam’s current hard-line leadership, regardless pered beyond any economist’s wildest pre¬ of Cambodia’s situation. According to this logic, U.S. dictions. interests are served by prolonging Vietnam’s economic Less successful has been the history of mess and awaiting an Eastern European-style upheaval, U.S. support for the two Cambodian Non- causing the downfall of communism. The longer the Communist Resistance factions (NCR), one embargo stays in place, the better. A second school under Prince Norodom Sihanouk and the sees normalization as the most effective means to other under former Prime Minister Son promote changes the United States advocates globally Sann. The dilemma that the Bush admini¬ as a matter of principle: pluralism, respect for human stration faces in 1990 stems both from 10 rights, market economics, and civil freedoms in gen¬ years of ambivalent American policy on the eral. This theory says Vietnam cannot remain immune non-Communist Cambodian groups and to the winds of social change sweeping the world and from a failure to recognize how strong the that normalization, by opening up Vietnam to outside Khmer Rouge and the Hun Sen regime influence, will actually help nature take its course. would become thanks to the consistent support of their Communist patrons, China

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 in the case of the Khmer Rouge and Vietnam and the Soviet Union for Hun Sen. In 1982, ASEAN forced the NCR into marriage with the Khmer Rouge in order to create the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, renamed the Na¬ tional Government of Cambodia (NGC) in 1990. The purpose of the alliance was not to defeat the Vietnamese army on the battlefield but to drive Hanoi to the negoti¬ ating table. The U.S.-led embargo was one prod. The insurgency, with the Chinese- supported Khmer Rouge as the barb, was the other. Perhaps it was hoped that the non- Communists would become strong enough to hold their own, but neither ASEAN nor the United States did what was necessary to make the NCR genuine contenders either militarily or politically. Peace negotiations seemed far in the future, and the NCR was apparently not viewed as a political alterna¬ tive in a future Phnom Penh government. leading to national elections. Since then the Saigon, 1970; U.S. Two Reagan administrations waffled, fearful emphasis has shifted toward what would be aid went toward such of “another Vietnam” and reluctant to risk an unprecedented involvement of the United urban construction projects during the losing Hanoi’s cooperation on POW/MIAs Nations on the ground in Cambodia, an war. through energetic support for the NCR. idea broached initially by Representative Beginning in 1982, money was provided Stephen Solarz and picked up by Australian covertly and after 1985 overtly. The tough Foreign Minister Gareth Evans. The UN political questions of organization, leader¬ secretary general’s “transitional authority in ship, motivation, and most crucial, the Cambodia” (UNTAC) would run Cambo¬ NCR’s objectives were not addressed seri¬ dia using a cadre of international civil ously. The NCR leaders were divided among servants and the existing administrative in¬ themselves, deficient in professional compe¬ frastructure of the Hun Sen’s State of tence, and too often corrupt. Cambodia (SOC) and the NCR-Khmer In 1990, the Khmer Rouge is the domi¬ Rouge alliance’s NGC in areas it controls. nant party in the coalition, not only militar¬ Cambodia is already considered independ¬ ily but also politically, through the cover ent and self-governing; its sovereignty would of respectability provided by the alliance therefore have to reside temporarily in a with the non-Communists and retention of Supreme National Council made up of Cambodia’s UN seat. Only in recent years representatives of the four factions. Under has priority been given to the baffling the UN franchise, neutral conditions would problem of how to get rid of Pol Pot and be created for national elections and a free company when negotiating time came. The choice by the Cambodians regarding their price for keeping the pressure on Vietnam— future government. After flatly opposing a preserving and strengthening the Khmer role for the United Nations, both Vietnam Rouge—must now be paid. and the SOC in recent months have agreed to the UNTAC concept and have been extending cooperation to Australian and Transitional formulas UN survey teams. The Australian plan, with its numerous The August 1989 Paris International Con¬ options, has become the basis for negotia¬ ference on Cambodia sought to resolve this tions among the five permanent members conundrum by attempting to negotiate a of the UN Security Council (“Perm. Five”). quadripartite coalition government. It failed Their approval and active support must be to achieve agreement among the four Cam¬ obtained if the plan is to work, and the bodian factions (and their backers, China Perm Five have met regularly since the and Vietnam) on a ceasefire, power-sharing, beginning of 1990. There seems to be and the modalities of a transitional period general agreement that UNTAC is the most

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 29 promising route to a settlement. Yet no one parties to the conflict. There will be an is optimistic. The devil, as always, is in the indefinite period for implementation of an details. Although Sihanouk no longer de¬ agreement, which could break down at any mands “dismantlement” of the SOC, the time after the ink is dry'. The essential U.S. Hun Sen regime must surrender some of goals are to keep the Khmer Rouge from the advantages won over a decade of fight¬ regaining power, to give the Cambodian ing and risk the presence of Khmer Rouge people a fair shot at self-determination, and cadres in many areas formerly denied them. to promote the chances of the non- The Khmer Rouge must be persuaded to Communists in a future government. abandon violence and coercion and to en¬ At some point in the near future the gage in an electoral process that could administration will have to decide how, relegate them to a small minority. China, practically, these goals can be best achieved. of course, could wreck any deal at the last It may have to contemplate a third choice: moment. make any further assistance to the non- Communists contingent upon their break¬ ing with the Khmer Rouge once and for Seeking practical solutions all, and then work for a bilateral coalition with the Phnom Penh regime that most of The Bush administration is backing the the international community can support. UN plan and expending considerable time Thailand, the country most direcdy con¬ and effort to make it work. But if the cerned, is already heading in this direction. UNTAC gambit cannot be realized in the It is apparent that Hun Sen’s SOC gov¬ near term—or were it to fail outright—the ernment is not going to disappear and that administration would face the unpalatable its administrative apparatus will probably choice of either continuing material support remain in some form as the skeleton of a for the insurgency or dropping out of the future government in Cambodia, be it un¬ Cambodia game entirely. In either case, the der a UNTAC arrangement or in a bilateral dilemma posed by the Khmer Rouge’s coalition with the non-Communists. The strength and the NCR’s weakness would SOC is weak and no doubt flawed. Its remain. dominant Khmer People’s Revolutionary It is important to distinguish between a Party (KPRP) remains Leninist in character, comprehensive solution to the Cambodia and many of its leaders, including Hun Sen, problem, which could be years away, and are former Khmer Rouge officers who fled an imperfect settlement to end the fighting, to Vietnam in 1977 or 1978 and returned permit reasonably fair elections, and satisfy on Vietnamese tanks in 1979. The regime the minimum requirements of the external has engaged in human rights abuses, espe¬ cially in the early 1980s. There is reportedly U.S. conditions for normalization corruption and nepotism rivaling the 1970 to 1975 Lon Nol era. The administration says it is prepared to move toward Nonetheless, the SOC has been successful establishment of diplomatic relations with Vietnam and in reviving Cambodia from the virtually lifting the trade embargo when there is a complete and total catastrophe of the Pol Pot period and is viewed by the populace as the only verified withdrawal of Vietnamese troops in the con¬ text of an acceptable, comprehensive political settle¬ bulwark against the Khmer Rouge’s return. ment of the Cambodia conflict. The administration Economically, the regime is free-market also says the Vietnamese must understand that “as a and anxious to increase commercial ties to ASEAN and the West. A number of the practical reality, the pace and scope of normalization will depend on their continued cooperation on the senior officials around Hun Sen have been POW/MIA issue and other humanitarian concerns.” educated in the West and are resolutely How the United States defines “acceptable,” “compre¬ anti-Khmer Rouge. Foreign voluntary agen¬ cies working with the SOC have found it hensive,” and “pace and scope” is crucial. Conceivably, generally pragmatic. intransigence on the part of China and the Khmer Rouge (or Sihanouk) rather than Vietnam could delay The question is not whether the United or rule out a comprehensive settlement. Would the States and the international community ap¬ United States then choose to put off relations with prove of the present Cambodian regime but Vietnam indefinitely? Would this benefit American whether they can help bring about the evolution of a pluralist society in Cambodia interests? Would postponement of relations with Viet¬ nam help or hurt the Cambodians? and a chance for non-Communists—and even reformed Khmer Rouge—to coexist.

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 First choice is to carry the UN process as pertise, and connections with the interna¬ far as possible and to make both Hun Sen tional financial world, all of which could and the Khmer Rouge submit to the judg¬ give them influence and protection in a ment of the Cambodian people. Hun Sen coalition with KPRP adherents. The admini¬ The Hanoi may do so because he stands a good chance stration could work with the Cambodian- politburo is of winning a majority at the polls. The American community, 250,000 strong, to groping for a Khmer Rouge may also agree to elections encourage their unity and formal organiza¬ peculiarly as part of a double-track strategy to gain tion in preparation for relations with a new Vietnamese participation in the open political process government, and to enhance their appeal solution while maintaining a guerilla capability in the to their countrymen now living under the jungle. Whatever the electoral outcome, it SOC. is fantasy to believe that the Khmer Rouge threat will become benign or wither away. Winning a new generation

Give and take Geopolitically, the high-stakes game in Indochina is Vietnam, with its 65 million There are several ways the Bush administra¬ people. By the year 2000, Vietnam will tion could move events in a positive direc¬ weigh heavily in regional affairs. The Viet¬ tion. The United States could talk directly namese people are energetic and endowed with Phnom Penh, as Thailand, France, with a strong spirit of independence. U.S. Great Britain, Australia, and others are policy ought to influence not only currently already doing. It could discuss bluntly the evolving policies in Hanoi but also a rising conditions for participation in a future coa¬ generation of Vietnamese who will have lition by those Cambodians who are not visited, even studied in capitals of noncom¬ members of Hun Sen’s KPRP. Negotiators munist East Asia. Some will have strolled can spell out specific ways the United States through the Brandenburg Gate, celebrated could contribute to the rebuilding of Cam¬ with Solidarity' workers, and heard Ceaus- bodia through both official and voluntary cescu’s final speech on Christmas Eve in agency assistance as well as private invest¬ 1989. The perspective of this new Vietnam¬ ment. A direct U.S. approach to Phnom ese generation will be broader and more Penh could reinforce the Perm Five effort open to change than that of their parents, to move the SOC toward genuine power who knew only Dien Bien Phu, the Ho sharing. Reconstruction should begin as Chi Minh Trail, and Tet ’68. soon as there is unambiguous movement Vietnam is not Poland, Hungary, or the toward a settlement that is acceptable to Soviet Union. But the fate of Communist the international community. governments in Eastern Europe has aston¬ In its deliberations, the administration ished and shaken the Vietnamese Commu¬ should lend more weight to basic factors at nist Party, which is coming under criticism work in Cambodia such as the nationalist from the Club of Former Resistance Fight¬ component of the current regime in Phnom ers (that is, ex-Viet Cong) in the South and Penh (despite its dependence on Vietnam) the National Association of Writers. Doi and the Cambodian mistrust of the Viet¬ moi, Vietnam’s perestroika, is a dangerous namese. It is absurd to portray the NCR as commodity, especially in the South, which the sole proprietors of Cambodian national¬ is going its own way economically with an ism. The American preoccupation with Siha¬ ill-concealed contempt for party controls. nouk, Son Sann, and the NCR has ob¬ The Hanoi politburo is groping for a scured the Cambodians who really count: peculiarly Vietnamese solution that avoids the 6 million people who never left Cambo¬ both the disaster of Tiananmen Square and dia. They include many who are putting the current turmoil of the Soviet Union. their lives on the line as village militiamen The more than 180,000 Vietnamese stu¬ and petty functionaries simply because the dents and guest workers in the Soviet current Phnom Penh regime represents the Union and Eastern Europe pose an im¬ best chance for survival. mensely complicating factor in this regard. The strength of non-Communist Cambo¬ As Marxists correctly fear, political and dians in a future Cambodia does not lie in economic change cannot be separated for¬ the NCR’s military formations. The greatest ever. The party’s senior leaders, through potential lies in the overseas Cambodian their dogmatism, limited vision, and mis¬ community’s economic clout, technical ex¬ management have laid the groundwork for

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 31 change no matter what controlled reform relationship with Vietnam would be simple measures they take now. realpolitik, not a dangerous gamble and not Normalization is not a magical moment an expiation of imagined guilt. Because the achieved by the stroke of a pen. It is a Vietnamese government retains much of its Vietnam is process, not a fixed destination, and the wartime fixations and repressive practices, eager to get out process will demand hard work on both we should deal with Vietnam as we do with from under sides. We have never had “normal” relations other governments of which we disapprove, both its with any government of Vietnam or the differentiating between the Vietnamese Com¬ current friend, Vietnamese people. The timing of the es¬ munist Party' and the people of Vietnam. the Soviet tablishment of formal diplomatic relations In adopting a broader view of American Union, and its and the lifting of the embargo will depend geopolitical interests and opportunities in traditional on the unfolding of events in Cambodia. the region, we would do well to think enemy, China But it is increasingly clear that there is an historically and in terms of more than one American interest in having a presence in or two fiscal years. The thrust of our Hanoi as soon as possible to understand the strategy in the next decade should be to evolution of Vietnam’s society, to resolve show the Vietnamese that their interests are humanitarian problems, and to get on with best served not by Marxism and loyalty to building a positive relationship. a crumbling socialist block or by emulating In the meantime, a high level bilateral China but by peaceful membership in the dialogue with Vietnam should address a East Asian community, by good relations broad range of issues extending beyond the with the West, and who knows, by open¬ current humanitarian menu. On Cambodia, ness, politically as well as economically. the United States would emphasize a readi¬ Whatever one thinks of the Hanoi regime ness to hammer out an understanding on a and its conduct before and after 1975, the setdement as part of a U.S.-Vietnam nor¬ Vietnamese people are not our enemies. In malization package. Such a package would the North, despite past hostilities, Ameri¬ need to offer explicit guarantees of a genu¬ cans today are generally greeted with an inely neutral, nonaligned, independent Cam¬ astonishing warmth. Any visitor to Vietnam bodia in which Cambodians of various po¬ senses the bittersweet inheritance from the litical persuasions can coexist, all subject to vast American involvement and the more international monitoring and guarantees. Vi¬ than 2 million Americans who served “in¬ etnam would receive the fruits of nor¬ country.” The presence of more than three- malization, including a lifting of the em¬ quarters of a million Americans of Vietnam¬ bargo. It would also be told bluntly that ese descent in the United States creates an the United States understands clearly the eerie, ambivalent intimacy. Over the next difference between Vietnam’s legitimate se¬ decades, the United States and Vietnam curity' concerns, on one hand, and what should have the capacity to construct a euphemistically is called “hegemonistic de¬ relationship with practical value for both signs” on the other. While much of this can sides. Vietnam is eager to get out from also be spelled out in the international under both its current friend, the Soviet negotiating procedure already under way in Union, and its traditional enemy, China. Jakarta, Paris and in Perm Five meetings, a The Vietnamese government recognizes full bilateral agreement in principle between well that the United States can be useful Washington and Hanoi could be a key in this effort. element in the multilateral process. In 1965, according to the Pentagon Pa¬ pers, then Assistant Secretary of Defense John McNaughton made his classic defini¬ Focusing on the ‘10 percent’ tion of American aims in the Vietnam War: “70 percent to avoid a humiliating U.S. No Gallup Poll is required to support the defeat; 20 percent to keep SVN territory belief that the great majority of all Viet¬ from Chinese hands, and 10 percent to namese, whose aspirations are not much permit the people of SVN to enjoy a better, different from their Southeast Asian neigh¬ freer way of life.” bors, would welcome a rapprochement with Today, American interests in Vietnam the West. For us, a fresh attitude toward come down to the Vietnamese people—- Vietnam might help heal the psychological McNaughton’s 10 percent—if only because wounds of the war that are still so pro¬ they, and not American military power, will foundly felt. In the end, however, welcom¬ ultimately determine the future shape of ing the opportunity for a new bilateral Vietnam. □

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JULY 1990 Can U.S. Aid Cure Nicaragua’s Ills?

The Dominican Republic provides a sobering comparison

PATRICK F. MORRIS

Oops! We just picked up another went through a similar experience, which moral commitment. First Panama offers mixed evidence at best. and now Nicaragua. How many more victo¬ ries like this can the United States afford? Shot in the arm Following UNO’s triumph in Nicaragua, it is a foregone conclusion that the United In 1966, the Dominican Republic elected States will be a large donor to economic Joaquin Balaguer to head a new govern¬ recover)' efforts, and Congress recendy ap¬ ment, backed by the United States, to proved an administration proposal for $300 recover from the economic dislocation million, along with $420 million for Pan¬ caused by the feudal remnants of a 30-year ama. dictatorship, an aborted attempt at demo¬ Ironically, had Daniel Ortega and his cratic government, and a brief civil war. Sandinistas won the election, the United U.S. troops, brought in during the civil war States could have rebuffed requests for in April 1965, were withdrawn in August assistance and blamed continuing economic 1966 and a massive U.S. economic assis¬ malaise in Nicaragua on Marxist economics tance program began. and Sandinista mismanagement. Now, by From 1966 to 1969 the United States honoring its moral commitment, the United provided the country with $300 million in States will also be accepting a responsibility direct economic assistance, also increasing to see that its favored free-market mecha¬ the Dominican sugar quota so that foreign nisms actually work. exchange earnings for those same years The leaders of UNO will readily agree were $227.3 million higher than they would that financial resources from outside donors have been. The Dominican government must be channeled into productive enter¬ opened the country to foreign investment, prises to stimulate private investment and a guaranteeing full government protection and market economy. There also seems to be a cooperation. From 1966 to 1971, foreign general assumption that such a formula can investment in gold mining, ferro-nickel pro¬ achieve the desired economic results within duction, bauxite mining, sugar processing, a reasonable time, while providing a frame¬ and petroleum refining exceeded $1 billion. work for the growth of democratic institu¬ By 1970, the Inter-American Development tions. Bank began making loans for large infra¬ But will it work? At least one other structure projects. The U.S. government country in Latin America in recent years continued a reduced but still significant assistance program. As a result of this investment, the Do¬ Patrick F. Morris spent his Foreign Service minican economy for seven years, from career in Latin America and served as AID 1968 to 1974, grew at a phenomenal director in the Dominican Republic from annual rate of 11 percent, the highest in 1977 to 1979.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 33 Most Dominicans participated only marginally —or not at all—in the growth of the seventies

the hemisphere. This growth continued The optimistic statistics of the 1970s throughout the 1970s, averaging an impres¬ obscured even more serious underlying prob¬ sive 9 percent from 1970 to 1979. For the lems, however. Despite rapid growth, it was first time, Dominican exports passed the estimated in 1980 that 80 percent of the $1 billion-a-year mark. The Dominican Re¬ population—or 4 million of the country’s public seemed ready to pass over that magic 6 million people—were living below the threshold to self-sustained economic growth poverty level, which was set at a modest then being attained by countries in the Far $300 a year. Unemployment and underem¬ East such as Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore. ployment were running at 30 percent. Some The political scene also saw steady pro¬ 75 percent of the population was suffering gress. Balaguer, who was elected to two from malnutrition, and the infant mortality additional terms, in 1978 reluctandy but rate was still one of the highest in Latin peacefully turned over the reins of govern¬ America. Unemployment remained high, pro¬ ment to the opposition party after skilled duction inefficient, and productivity low, mediation by an Organization of American despite the rapid increases in gross national States observer team and the United States product. embassy. The large majority of Dominicans clearly participated only marginally or not at all in Persistent poverty the growth of the golden seventies. The reason more did not benefit is related to a But the OPEC oil shocks of 1973 and combination of social, economic, cultural, 1979, combined with internal mismanage¬ and historical factors that do not respond ment and corruption, brought growth to a automatically or quickly to increased invest¬ halt in 1980. Deep recession in the United ment and production. First, the Dominican States in 1981 and 1982 added to the Republic in these years saw the disintegra¬ country’s problems and caused economic tion of the traditional agricultural and arti¬ contraction in the following years. Most, if san sectors of the economy. This, combined not all, the economic gains of the 1970s with high population growth, caused mas¬ were lost in the 1980s. sive rural-to-urban migration that the mod-

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 ern agricultural and industrial sectors could the export of tropical products to the U.S. not absorb. Low levels of literacy and market. Now Nicaragua is faced with the education slowed the development of a same array of economic, social, cultural, and Growth skilled and technically qualified work force. historic factors that militated against the without equity Finally, outdated land tenure and taxation Dominican Republic’s breaking its cycle of results in systems slowed social change and more poverty a decade ago. stagnation equitable income distribution. These condi¬ It remains to be seen whether Nicaragua tions were exacerbated by the extreme vul¬ will continue to receive the sustained, direct nerability of the local economy, which de¬ economic assistance that the Dominican pended heavily on the export of sugar and Republic did. But even if economic assis¬ import of petroleum, to swings in interna¬ tance were to surpass Dominican levels, tional commodity prices. Furthermore, Nicaragua will probably not receive the wealth and economic power were concen¬ volume of private investment that poured trated in the hands of foreign companies into the Dominican Republic from 1966 and a small Dominican elite. to 1971. Thus, the economic growth is The Dominican experience illustrates what unlikely to be anywhere near the impressive most development experts are well aware levels achieved by the Dominicans. More

1987-1989 GNP PER CAPITA (in $US)

NICARAGUA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

SOURCE: Compiled by PC Globe Inc. from World Bank data of, that self-sustaining development requires sobering yet, even spectacular economic not only growth but equity. Growth with¬ gains achieved through foreign assistance out equity results in stagnation. If most and free market mechanisms will not auto¬ people do not benefit from increases in matically alleviate the grinding poverty of production, they cannot create the demand the majority of Nicaragua’s citizens. For for goods and services that will stimulate that to happen, social structures as well as future increases. economic ones will have to change. Unfortunately, the free market system in If continuing social turmoil is to be Latin America has had more success at avoided in Nicaragua, steps will have to be generating growth than creating equity. It taken to ensure that the benefits of in¬ is because of this that many of these creased production do not flow only to the countries have resorted to state ownership privileged few. This is a problem with of productive enterprises, and that Marxism, which Latin American leaders have wrestled with its promise of a classless society and throughout the industrial era but which emphasis on equity, has had continuing gets little attention in the United States and appeal. has recently been further obfuscated by euphoria over the demise of Marxism as a No quick fixes viable economic development alternative. It has become almost an article of faith that Nicaragua offers a number of parallels increased production automatically brings with the Dominican Republic, including a higher living standards to the poor. The historical relationship with the United States Dominican example refutes that. that has consisted of, among other things, Can we show Nicaraguans that the free occupation by the U.S. Marines during and market really does work and that we can after World War I, leading to the creation help them break the cycle of poverty? This of a strong-man dictatorship. In addition, is the real challenge for the United States the two countries have had similar agricul¬ in fulfilling its moral commitment to Nica¬ tural economies, dependent primarily upon ragua. □

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 35 Books

Pattern of Circles: An as well as French and German, famil¬ Ambassador’s Story iar with the general contours of By John E. Dolibois, Kent State European issues and having acquired University Press, 1989, $24 hardcover numerous Luxembourg friends and acquaintances over the years, Dolibois Reviewed by Smith Simpson performed with finesse. Of particular interest to the For¬ A native of Luxembourg who made eign Service is Dolibois’ impression good in the United States, John of it. Unhappily, it was mixed. Al¬ Dolibois returned to the land of his though he refers to his deputy chief birth in 1981 as the U.S. ambassador, of mission (DCM) in the singular, in by appointment of President Reagan. fact he had two consecutively, neither He served four years and from all of whom, to put it mildly, was indications was as resourceful, public- helpful. This was evident from the spirited, perceptive, and warm¬ start with the first DCM. Confronted hearted as he had been in his 34 years on arrival in October 1981 by a with Miami (Ohio) University. A mbassador Dolibois “stack of telegrams a foot high” His autobiography recounts his ber of the (Fulbright) Foreign Schol¬ dating back to early August, the early years in Luxembourg, his arrival arship Fund by appointment of Presi¬ ambassador got no more assistance in the United States in 1931 at the dent Nixon and re-appointment of from his deputy than to be informed age of 13, in the midst of the Great President Ford, he was brought into that “I should read and initial them. Depression, and his varied experi¬ contact with the State Department Then he walked out of my office,” ences through the years to the con¬ on the assistant secretary level and leaving his superior to wrestle as best clusion of his diplomatic tour. His imaginatively drew upon this relation¬ he could with unfamiliar cable-ese, schooling, for which he worked hard, ship to organize a number of foreign acronyms, and other esoteric short¬ culminated in graduation from Mi¬ policy conferences and visits to Mi¬ hand. It took a year and a half, writes ami, and then, barely married and ami of Fulbright scholars. Dolibois, for his number two to stop settled in a job with Procter & The notice all this attracted “acting as if I were the village idiot.” Gamble, he was overtaken by World prompted an Ohio congressman (not Fortunately, his secretary, recruited War II. Drafted and assigned to the his own) in 1980 to suggest his name from the department’s secretarial pool, armored forces, he emerged as an to President-elect Reagan for the was seasoned and helpful, guiding officer with a reputation for being ambassadorship to Luxembourg, and him through many a labyrinth. The able to “take it.” although Dolibois was dubious it first DCM went so far as to try to cut At war’s end, he wound up in would fly (as he had never been a big the ambassador off from the Foreign Germany and Luxembourg as an contributor or “officially active” in Ministry, suggesting that Dolibois “is intelligence officer interrogating Nazi the Republican Party), it did, and for a nice guy but totally ignorant of leaders charged as war criminals, in the first time in our history, a natural¬ procedure and policy” and that it preparation for the Nuremberg trials. ized citizen returned to his native would be a good idea for the ministry When he returned to Procter & land as our top diplomatic representa¬ to deal directly with the DCM. Gamble and found his employment tive. In language that seems to refer to unappealing, he began a long associa¬ During the ensuing four years the all Foreign Service officers on his tion with his alma mater as its first newly anointed diplomat devoted him¬ staff, but which I found on inquiry full-time alumni secretary. His spirit self resourcefully to the cultivation of applies only to the DCMs, Dolibois of service, personality, organizational good relations between the two coun¬ records his impression that they were competence, and ability in what is tries. While no significant policy is¬ animated less by a spirit of service called “conflict resolution” brought sues vexed this task, the Grand Duchy, than “career and institutional inter¬ him university leadership, and he was as all countries large and small, votes ests. . . . They hardly arrived at post rewarded with the post of vice presi¬ in international assemblies and can before they began scheming and plan¬ dent for university relations. He led form part of that reservoir of good ning their next assignment and pro¬ alumni tours to Europe, which kept will on which the United States must motion, worrying about efficiency re¬ alive his contacts with the continent continually draw for its initiatives. ports and evaluations. . . . The and sparked the creation of a Miami Knowing the history, culture, and attitude seemed to be, ‘So, you want branch in Luxembourg, for which he psychology of the host country, speak¬ to be an ambassador? Go ahead! I was an active negotiator. As a mem- ing the local language (Letzeburgish) won’t stop you.’” Dolibois then adds

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that “all the other American person¬ Robert Rhodes James have each writ¬ nel .. . and the non-American em¬ ten well-documented articles, drawn ployees gave strong support.” from British and German army re¬ As an Americanization-of-John- cords, on the role played by Wald¬ Dolibois memoir, this book is fasci¬ heim’s intelligence unit in deporta¬ nating reading. As a reminder that tions and murderous reprisals against Foreign Service officers can some¬ civilians by the German army in times be the Service’s hardest cross Yugoslavia and Greece, as well as in to bear, it conveys a useful perspec¬ the interrogation and subsequent kill¬ tive. ing of captured British officers. In addition, use of expressions like “service under Hitler” and failure to Countenance of Truth: The put Waldheim’s wartime role in any United Nations and the kind of specific context are certain to Waldheim Case mislead the unenlightened American Come to American By Shirley Hazzard, Viking, 1990, reader. In World War II, Waldheim Service Center for diplomatic $17.95 hardcover was not “under Hitler” but an ob¬ immunity from high prices. If scure first lieutenant (Oberleutenant) you are on an overseas Reviewed by Charles Maechling Jr. in the German army assigned to a assignment, and cany a subordinate field headquarters in the diplomatic or official passport, Kurt Waldheim, former secretary gen¬ Balkans. As a staff intelligence officer eral of the United Nations and now he was, however, involved to some you can save on the purchase president of Austria, has been a con¬ degree in prisoner interrogations and of a new Mercedez-Benz with tinuing subject of investigative report¬ was certainly aware of the appalling U.S. equipment, shipped ing, due to his World War II sendee treatment of the civilian population directly to the United States or in German army units involved in going on all around him. Hazzard for pick up in Stuttgart*. atrocities and his concealment of this provides no information in this area Contact Erik Granholm, participation in his personal history and as a result confines herself to our Diplomatic and Tourist and memoirs. There are still large loose generalities about the omissions Sales Manager. areas of Waldheim’s past that deserve and contradictions in Waldheim’s ac¬ exploration, but this skimpy volume count of his wartime activities. will not shed much light on them. The most serious omission in what As regards the inner working of the could have been a devastating indict¬ United Nations and the more contro¬ ment is the failure to explore U.S. versial aspects of Waldheim’s tenure, policy motives in Waldheim’s selec¬ Hazzard offers some interesting in¬ tion for UN secretary general. It was sights and confirms the negative feel¬ part of the sedulously fostered post¬ ings Waldheim seems to have aroused war myth that Austria had been a among his colleagues. Otherwise, the victim of Nazi aggression instead of book is more polemic than carefully a willing accomplice. Hazzard’s indig¬ icrican documented historical record. The nation over the whole Waldheim references to Waldheim’s military sen - episode does her credit but is no Service Center ice are particularly weak in their substitute for documented facts. 585 North Glebe Road absence of specifics and imprecision Arlington, Virginia 22203 of language. Argentina: Political Culture 703/525-2100 Waldheim’s record in the German and Instability army has already been well covered ‘Car must he imported into US. within By Susan and Peter Calvert, Univer¬ 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. in Waldheim: The Missing Tears, by sity of Pittsburgh Press, 1989, $39.95 Robert C. Herzstein (Paragon 1988), hardcover Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, and the author makes use of this Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany source. But she seems unaware that Reviewed by Donald B. Harrington Professor C.M. Woodhouse of Ox¬ ford and the respected historian and This is not a book for those new to Conservative Member of Parliament Argentina, despite a useful chronol-

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 ogy running from independence in 1810 to the Easter Week military uprising in 1987. Instead, area spe¬ cialists looking to broaden their un¬ derstanding of Argentina’s political development will find here a fresh perspective on the central problem of Argentine politics: instability. The authors argue that a clash between two dominant strains in Argentine culture—Iberian audiori- tarianism and 19th century European liberalism—has created “two Argenti- nas” so lacking in political consensus that, since independence, the conflict has frequently erupted into political violence. While straining to fit the complexity of modern Argentine his¬ tory into one neat thesis, the Calverts are largely successful and reasonably convincing in their argument. Iberian authoritarianism is that strain in Argentine political society deriving from the Spanish colonial heritage that looks to the state or My first move was to call leader as a source of authority so great as to overwhelm all others. European liberalism, on the other GUARDIAN STORAGE hand, arrived in Argentina in the somewhat spent and petrified form of positivism. After setting up their thesis in the introduction and sketching out the "When my Foreign Service assignment was two strains of influence in the first final, the first thing I did was call Guardian two chapters, the Calverts consider Storage and put all my moving problems in the central problems generated by the their hands. They will pack and ship the schism, arguing that Argentine gov¬ ernments since independence have possessions that come with me, and store been perceived as lacking legitimacy. the rest until I return... This lack of legitimacy explains the importance of constitutional forms even for extra-constitutional regimes, ‘When the caCC comes to move, as they offer a cloak of legitimacy. The forms have not been sufficient, CatC (juarcCian however, to overcome the subversive power of the “parallel political system”—the co-existence of Iberian authoritarianism and European liber¬ alism, whereby one system lurks as an alternative to the system in power, legitimating its overthrow. Worse yet, GUARDIAN STORAGE, INCORPORATED force and coercion have become sub¬ OLD WASHINGTON ROAD. WALDORF. MARYLAND 20601 stitutes for legitimate authority, and Telephone (301) 645-4040 Metro (301) 843-6606 a semi-legitimate means of acquiring

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 39 r i AUTHORIZED EXPORTER Books GENERAL ELECTRIC

pc/wer. The authors conclude that the into even the smallest markets means “two cultural factors interact to often that the well-being of a modem com¬ GENERAL ELECTRONICS leave Argentina with the worst of pany is determined not by its ability both worlds.” to maximize short-term profits but INC. Despite a predictably optimistic fi¬ by its ability to maintain control of nal paragraph on prospects for politi¬ market share. The result is a growth □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS cal stability in Argentina, the last in adversarial trade relations, with □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS chapter correctly points out that sta¬ driving the competition from the □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES bility requires more than restraints market as the object. □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT ^TELEVISION against military intervention. Ulti¬ Economic change has brought a □ DISHWASHERS DTRANSFORM- mately, hope for Argentine democ¬ “transnationalization” of the environ¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) racy rests on longer-term economic ment. Drucker asserts that industrial stability and the successful blending pollution is causing environmental Available for All Electric of its two disparate political cultures— damage that will require that govern¬ Currents/Cycles both daunting challenges. ments and private interest groups go Immediate Shipping/Mailing beyond regulation to hit irresponsible From our Local Warehouse The New Realities companies in their area of account¬ By Peter Drucker, Harper & Row, ability—the marketplace. We Can Also Furnish 1989, $19.95 hardcover, $10.95 Finally, Drucker argues that the Replacement Parts for softcover emergence of a “knowledge society” Most Manufactures fundamentally alters work relation¬ Reviewed by Thomas A. Shannon ships. With the distinction between SHOWROOM management and worker disappear¬ General Electronics, Inc. ing in large segments of the econ¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Written in his characteristically con¬ Washington, D.C. 20016 cise and readable style, Drucker’s The omy, the work force is made up of Tel. (202) 362-8300 New Realities argues that systematic “knowledge workers” whose skills are FAX (202) 363-6538 structural changes in government, econ¬ highly transferrable. The consequent TWX 710-822-9450 omy, and society have altered the way mobility, combined with declining GENELECINC WSH Americans live and mark a historical birth rates, will force companies to division as profound as that between compete for skilled workers and will pastoral and industrial Britain in the lead to a revolution in labor relations. 18th century. Drucker asserts that It is easy to quibble with Drucker. we are only dimly aware of these His arguments are painted so broadly 3 So changes and ill-prepared to meet the that he sometimes gets the details O "ccj c O ai challenges they pose. wrong. Nevertheless, his skillful pres¬ O o sz CO Drucker identifies change and its entation is convincing and enlighten¬ CD .5 3 ing. For diplomats, the implications < CL cO O consequences in three areas. In gov¬ o a si GO 03 ernment and politics, recent changes, of Drucker’s arguments are obvious. LU □? LU ■b O including the foundering of commu¬ The need for multilateral agreements cr u. nism, herald the end of ideology as a in trade, investment, and the environ¬ ^ to ment will create a corresponding need oc (D guide to political action. Drucker sees O o LI¬ -£■ _co new limits on government’s purview for people to fashion, implement, and C w and a resurgence of pragmatism as oversee such agreements. However, 03 £ LLI C/3 ° well as a willingness to explore non¬ in a knowledge society where infor¬ C/3 mation is readily available, the For¬ <0 -Q governmental solutions to social prob¬ DC o c lems. eign Sendee cannot consider itself the < LL CD — to In economics and business, changes sole repository of international exper¬ Q. C/3 0 CC (D C/3 O 15 to in informatics, finance, and transpor¬ tise. On the contrary, we are operat¬ o LU LU LU DC O CO tation have created a transnational ing in an increasingly crowded envi¬ O D < = E economy in which competition is ronment in which we must work with < o OLU fierce and no market safe. The ease business, universities, associations, and with which goods and sendees can other government agencies to influ¬ I J flow across national boundaries and ence policy.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 out putting something in its place.” lists, McCarthyism, treason trials, and Noted in Brief Yet isolation might help the United hate mail. States “find itself again.” Pfaff simply In addition to being a diarist, Barbarian Sentiments: concludes, “We shall see.” Shirer is an inveterate scavenger and How the American -— Ann Luppi saver of scraps of information. He Century Ends returned from the Nuremburg trials, by William Pfaff, Hill and Wang, Hemingway in Love and War: for example, with his “duffel bag New York, 1989, hardcover $19.95 The Lost Diary of Agnes von stuffed with the first few hundred Kurowsky, Her Letters, and thousand words of secret Nazi pa¬ pers.” These formed the nucleus of “In order to handle barbarian affairs, Correspondence of Ernest you have to know barbarian senti¬ his magnum opus, The Rise and Fall ments: in order to know barbarian Hemingway of the Third Reich. Royalties from this sentiments, you have to know barbar¬ work allowed him to turn to other ian conditions,” wrote the 19th- By Henry S. Villard and James projects: the fall of the French Third century Chinese courtier Wei Yuan Nagel, Northeastern University, Republic, a life of Gandhi, and even when introducing a collection of docu¬ 1989, $21.95 hardcover a stint in Hollywood. ments on Europe. To William Pfaff, Divided into seven “books” and The New Yorker foreign affairs com¬ Recuperating from shrapnel wounds arranged chronologically, Shirer’s mem¬ mentator, the epigram describes what in a Milan hospital in 1918, Ernest oir encompasses the news-making American foreign policymakers need Hemingway fell in love with a nurse, events and personalities (particularly to do more of today—educate them¬ Agnes von Kurowsky, who would journalists and writers) of those years selves about the motives of other become a pivotal figure in his life and and the impact they had on him. nations. In easy prose, he describes the model for the heroine of A —Jack H. Shellenberger Farewell to Arms. Henry S. Villard, a the complexities of the world in 1 . 1989. Some of his musings, especially retired Foreign Service officer who on Central Europe, are already out was then the youngest Red Cross of date but still intriguing. ambulance driver in Italy, was hospi¬ ! PAPERBACK | Underlying this essay is PfafPs talized in the room next to Heming¬ LOVERS worry that the American belief in way’s and knew both Hemingway “unlimited possibility and the trans¬ and Kurowsky. With James Nagel, Enjoy Our Unique formation of humanity” will not sus¬ he has written this reminiscence com¬ Paperback Book Service tain those who must confront the bining narrative with Kurowsky’s let¬ challenges abroad: “We are ready to ters and previously unpublished dia¬ ries. • Monthly newsletter lists 300 despise the world again.” He suggests new releases that the discrepancy between the • Featuring mass-market and A Native’s Return trade paperbacks moralizing language of American for¬ • Categorized by subject with eign policy employed by conserva¬ 1945-1988 brief reviews • Order your selections for tives and liberals alike and “what is William L. Shirer, Little, Brown, immediate shipment actually thought (not to speak of 1990, $24.95 hardcover • Special requests for any book honored what is done) approaches scandal.” • This is not a book club-no To escape the resulting intellectual William L. Shirer has a thing to tell purchase required confusion, policy- and opinion- you about how he, a highly listened- I I I Subscribe today - enclose your check or money makers may begin to advocate a new to, highly paid CBS radio network order for $20.00 for one full year to: isolationism. “But can we now re¬ news commentator in the latter 1940s, THE COMPLETE PAPERBACK \ turn, containing within these conti¬ was unceremoniously dropped by his SHOPPER nental limits our energies and crack¬ sponsor and shunted to the streets P.O. Box 44, Dept. 177 ling tensions? Can we deal with our by none other than his mentor, Ed¬ Wlnnetka, IL 60093 real selves, with all of our inner ward R. Murrow. A Native’s Return Name distress, our national uncertainty— is a continuation of Shirer’s vivid Street our unrealized national purpose? We Twentieth Century Journey: A Mem¬ City do not possess the privilege of a oir of the Life and Times. And what ■ State & Zip Code Est. 1974 return to innocence. . . . The old times these were: The Cold War got utopianism cannot be discarded with¬ under way, there were media black¬ L 1

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 41 AFSA Awards

Saluting AFSA Award Winners

AFSA honored three outstanding Foreign Service officers for “extraordinary accomplishment involving initiative, integrity, intellectual courage, and creative dissent” at a ceremony for Foreign Service Day held in the State Department on May 4.

Language Awards

Winners of the Matilda W. Sinclaire awards, which recognize Foreign Serv¬ ice officers who have distinguished themselves in the study of hard lan¬ guages, are:

Rekha V. Arness Thai Milton L. Charlton Greek Jeffrey Feltman Hungarian Charles N. Patterson Jr. Hebrew Dale T. Prince Polish Eric W. Running Thai Holcombe H. Thomas Korean Pelletreau meets with Tunisian President Ben Ali, December 1987.

Robert H. Pelletreau Jr. was awarded the Christian Herter Award for senior officers. Pelletreau was cited for out¬ standing achievement in carrying out the U.S.-PLO dialogue while serving as U.S. ambassador to Tunisia. He took a coura¬ geous role in the formation of U.S. policy amid threats to security. He drew on his excellent Arabic and two decades of experience in the Middle East to manage one of the most difficult assignments in the Foreign Service. Pelletreau attended the Institute of Political Studies in Paris, Yale University, and Harvard Law School. He and his Ambassador and Mrs. Pelletreau visit a sheep vaccination center in wife, Pamela Day Pelletreau, have three rural Tunisia. children, Katherine, Pidge, and Liz.

Patrick McDuffie, the William R. Rivkin Award recipient, is an Agency for Inter¬ national Development officer whose posts have included Niger, Haiti, and Belize. In his recent posting to Haiti, McDuffie consistently challenged the assumption that Haiti was moving toward democratic elections and a commitment to economic development, and events proved him right. Despite his personal differences with U.S. policy, however, he worked energetically to implement E.S. aid programs. McDuffie earned a degree in forest management from Washington State Uni¬ versity and served as a Peace Corps McDuffie is caught night fishing on a volunteer in Niger. river in Belize. 42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Patricia Hanigan is pictured on a visit to Mount Sorak in eastern Korea.

Patricia Hanigan, an economic officer in Seoul, received the W. Averell Harri- man Award for junior officers. Hanigan has demonstrated initiative, creativity, and leadership in pursuing U.S. economic Hanigan was control officer for Vice Admiral Clyde Robbins, commander of interests in Korea. She developed and the Pacific Fleet of the U.S. Coast Guard, dtiring a recent visit; she is at his defended her own analyses of key eco¬ right, at a meeting with the commander of the Korean Maritime Police. nomic issues that formed the basis of U.S. policy decisions and employed skill¬ ful negotiation tactics to improve the environment for U.S. companies in Ko¬ rea. Hanigan earned her bachelor of arts Ruth Wagner, wife of Maracaibo Princi¬ degree summa cum laitde front the Uni¬ pal Officer Jim Wagner, received the Avis versity of Delaware and a master of arts Bohlen Award as the Foreign Sendee degree from the Johns Hopkins School family member who has done the most of Advanced International Studies. to advance American interests at post. & Daughter of a Nicaraguan father and a mother who was born and raised in the United States, Wagner graduated from the Universidad Centroamericana (Man¬ agua) in 1974. She practiced law in Nicaragua for several years before becom¬ ing director of the Office for Interna¬ tional Cooperation in the State Agency for National Reconstruction. Following her marriage, she and her FSO husband, Jim, have lived in Madrid, Washington, Cebu (Philippines), and Maracaibo. They have three children, Ivan, Laura, and James. In Maracaibo, Ruth has devoted herself to assisting victims of Huntington’s cho¬ rea, an incurable, endemic disease that generally affects the very poor. She organ¬ ized an association to aid the victims, coordinated fund-raising events, and still found time for other community activi¬ Ruth Wagner holds a baby while a van distributes malt drinks paid for by the ties. Huntington’s Association. The baby and his nwther, on Ruth’s left, are at risk of contracting Huntington’s, which is hereditary. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 In Memory

JOSEPH A. BERTOT, 59, died of 30, 1990. Miss Ferrari was born in JOHN FORTNEY PURINTON, 52, died cancer March 29. Turlock, California. She received her of brain cancer May 20. Mr. Bertot was born in Joliet, IL. nursing diploma from St. Joseph’s Mr. Purinton was born in Grafton, A graduate of Bradley University in School of Nursing in San Francisco WV. A graduate of the University of Illinois, he also received the MA from and later received a baccalaureate Maryland, he joined the Foreign Serv¬ Columbia Teachers College in New degree from the Dominican College ice in 1961. His postings included York and a doctorate in economics of San Rafael. Germany, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Bah¬ from the University of Genoa, Italy. Her overseas assignments included rain, Saudi Arabia, and Washington. A gifted linguist, he joined the La Paz, New Delhi, Monrovia, Jed¬ His most recent assignment was Vi¬ U.S. Information Agency in the 1950s dah, Phnom Penh, Jakarta, Rome, enna. after serving in the Army during the and Bucharest. Survivors include his wife, Joyce Korean War. His assignments in¬ Her distinguished 24 year career Crowley Purinton of Gaithersburg, cluded Italy, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, in the Foreign Sendee was high¬ MD and two daughters. the Netherlands, and Washington, lighted by her tenure as director of D.C. Mr. Bertot retired in 1988 and nursing during w'hich time she insti¬ HENRY C. RAMSEY, 78, died at his settled in Alexandria, \A. He also tuted an ongoing continuing medical home in San Francisco April 6. operated a cattle farm near Sper- education program for nurses. Dur¬ Mr. Ramsey was a 1932 graduate ryville, VA. ing a recent three year Washington of Stanford University and received He is survived by his wife, Helen assignment, she was deputy nursing his law degree from Boalt Hall in Demirjian Bertot; a daughter, Jemile director and was editor of the For¬ 1938. He began his career as a tax Linda Bertot of Bogota, Colombia; eign Service Medical Bulletin. lawyer in Los Angeles. and a son, John Carlo Bertot of Memorial contributions may be During World War II, Mr. Ramsey Albany, NY. sent to the Madeline Ferrari Scholar¬ helped establish the Board of Eco¬ ship Fund, AFSA Scholarship Pro¬ nomic Warfare, in which his duties ANTHONY JUSTIN DE SILVA, 75, a gram, 2101 E St. N.W., Washington, included attempts to freeze German longtime employee of the U.S. govern¬ D.C. 20037. assets in South America. ment in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), died of Miss Ferrari is survived by her In 1943, he transferred to the State cancer in February. brother, Tom Ferrari, 2580 Tuscany, Department as a Foreign Service offi¬ Mr. De Silva was educated at St. Merced, CA 95340, a sister-in-law, a cer. After the war, he served in Spain, Aloysius College, Ratnapura, Ceylon niece and nephew, and many cousins. Poland and West Germany, and in and joined the staff of the American Washington. In 1964 he was ap¬ consulate. Following Ceylon’s inde¬ JOHN H. LENNON, 79, a Los Ange¬ pointed consul general in Madras, pendence in 1948, he acted as chief les businessman and distinguished dip¬ India until 1968, when he transferred consular assistant at the American lomat, died at his home in West Los to his last assignment in Karachi, embassy until 1972. Shortly before Angeles. Pakistan. He retired in 1971. Mr. De Silva’s retirement, Secretary Lennon was the uncle of the Len¬ Mr. Ramsey is survived by a daugh¬ of State Rogers presented him with non Sisters, featured singers on TV’s ter Susan Crutchfield of 1624 Lud- an award honoring his dedicated and “Lawrence Welk Show.” ington Lane, La Jolla, CA 94903; a meritorious service. He emigrated to He was born in St. Paul, MN. He sister Pauline Ramsey Moore of 347 the United States in 1972 with his was a major in the U.S. Infantry Deuor Drive, San Rafael, CA 92037 wife Rose, v'ho died shortly thereaf¬ during World War II. After the war, and two grandchildren. ter, and his youngest child. His three he became a Foreign Service officer, older children had preceded him to serving in Germany, Poland, Paki¬ WILLIAM WOODARD WALKER, 78, the United States. stan, the Philippines, France, and died April 29, at the Duke University He is survived by four children: Washington, D.C. Hospital in Durham, North Carolina, Raymond of 2015 Hill Crest Drive, After retiring in 1970, Mr. Lennon from pulmonary edema. Mr. Walker West Linn, OR 97068; Joseph and joined the Lawrence Welk Corpora¬ retired from the Foreign Service in Pam of Los Angeles; Shireen of Wash¬ tion as vice president in charge of real 1970 after 35 years of versatile service ington state, and several grand¬ estate in the Santa Monica Bay Area. in a variety of posts. His final assign¬ children. Mr. Lennon is survived by his wife, ment was DCM at Madrid, Spain, Marge; a son, Gregory Lennon of where he had a distinguished service MADELINE FERRARI, 60, a retired London; a daughter, Jackie Tydon of of six years. Foreign Service nurse, died of ovarian Santa Monica; and five brothers. He began his career in 1935 in cancer in Merced, California, March Surabaya, Indonesia, and from there

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 he went to Port Limon, Costa Rica; with high marks and was soon ap¬ WASHINGTON, DC AREA LOW COST ACCOMMODATIONS to Ceiba, Honduras; to Colon, Pan¬ pointed vice consul and second secre¬ ama; and then to Havana, Cuba. In tary of the U.S. legation in Liberia. 1945 he served as executive assistant Thus began a diverse and respected to the secretary of state at the United career, at every point of which Mr. Hotel-Suites Nations Conference in San Francisco. Wharton furthered the cause of diplo¬ 420 North Van Dorn Street Alexandria, VA 22304 After an assignment in the State macy while also breaking down racial (800) 368-3339 * (703) 370-1000 Department as chief officer of Carib¬ barriers. “An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room” 1989 GOVERNMENT RATES bean Affairs, he was assigned to the Mr. Wharton was born May 11, OFFICIAL OR LEISURE Montevideo, Uruguay. 1899 in Baltimore, Maryland. A gradu¬ Daily Weekly Monthly Efficiency $60 $300 $1100 Mr. Walker was born in Asheville, ate of English High School in Bos¬ 1 Bedroom 72 400 1200 NC, but his home after retirement ton, Massachusetts, he went directly 2 Bedroom 86 500 N/A State/City taxes included from the Foreign Service was in from there to Boston University SAVE MEAL & INCIDENTAL EXPENSE $$ Virginia Beach, VA, with winters in School of Law, from which he earned * An Equipped Kitchen in Every Room Jacksonville, FL, which had been the his LL.B degree cum laude in 1920. * Free Cable TV with HBO/ESPN * Free Utilities/Free Parking home of Mrs. Walker before their Three years later he also earned his * Pool/Laundry/Convenience Store * Complimentary Newspaper/ marriage. Mr. Walker is survived by LL.M degree. He received the Hon¬ Continental Breakfast his wife, Jane Wootton Walker; two orary' Doctor of Laws from that * Metro Bus at Front Door to Metrorail * Walk to Major Shopping Center daughters, Jane Wootton Walker of university in 1963. i For a color brochure and more rate flyers i Virginia Beach and Barbara Louise He is survived by his children, 1 Mail to: The Towers Hotel/Suites (FSJ) J Hunter of Annapolis, MD; and a son, Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. of New York 420 N. Van Dorn Street V William Woodard Walker, Jr., of City and Coopertown, NY, William Alexandria, VA 22304-3206 i Name 1 McLean, VA; and four grandchildren. B. Wharton II of Washington, DC, ! Tel No j Richard G. Wharton of Hartford, i Address i CLIFTON REGINALD WHARTON, 90, CT, and H. Mary Sampson of L -TJ died April 23, in Phoenix. Montclair, NJ, and eight grand¬ In a distinguished diplomatic ca¬ children. reer that spanned 40 years, Mr. Whar¬ ton rose through the ranks of the ROBERT LLOYD TOST, 67, passed Foreign Service, ultimately attaining away on May 29 in Oakland, CA. EORGETOWN MEWS EORGETOWNMEWS the rank of ambassador under Presi¬ Mr. Yost was a 1942 graduate of dents Eisenhower and Kennedy. UCLA. He joined the Foreign Serv¬ FURNISHED SUITES He was the first black American to ice following military' service in World in the heart of be assigned as minister to a non-black War II. His postings included Spain, GEORGETOWN country, the first to attain the rank Belgium, the Belgian Congo (Zaire), of career minister, and the first to the Philippines, France, Ethiopia, and Washington’s become an ambassador through the Washington, D.C. He was appointed FINEST LOCATION career service. On May 19, 1978, as ambassador to Burundi in 1972 • • • • Secretary of State Cyrus Vance paid and the Dominican Republic in 1978. tribute to him on Foreign Service After retirement, Mr. Yost moved to adjacent to world class Day; “Unassailable loyalty and dedi¬ Oakland and continued to be active restaurants and shops cation to excellence were the hall¬ as a consultant to international groups • FULLY EQUIPPED KITCHENS marks of Ambassador Wharton’s fed¬ and in the Foreign Service Associa¬ • FREE LOCAL TELEPHONE CALLS • OPTIONAL MAID SERVICE eral career. He represented the United tion of Northern California, of which • FREE CABLE TV States and its highest ideals in an he was president. • PARKING AVAILABLE outstanding manner.” He is survived by his wife June and Perhaps the most historic moment daughters Barbara and Elizabeth, all Daily, Weekly & of Mr. Wharton’s career was at the of Oakland; son John, daughter-in- Monthly Rates very beginning, when in 1925 he law Helen, and grandchildren David, from $45.00 per day decided to take the Foreign Service John, and Aria, of Angels Camp, CA. (30 DAY MINIMUM) exam soon after having joined the Call (202) 298-7731 State Department as a law clerk. He Notices from readers in the form of a brief became the first black to pass both announcement or tribute may be edited for 1111 30th St., N.W. WASH DC 20007 the written and oral examinations length.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 49 Realtors RELOCATING? To the Washington, D.C. Metro area or any¬ JOEL TRUITT where in the USA? We can provide you with complete information about your new commu¬ PERSONAL TOUCH nity. Ask our relocation department for a free Construction: We are general con¬ relocation package. tractors with an on-staff designer, in addition Joel Truitt is a certified kitchen and RENTAL bath designer. Our projects range from re¬ pairs, to entire remodelings, kitchens and MANAGEMENT? baths, tax-act restorations and additions. We can find the best tenants for your home Since 1972, we insist on quality in every and provide a variety of management services aspect of a project — this amount of expe¬ rience counts. tailored to your needs. Ask our property man¬ agement department for an information pack¬ Management: As a real estate broker since age. 1973, we have been managing property for Washington property owners assigned Foreign Service References Available around the world. Our management includes private residences, commercial and multi¬ unit properties and condominium associa¬ tions. Homes, FRAZEE, 1 X X and Hardens’® REALTORS®' 1 A Aand ( Joel Truitt - Builder - Property Management 734 Seventh Street, S.E. Sales • Rentals • Property Management • Relocation Washington, D.C. 20003 1801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 (301)881-9000 547-2707 - Quality Since 1972 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-842-MOVE

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50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 We Give You

Property Specialists, Inc. OurBest Linda Wilson Hurley, GRI A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: Linda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 years, • Property Management has first-hand knowledge about Foreign Service • Sales and Rentals relocations. She is a member of the Chairman’s • Multiple Listings Club, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million • Real Estate Investment Counseling Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real Our staff includes: Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri She is also licensed in Virginia and is a Graduate of Donna Linton Bill Meeks the REALTOR® Institute. Rick Brown Bill Struck Gerry Addison Randy Reed ) Mount Vernon All presently or formerly associated f INTOWN PROPERTIES, INC. with the Foreign Service. 5008 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 Office: (202) 364-8200 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Residence: (202) 363-9337 Serving Virginia, Man/land and D.C. Fax#: (202)364-1194

Sales, Rentals, Investments and loiomat Careful, Expert Property Management Returning D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

JOHN ANDERSON. JR ♦JOHN A. BAKER Properties Washington? PATRICIA GARRISON BOORMAN HELEEN BUYTEN KEVIN CAULFIELD (703)522-5900 JOSEPH M CLEMENTE BETTY GELDARD ♦CHRISTINA GRIFFIN MARY HANS TAD Write for a Free HAKON HANSTAD TIMOTHY HANSTAD CAROLE B. HERSMAN Welcome Kit ♦JOSEPHINE HOLLIDAY CARRIE LEE KENYON with information g ♦MARIELIA LEHFELDT ISABELLE MACK1E ♦LYNN MOFFLY MAGRUDER on Schools, ♦JOHN Y. MILLAR .MARGARET MOSELEY DIANE NOBLE Metro, Homes JOHN NOBLE ROBERT O’DONNELL SUSAN RAEHN in the area, and more ... CAROLINE RAYFIELD ♦ROBERT W. SKIFF CLIP AND MAIL TO: ♦JOHN TURNER RICHARD S. WILLIAMS Diplomat Properties, Inc., ATTN: Anne Gomez MGMB, inc. Realtors 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 204, Arlington, VA 22203 Please send me a Free Welcome Kit 362-4480 Foxhall Square • 3301 New Mexico Avenue NAME Washington D.C. 20016 ADDRESS •Foreign Service Write for free relocation kit! TEMPORARY QUARTERS NEEDED □ Yes □ No

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 51 52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 ATTENTION: REALTORS An ad In the Foreign Service Journal is an effective way to reach a mobile audience that needs your services. 60% of our readers invest in real estate other mREALTOR • AGNES AND ED CROWLEY than primary residence 62% are homeowners Executive Club 75% of those own a home worth over $100,000 Foreign Service Officer, Ret. In the last five years 61% have used the services of a real estate agent 49% have rented temporary living accommodations 55% have rented holiday accommodations You can make a direct and profitable approach to the LONG & FOSTER, REALTORS® Foreign Service market by advertising in its own journal. Publishers Notice: All real estate advertised herein is subject to th& Federal Fair Chevy Chase Office Housing Act of 1968 which makes it illegal to advertise any preference, limitations, 5606 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Office: (202) 364-6166 or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or intention to make any such preferences, limitation or discrimination. Washington, D.C. 20015 Res.: (202) 363-5229 We will not knowingly accept any advertising for real estate which is in violation of the law. All persons are nereby informed that all dwellings advertised are available on an equal opportunity basis.

EXPERT ADVICE!! FRIENDLY SERVICE!! ANNAPOLIS-WATERFRONT LUZ MARINA ROBERTSON • Community Beaches & Docks ENGLISH, SPANISH, FRENCH • Easy Bus Commute to Washington * a former Foreign Service spouse, is an expe¬ rienced Realtor familiar with the Washington • 16 Foreign Service moves help area real estate market. me understand your special requirements HM (703) 255-0215 OF (703) 893-2510 Call ELAINE TAYLOR (301) 268-7050 D.C. 858-6165 Write for a free Wei- f|( Wt)?J Fax: (703) 893-6028 1410 Forest Drive, Annapolis, MD 21403 come Kit, and mar- ___ “Nice People To Do Business With" ket analysis. SHANNON & • LUCHS 8230 Old Courthouse Rd., Suite 107, Vienna, VA 22182 REALTORS® • Established 1906 Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts Highest rental value Staff of trained agents Qualified, responsible tenants Monthly computerized statements Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

AARON DODEK, CPM Property Manager /'Allied THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. Associate Broker i\ Really J CORP

7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (301) 657-8440 656-8600 » FAX 907-4766 50 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area

53 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Classifieds

Washington Metro Area Short- 2582. Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Term Rental Specialists. Excellent 22101. locations. Wide price range. In AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway homes and homesites outside of Austin FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: Profes¬ Virginia walk to FSI. In DC and on 65 mile long Lake Travis. TAX RETURNS sional, residential, property man¬ Maryland walk to Metro. Large Three 18 hole golf courses, world agement service for Northern Vir¬ selection of furnished and equipped of tennis center, 400 slip marina, ginia properties. Expertise and per¬ efficiencies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bed¬ FREE TAX CONSULTATION 4000 ft. airstrip: contact Roy & tor overseas personnel. We process sonal attention to detail are the rooms and some furnished houses. Associates for information, 2300 returns as received, without delay. hallmarks of our established firth. Many welcome pets. For brochures Lohmans Crossing, Suite 122, Aus¬ Preparation and representation by References provided. JIM FAHEY, & info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING tin, TX 78734 (512) 263-2181. 9520B Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA CONSULTANTS, INC., Short enrolled agents, avg. fee $195 in¬ cludes return and “TAX Trax,” 22031 (703)" 691-2006, FAX Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., FOGGY BOTTOM 1 bedroom unique mini-financial planning re¬ (703) 691-2009. Suite 1020 East, Bethcsda, MD condo with indoor parking, FSO view with recommendations. Full 20814. (301) 951-4111. Reserve owner. This beautiful and spacious WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ planning available. Milton E. Carb, early! Avoid disappointment! condo has fireplace, porch, 15 MENT SERVICES: Specializing in E.A., and Barn' B. De Marr, E.A. minute walk to state. $1200/ property' management services tor MIDDLEBURG, VA, We have a CFP, FINANCIAL FORECASTS, month with parking. Clark Price, the FS community. Residential prop¬ 3 BR, 2 BA stone cape cod w/ metro location 933 N. Kenmore 2501 K St. #4-C, Washington DC, erty' management is our only busi¬ attached garage, beautiful in- St. #217 Arlington, VA 22201 20037. Tel. (202) 625-6440. Avail¬ ness. Call, write, fax, or telex Mary ground pool & lovely landscaping (703) 841-1040. able September. Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, Wash¬ on 2+ acres located minutes from town & less than 1 hr. from AFSA TAX COUNSELING: Prob¬ ington, DC 20009. Tel (202) 462- HOME LEAVE AT THE Washington. It can all be yours for lems of Tax and Finance: Never a 7212, Fax (202) 332-0798, Telex BEACH!! Rent our beach front below appraised value. $298,650. charge to AFSA members for tele¬ 350136 Wash. Mgt. condo in Carolina Beach, just south For an appointment call Tom Glas¬ phone guidance. R.N. “Bob” Dus- of Wilmington), 2 BR, 2 #A, sleeps cock: (703) 592-3238. GLAS¬ sell (ex-AID) enrolled since 1973 6. Full welcome kit (ex. linens are REAL ESTATE COCK REAL ESTATE P.O.Box to Tax Practice. At tax work since available from rental agent) in¬ 93 Middleburg, VA 22117 (703) 1937 and now still in practice cludes all kitchen needs, washer/ MANOR SERVICES: Former fed¬ 687-5518. solely to assist Foreign Service em¬ eral law enforcement agent letting dryer/microwave/basic cable, tele¬ ployees and their families. Also his ten year residential management BEACH AND RIVERFRONT phone, pool, nearby golf & tennis lecture “Taxes” monthly at FSI in company expand upon retirement. property, Melbourne FL area relo¬ privileges, beautiful wide beach, Rosslyn, VA. Office located across Best tenant screening. Frequent cation package available. Full serv¬ safe swimming. Summer $425/ from Virginia Square Metro Sta¬ property inspection. Mortgages ice real estate. Margaret Mitnik or week. Contact CAROLINA tion, 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arling¬ paid. Repairs. Close personal atten¬ Ed Huie, Mark Realty, P.O. Box BEACH REALTY, Tel. (919-958- ton, VA 22201.(703) 841-0158" tion. We’re small but very effective. 372517 Satellite Beach, FL 32937- 4444) ask for Pero’s C-10 Sand ATTORNEYS specializing in tax FS and military references. Lowest 0517. Pebbles unit. planning and return preparation rates. Best service. Tersh Norton, WILL YOU NEED A FULLY THINKING ABOUT RETIRE¬ for the Foreign Service Community Box 42429, Washington, DC FURNISHED apartment five min¬ MENT? Come to Williamsburg for available for consultation on the 20015, (202) 363-2990. utes’ walk from FSI and Rosslyn a relaxed lifestyle. Championship tax implications of investment de¬ subway? We have first class efficien¬ golf, tennis, boating, hiking won¬ cisions, business related deductions, WASHINGTON D C. APART- cies, 1 bedrooms, and some 2 derful restaurants, modern hospi¬ separate maintenance allowances, MFJNTS. Short or long term. bedrooms and penthouses in River tal, plus cultural activities and con¬ real estate purchases and rentals, Decorator furnished, fully Place. They arc completely fur¬ tinuing education at college of home leave deductions, audits, etc. equipped: microwave, cable, phone, nished including CATV, all utili¬ William and Mary. Accessible from Contact Susan Sanders or Paul pool, spa. Two blocks FSI and ties, telephone, linens, etc. Short Washington by car (3 hours), train, Metro, 5 min. State, Georgetown. Clifford—Clifford, Farha & Sanders- term leases of 2+ months available. bus or plane. Mary Ann McKcown Photos. (703) 522-2588 or write 1606 New Hampshire Ave., NW, Write Foreign Service Associates, (Life Member AFSA), GSH Resi¬ Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) Adrian B.B. Templar, 1021 Arling¬ P.O. Box 12855, Arlington, VA dential, 479 Mclaws Circle, Wil¬ 667-5111, FAX (202) 265-1474. ton Blvd., PH 1214, Arlington, VA 22209-8855. FAX 1-703-636- liamsburg, VA 23185, (804) 253- 22209. Member AFSA. 7603. Children welcome. Please 2442, home (804) 253-7820. ATTORNEY-FORMER FOR¬ EIGN SERVICE OFFICER: Ex¬ WASHINGTON, D.C./ARLING- send us dates. tensive experience with tax prob¬ TON, VA, Personalized relocation, EXECUTIVE CLUB ARLING¬ lems peculiar to the Foreign Serv¬ short or long term. We specialize FOR SALE TON AND OLD TOWN ALEX¬ ice. Available for consultation, tax in walk-to-Mctro sales and fur¬ ANDRIA. Immaculate and beauti¬ planning, and preparation of re¬ nished rentals. Arlington Villas, 1-1/ CHARMING MCLEAN HOME fully furnished apartments with full turns. No charge for telephone 2 blocks from Metro, luxurious in Langley High School district, hotel services. One-two bedrooms, advice. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN, studio, 1, 2, 3 bedroom. Fully $310,000, 4 bedroom, 3 1/2 some with dens, all with equipped BORING PARROTT & FOUST, furnished. Washer/dryer, micro¬ baths, all brick colonial, 4 bd kitchens. Complimentary shuttle to P.C., SUITE D, 307 MAPLE AVE¬ wave, cable, linens. American Re¬ rambler in woods, w/ stream. To Metro, Rosslyn, and Pentagon. NUE, WEST, VIENNA, VA alty Group, 915 N Stafford St., receive more info, The Washington Health Club and outdoor pool. 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, Fax Arlington, VA 22203. (703) 524- Post classified ads or for the latest Many extras. Rates within your per 0482 or (703) 276-1200. Chil¬ rates and financing alternatives avail¬ (703) 281-9464. diem. Shorter or longer terms avail¬ able for your new home, please dren welcomed. Pets on approval. TAX PREPARATION AND AD¬ able. Executive Clubs, 610 write to Carolyn Mooney, C/O VICE by T.R. McCartney E.A., BACK FOR TRAINING? HOME Bashford Lane, Alexandria. VA McFuiearney Associates, 1320 Old (ex-FS) and staff. Enrolled to prac- LEAVE? DC TOUR? We are The 22304 (703) 739-2582, (800) 535-

54 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • JULY 1990 tice before the IRS. Business Data REX R. KRAKAUER, ESQUIRE Corp., P.O. Box 1040, Lanham, Providing representation for the EMPLOYMENT STUDENT SERVICES MD 20706-1040. (301) 731- special legal problems of Foreign 4114. Service Personnel and Staff living CONSULTANT: Retired U. S. SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE. abroad. Divorce, Pensions, Real Agency for International Develop¬ Details: “EARS,” Box 1664, Manas¬ TAX PLANNING and PREPA¬ Estate, Wills and other matters. 51 ment Senior Foreign Service officer sas, VA 22110. RATION-15 years experience. Vir¬ Monroe Street, Suite #1400, returning to the Washington, D.C. ginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 Brittle- Rockville, Maryland 20850. Tele¬ area will be available for short-term wood Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89120. phone: (301) 294-6100, Fax: (301) consultancies in the U.S. and over¬ PET CARE 8c TRANSPORT 738-8802. seas beginning September 1990. Extensive successful experience in Minutes to Washington/Dulles Air¬ WILLS-ESTATF. PLANNING by MAILORDER planning, management, and evalu¬ port! Boarding, airport pickup and attorney who is a former Foreign ation of economic development delivery, shipping arrangements for Service officer. Have your will re¬ AVON Cosmetics, Jewelry, and and humanitarian assistance pro¬ cats and dogs. All sizes. Write viewed and updated, or a new one Gifts—for FREE catalog mailed to jects. Also possesses an excellent DULLES GATEWAY KENNELS, prepared. No charge for initial you write, or call: Stephanie Y. track record in senior positions LTD. 4500 Upper Cub Run Drive consultation. M. BRUCE HIR- Hughes, 713 Grandview Drive, with Treasury, State, Peace Corps, Chantilly, VA 22021. Contact Judy SHOKN, BORING, PARROTT Alexandria, VA 22305 (703) 836- the U.S. Trade and Development Dortch (703) 631-9590. & FOUST, P.C., SUITE D,307 8522. Program, and private business. Nu¬ MAPLE AVENUE, WEST, VI¬ merous commendations from the ENNA, VA 22180. Tel.(703)281- U.S. and foreign governments for HOUSE SITTERS BOOKS 2161, FAX (703) 281-9464. crisis management and other ac¬ complishments. Direct experience HOUSESITTER AVAILABLE: Re¬ YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ SPECIALIZING IN SERVING in the conduct of risk assessments sponsible engineering consultant is STORE AWAY FROM HOME: FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS for major overseas trade and invest¬ available to houscsit in the D.C. Order any U.S. book in print. AND THEIR FAMILIES-Our firm ment projects. Results-oriented in¬ area. Long or short term. Refer¬ Store credit available. Salmagundi can assist you in drafting wills and teraction, analytic, and writing ences available. John Nicol, 100 Books Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold powers of attorney, administering skills. Would consider selected short¬ Tapawingo S.E. Vienna, VA 22180 Spring, NY 10516. estates, establishing conservator- ships and guardianships and pro¬ term management assignments. Cur¬ (703) 934-3527. viding advice on real estate mat¬ rent top secret clearance. For re¬ ters. Prompt response to your in¬ sume and references contact Law¬ ATTORNEYS/WILLS HOTELS quiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA Sc rence A. Marinelli, Ph.D., USREP, United States-Saudian Arabian FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire Joint Economic Commission, Box STATE PLAZA HOTEL, Wash¬ OFFICER NOW PRACTICING Ave., N.W. Washington, 78, APO New York 09038-7001. ington, D.C. Charming all suite LAW in D.C./Maryland, general D.C.20009 Fax 202-265-1474 Tel: Riyadh FAX 966-1-464-0433 ext. hotel with fully equipped kitchens. practice, estate planning, real es¬ (202) 667-5111. 419. After August 1, 1990, contact Near U.S. State Department, ma¬ tate, domestic. Gregory V. Powell, address will be 7002 Hamel Hill, jor monuments and downtown busi¬ Furcy, Doolan 8c Abell, 8401 Con¬ ART WANTED McLean, Virginia, 22101 ness district. Restaurant with out¬ necticut Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, door terrace. Families and long Japanese woodblock prints pur¬ MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. ATTENTION: POSTAL term stays welcome. Reasonable chased. (Antique and modern, in¬ JOBSIStart $11.41/hour! For ap¬ rates. Tel:(202) 861-8200 or in cluding Paul Jacoulet). Contact: plication info call (1) 602-838- U.S. (800) 424-2859. Fax: (202)- Jeff Inman, 10710 Anita Drive, 8885, Ext. M- 17744, 6am-10pm, 296-6481. Tlx: 140181 (Wayside) Lorton, VA 22079. (703) 339- 7 days. 6455.

AN EXCELLENT MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

You can reach 20,00 0 Foreign Service readers each month with a classified in the JOURNAL. For just $1.00 per word you can sell your product or services to a select and influential audience. Just write your message in the space below or on a sepa¬ rate sheet (please specify the category heading you prefer), note the months you want the ad to run, and enclose a check for the first insertion.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 55 SURVEY OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE

Following is a tabulation of the 2,201 responses received through mid-May to the survey published in the February Journal. It will be brought to the attention of senior management of the foreign affairs agencies. The total number of responses varies between questions because not everyone responded to every question. In several cases, the number of ‘unsure’ or ‘don't know" responses shown includes the number who failed to respond at all.

I. Personal Information 1,416 Poor management and/or micromanagement of the Department and of overseas posts 1. Which agency do/did you work for? 737 Lack of rewarding employment for spouses State 1,557 Retired State 54 overseas AID 277 Retired AID 13 687 Frustration with the assignments process USIA 185 Retired USIA 15 601 Increased terrorism and common crime over¬ Agriculture 32 Other 19 seas Commerce 49 554 Second-class treatment for my grade and/or 2. Are you a member of AFSA? specialty Yes (1,246) No (611) 337 More challenges, greater responsibility else¬ State 933 375 where AID 186 44 318 Inadequate medical care overseas USIA 45 112 255 Inadequate educational facilities overseas Other 18 70 191 Lack of meaningful affirmative action program Retired 63 10 125 Other Which pay category are you in? 7. Do you plan to leave the Foreign Service within the Senior Foreign Service 244 next two to three years? Yes 405 No 1,204 FS 1 through 3 1,164 Not sure 510

FS 4 through 6 587 8. If so, are you leaving: FS 7 or below 111 Because of normal retirement—166 Civil Service 9 Sooner than would like because of factors noted 4. Where are you stationed? above—239 Overseas 1,890 (State 180, AID 31, USIA 14, DOC 6, USDA4, other 4) Washington offices of your 188 9. If the USG were to reduce space standards for agency overseas housing, would that: Other U.S. 40 255—Affect your decision whether to stay in Service Are you: 399—Affect post’s ability to represent the U.S. Part of a tandem couple 255 754—Both Not a tandem, but accompanied by person 401 693—Neither or persons who is/are employed Do you and your family feel safer or less safe at your Accompanied by at least one person who 664 current or most recent overseas post than in the is not employed but wants to be Washington, D.C. area? None of the above (unaccompanied, or 787 506—Less safe overseas spouse is homemaker) 904—Safer overseas II. General Foreign Service Concerns 691—About the same Which of the following are/were real possibilities at 6. Following is a list of concerns with Foreign Service life. your current/most recent overseas post? (mark as Which of these should AFSA and the foreign affairs many as apply) agencies be giving priority attention to? (mark as many as apply) 1,114—Housebreakings 824—Street crime 1,016 Low pay, benefits, allowances 406—Mob violence 841 Slowness of promotion 265—War (including civil war) 1,170 Low morale, esprit de corps, professionalism 456—Major natural disasters 996 Decreasing role for FS in foreign policy 921—Terrorist attacks process

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 12. Are/were security measures at current/most recent 21. How would you rate your own, career-long experience post adequate to deal with the threat that exists with your personnel office in terms of helpfulness, there? Yes—1,131, No—387, Not sure—601 honesty, etc.? State AID USIA Other 13. Has the increased funding of security increased outstanding (57) 3% 1% 4% 5% security? good (529) 24% 22% 34% 29% 488—Yes, money well spent fair; variable (899) 43% 37% 44% 41% 792—Yes, but not in proportion to the money spent poor (415) 20% 22% 12% 19% 535—No significant increase in security abominable (197) 9% 17% 5% 6% 304—Not sure Total (2,097) 100% 100% 100% 100% 14. Is the hardship differential/R&R/danger pay, if any, at What has been your experience with career counsel- your present/most recent post adequate to compen¬ lors? sate for these hazards? State AID USIA Other 862—Yes generally helpful 36% 33% 45% 13% 589—No, not adequate (758) 640—No such allowances at this post gen. unhelpful (838) 44% 24% 33.5% 20% 15. Are you satisfied with airline security precautions can’t judge (523) 20% 43% 21% 67% during government-authorized travel on U.S. flag 23. What is your view of the “open assignments” system carriers? as currently administered? 882—Yes, all reasonable precautions taken 235—major improvement over its predecessor—no 789—Room for improvement major changes needed; 379—Inadequate and inconsistent 1,219—an improvement, but still vulnerable to “old boy 16. Would authorization to fly foreign-flag carriers reduce networking” and inadequate matching of personal the risk to the security of you and your family? skills with position requirements; 1,110—Yes, significantly 296—not working—needs major revision; 616—Somewhat 369—-no opinion. 360—Risk same regardless of carrier 24. How might it be improved? (mark as many as apply) 17. Should there be compulsory drug testing in the foreign 911—Set and enforce minimum qualifications (educa¬ affairs agencies? tion, training, experience) for positions; Yes, No, Unsure Total 980—Include thorough position descriptions with the necessary oppose open assignments information; State 671 599 287 1,557 481—other. AID 102 119 56 277 25. Was your most recent assignment to a job on your USIA 70 81 34 185 initial bid list? Other 46 34 20 100 Yes—1,313, No—577, Unsure—229 Total 889 833 397 2,119 26. Should the Service make greater efforts to ensure What is your overall perception of your agency’s good assignments for tandem couples, even if that employee evaluation and promotion system? affects other bidders adversely? 268—best could be hoped for under the circum¬ 417 Yes stances; 406—worthless, needs major revision; 1,008 No greater effort, but continue present policy 1,423—something between the two. 503 Should make no special effort for tandems 19. What problems do you see in the employee evaluation 191 Not sure and promotion process? (mark more than one) 27. Several career officers from agencies other than State (AID only) Inadequate recognition of non-direct 220 have recently been named to ambassadorial, DCM and hire supervisory responsibilities and accom¬ State DAS positions. Should AFSA welcome this new plishments blood? supervisors inadequately trained in EER prepa- 882 967—Yes, provided nominees are qualified (520 ration; State, 197 AID, 156 USIA, 44 DOC, 26 USDA, 14 insufficient use of objective criteria; 775 other) overreliance on views and writing skill of rater; 1,557 insufficient recognition of language capabilities; 353 776—Yes, provided State officers are named in equal other 357 numbers to senior positions in other agencies (703 State, 42 AID, 23 USIA, 5 DOC, 3 other) 20. Should a foreign language be a prequisite for promo¬ 323—No, only worsens State senior surplus (291 tion? State, 27 AID, 2 USIA, 3 other) Only at the junior threshhold 225 At both junior and senior threshholds 1,240 28. How would you rate the training you have received? No, not at any grade 345 State AID USIA Other Unsure 309 231—Excellent 11% 14% 8% 2% 818—Good 38.5% 42% 40% 26% 649—Fair 31% 26% 29% 33% 370—Poor 17% 15% 19% 29%

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 57 29. Have you been denied training any time in last 10 40. Do you favor having a State Department-operated years? Yes—525, No—1,536 storage facility to provide an alternative to private 30. If so, mark all of the following that apply. firms? 276—Denied in order get me to post sooner State AID USIA Other 221—Insufficient funds Yes, strongly,—494; 406 32 38 18 114—Agency didn’t consider it appropriate Yes, moderately— 327 29 31 11 65—Not eligible due to my rank or specialty 398; No—388; 228 103 33 24 31. With which of these statements do you most agree? Unsure—598 424 81 64 29 351 TIC limits force out of the service more experienced officers than we can afford to III. Affirmative Action lose; 41. Should AFSA support: 334 Service has more FS-1 and senior officers 112 substantial number of minority appointments than it needs, and must enforce TIC limits; at both entry and mid-levels 1,173 Some truth to both. 157 minority entrants at both levels limited to 5 261 Unsure. percent 32. The personnel systems of State and AID vary 168 substantial number, but only at entry level significantly. Should AFSA work toward uniform per¬ 1,618 no fixed targets, but continue recruit qualified sonnel systems? minority entrants State AID USIA Other 42. Should AFSA seek an agreement with State similar to 460—Yes 23% 19% 20% 19% the one with AID that provides for additional promo¬ 820—No 35% 63% 35% 38% tions for minorities who are “conspicuously absent” 839—No opinion 42% 18% 45% 43% from a promotion groupi? 33. State may try to eliminate “prescriptive relief,” the stay State AID USIA Other of separation from the Service of a grievant until the 547—Yes 23% 45% 23% 17% grievance is decided. Should AFSA: 770—No 39.5% 25% 29% 32% 426—Continue to oppose any change in the law 621—Not that agree¬ 29% 23% 32% 42% 1,185—Agree to reasonable time limit on relief ment but some other 185—Agree to eliminate prescriptive relief encouraging minority 323— No opinion promotions 181—No opinion 7% 34. Should AFSA seek legislation for paid maternity leave 8% 16% 9% for tenured employees? In general, should AFSA be more active and vocal on EEO and affirmative action? 870—Yes, two months State AID USIA Other 359—Yes, six weeks 1,000—Yes, Service 45.3% 57% 51% 37% 371—Yes, one month must become repre¬ 465—No sentative 35. If paid maternity leave is granted, should fathers be 921—No, leave to 45.5% 35% 37% 54% entitled to some amount of paid paternity leave? management & 1,165—Yes, 659—No, 295—Unsure courts 36. Should untenured women receive maternity leave? 198—No opinion 9% 8.5% 12% 9% 956—Yes, with pay 635—Yes, without pay IV. AFSA Activities 324— No 44. Are there AFSA Chapter meetings at your post? 204—Unsure 940—Never, 444—Occasionally, 459—Rarely, 77— 37-39. Where are/were your effects stored while you Regularly are/were overseas? 45. Are AFSA telegrams circulated or posted? at State Dept, facility in Hagerstown; my experience 97—never, 346—occasionally, 123—rarely, 1,474— has been Excellent—93; Good—96; Fair—37; Poor— regularly 37; Insufficient Data—248. 46. (Retired only) How useful is the Retiree Newsletter? with a private commercial company; my experience 33—very, 27—somewhat, 6—not at all, 6—don’t with this and other companies has been Excellent— receive it 180; Good—479; Fair—210; Poor—194; insufficient 47. If you aren’t a member of AFSA, why? data—267. 157—AFSA ineffective at a USG facility overseas; experience has been 143—too expensive Excellent—42; Good—70; Fair—17; Poor—22; Insuffi¬ 182—AFSA not interested in my specialty or in retirees cient Data—60. 129—AFSA is a company union, too subservient 116—non-members get benefits anyway 277—other

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 48. If you or your spouse are eligible to join the Association 55. Should the “junior threshold” select out a fixed of American Foreign Service Women (AAFSW), but number? haven’t, why? 172—a. Yes, a mandatory percent 778—little or no knowledge about it 700—b. More than they do now, but no fixed number 159—does not address the real issues 363—c. Present practice (averaging 4%) 88—was a member, but didn’t keep up dues 322—d. Not sure 85—would join if in U.S., but we’re overseas a. b. c. d. 296—other SFS 17% 49% 21% 13% 912—no response, or not applicable FS-1/2/3 12% 47.5% 21% 20% 49-50. If AFSA published an unclassified biographic register, FS-4/5/6 6% 39% 26% 29.5% would you buy one (at $20-$30)? FS-7/8 5% 20% 12% 64% Yes—353; no—1,278; unsure—570 56. Some people favor only one bidding telegram, once a 51. Whether unqualified ambassadorial nominees should year, followed by a mandatory assignment, not be confirmed is an issue that will come up again. AFSA necessarily to one of the jobs bid on. AFSA should: should: 864—a. Strongly oppose 1,292—Be more aggressive, 442—b. Oppose, but not fall on swords oppose every unqualified nominee 133—c. Support 375—Maintain activity at 1989 level 153—d. Take no position 299—Keep it general, don’t oppose specific nominees a. b. c. d. 100—AFSA has no business in politics SFS 44% 27.5% 16% 10% 139—no opinion FS-1/2/3 57% 26% 6% 6% FS-4/5/6 53.5% 27% 8% 8% 52. AFSA is sponsoring a series of conferences for FS-7/8 52% 21% 3% 14% business leaders in an effort to broaden our constitu¬ ency. AFSA should: Should the 6-year window be abolished, and all FS-1s considered automatically for promotion until expiration 1,057—do more of that kind of professional activity of their TIC? 816—occasionally OK, but concentrate on members’ Yes (664) No (284) Not sure issues (504) 112—stay away from activities others are doing SFS 49% 33% 17% 220—no opinion FS-1/2/3 53% 22% 25% V. Group-Specific Questions FS-4/5/6 40% 16.5% 43% FS-7/8 27% 10% 63% A. For All State Department Foreign Service Personnel 58. Some say the regional bureaus are more likely to look 53. Would you favor doing away with cones entirely, and out for the employee’s interests. Others argue that going back to across-the-board competition for promo¬ PER can do rational career planning only if it controls tions in each grade? assignments. AFSA should: Yes (494) No (603) Not sure 378—a. Support stronger role for PER (460) 380— b. Support present system in which bureaus SFS 33% 52% 16% have major role FS-1/2/3 28% 43% 29% 377— c. Makes little practical difference FS-4/5/6 32% 26% 41% a. b. c. FS-7/8 22% 10% 67% SFS 35% 40% 20% 54. Would you favor the creation of a multifunctionalFS-1/2/3 cone, 28% 33% 31% into which employees with experience in more than FS-4/5/6 30% 26% 33% one cone, or in MF jobs, could transfer? FS-7/8 33% 16% 31% Yes, 1,087; No, 194; Not sure, 59. Should a minimum time of service abroad be a 276 prerequisite for promotion? SFS 65% 18% 17% Yes—1,029; no—136; not sure, 392 FS-1/2/3 65% 13.5% 21% FS-4/5/6 68% 8% 23.5% B. Questions for USIA Personnel FS-7/8 60% 3% 37% 60. Are you a member; 19—of AFSA only 12—of AFGE only 17—of both 68—of neither 116—total

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 59 61. If not member of AFSA, what is the primary reason? 68. Should TIC periods and SFS windows (currently 25 17—Only AFGE can negotiate with USIA years through FS-1, with a maximum of 18 years at the 7— Dissatisfaction withFS-1 AFSAs level, andrecord seven on USIAyears issues for the SFS window) be 9—both, 13—other, 34—no response lengthened to keep officers in the service? 62. |f not member of AFGE, what is the primary reason? Yes (69) no (137) no opinion (71) 11—AFSAs broader professional focus SFS 34% 46% 20% 8— AFGE’s performance and style in dealing with USIA FS-1/2/3 21.5% 50% 28% 16—both, 7—other, 45—no response FS-4/5/6 27% 43% 30% 63. Would you support an AFSA challenge to AFGE for 69. If “yes”, which? exclusive representation of USIA employees? 24— SFS window; SFS FS-1/2/3 FS-4/5/6 79—yes 52% 35% 54% 14—career TIC; 24—no 16% 10% 17% 3—FS-1 TIC; 56—depends on is¬ 20% 30% 23% 25— combination sues at the time 3—no opinion. 26—no response 12% 25% 6% D. Questions for FSO-4, 5, and 6 From All Agencies 64. Should the 7-year window be abolished, and all FS-1s 70. Guidance from personnel officers and supervisers in considered automatically for promotion until expiration planning your career so far has been: of their TIC? Excellent—23; good—136; fair—167; poor—165. Yes (98) no (19) not sure (68) 71. Quality of supervision and management you have SFS 52% 8% 40% experienced so far has been: FS-1/2/3 48% 12% 40% Excellent—47; good—172; fair—155; poor—123. FS-4/5/6 57% 3% 40% 72. Do you expect to stay in the FS for 20 years or more? Yes—209; no—107; unsure—180. C. Questions for AID Personnel 73. What is most frustrating about life/work in the FS? 65. AID is considering a major reassessment(mark several) of mission rankings and position classifications to make them “fair 319—the bureaucracy and consistent” and reduce the perceived tendency 204—lack of recognition and respect to overgrade positions. Would you favor enforcing 194—low pay, benefits standard, Agency-wide position classifications? 188—effects on family life 121—a. yes, the idea has merit and should be further 183—slow promotions explored; 149—inadequate or insufficient training 103—b. no, would not adequately reflect the diversity 107—instability of Agency work environments and responsibilities; 92—lack of policy influence 53—c. no opinion. 113—other a. b. c. SFS 37% 34% 29% 74. What is most rewarding about life/work in the FS? FS-1/2/3 44% 37% 19% 441—chance to travel FS-4/5/6 37% 37% 26% 436—exposure to other cultures 279—opportunity for public service Would you favor granting Bureaus broader authority 256—opportunity to learn languages to set and revise position classifications? 191—The people I work with yes (104) no (93) no opinion 118—opportunity to contribute to foreign policy (80) 94—Good pay and/or benefits SFS 54% 31% 15% 40—other FS-1/2/3 34% 32.5% 33.5% FS-4/5/6 33% 30% 37% 67. AID wants to combine current backstops into a smaller number, primarily to facilitate administration. Do you support? Yes (122) no (83) no opinion (72) SFS 60% 17% 23% FS-1/2/3 42% 32% 26% FS-4/5/6 40% 23% 37%

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JULY 1990 Enjoy 1990 With Us!

The American Foreign Service Club

Breakfast • Lunch • Cocktail Hour • Private Parties

THE ★ AMERICAN ★ FOREIGN ★ SERVICE ★ CLUB Serving America's Diplomatic Community

2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 • 202/338-5730 (Directly across from the Department of State) AFSA ♦ NEWS

Ambassador Edward J. Perkins, director general of the Foreign 1990 Memorial Plaque Service, welcomes attendees on Foreign Service Day, May 4, in the Department of State.

Deputy Secretary Lawrence Eagleburger unveiled the memorial plaque in the State Department honoring Americans who died in the performance of their government duties. Live names have been added in 1990: Col. James N. Rowe, John A. Butler, Gladys D. Gilbert, Robert W. Woods, and Thomas J. Worrick.

62 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Waiting to confer awards are, from left, the Awards Committee chairman, Ambassador Bruce Laingen, attd family members of awards donors: Mrs. Stanley Mortimer Jr., daughter of Averell Harriman; Mrs. John Sterry Long, widow of William Rivkin; and Christian A. Herter Jr.

Following the ceremony, Ruth Wagner, recipient of the Avis Bohlen Award, stopped for a photo with Ambassador to Tunisia Robert Pelletreau, who received the Christian Herter Award for senior officers in recognition of his role in U.S. contacts with the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Ambassador Laingen presents a certificate to David and Roberta Feltman of Ohio, parents of Jeffrey, who received the Sinclaire Award for the study of Hungarian and was unable to attend. Close Up

On May 24, the Close Up Founda¬ tion, an organization that programs “insider” Washington tours for more than 25,000 people each year, ac¬ cepted an AFSA invitation to a luncheon-lecture session at the For¬ eign Service Club for one of its senior citizen tour groups. Following the luncheon, the 100- plus tour participants listened to a talk by Ambassador Bruce Laingen (a member of AFSA’a Board of Governors) on today’s changing po¬ litical landscape and the need to attract the “best and the brightest” of our young people into public Award recipients, presenters, and AFSA officers lunch service. in the State Department. Clockwise from left: Ambassa¬ AFSA is exploring the prospect of dor Jack Lydtnan; Merit Award recipient Vincent del making a similar luncheon/lecture Vecchio; unidentified; Ruth Wagner, recipient of the session a regular feature of the Avis Bohlen Award, and her husband, Jim; AFSA Vice Close Up Foundation’s Washington President Charles Schmitz; Mrs. Stanley Mortimer Jr., tour programs. and Anne Kauzlarich, president ofAAFSW.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 63 Proposal to establish a new immigration agency

Yet another foreign service would erational responsibility for all immi¬ among several agencies, all of which be established—in this case an inde¬ gration and refugee matters.” have other primary roles. However, pendent visa/immigration service— Drawing on one portion of the AFSA wonders whether concentrat¬ if the current draft recommenda¬ report, the commission chairman, ing all immigration and refugee tions of the Commission for the retired Ambassador Diego Asencio, functions into a single new agency Study of International Migration is quoted in The Washington Post. would provide the best answer. What and Cooperative Economic Develop¬ “Immigration policy is far too im¬ constituency would press Congress ment are implemented. The 12- portant to be relegated to a step¬ to fond it? How responsive would member commission’s report, man¬ child agency such as the INS, which the new agency be, for instance, to dated by Congress in the 1986 falls uncomfortably within the De¬ major foreign policy considerations? Immigration Act, is due to be pub¬ partment of Justice and historically AFSA also has serious reservations lished in July. The draft proposes has been beset with serious manage¬ about the idea of populating already creating a new agency to integrate ment and resource problems. Nor fractionalized embassies with yet an¬ the Immigration and Naturalization should these functions be diluted other foreign service—not to men¬ Service (except the Border Patrol); among three different bureaus in tion the dislocations of throwing State’s Consular Affairs Bureau (ex¬ the State Department, where they the State Department’s carefully bal¬ cept services to Americans); and too often are subordinated to short¬ anced cone and career management State’s refugee functions in the Refu¬ term considerations and compete system into a tailspin far more seri¬ gee Programs and Human Rights/ unevenly for resources and atten¬ ous than the splintering of the Humanitarian Affairs bureaus. tion.” economic and commercial functions Though the proposal doesn’t specify In our view, the commission re¬ 10 years ago, which was serious what would happen to visa opera¬ port’s recommendations are based enough. AFSA plans to press for a tions abroad, the (re)creation of a on legitimate concerns about the full review of the disadvantages of foreign consular service would seem distortions in U.S. migration policy this recommendation in the congres¬ to follow from the recommendation and its execution that have resulted sional review that will follow. We that “the agency would assume op¬ from having the function split up will keep members briefed. Department publications called incomplete and distorted

Warren Cohen, former chairman of CIA’s involvement in the overthrow Bulletin's importance in detailing the State Department’s Advisory Com¬ of Prime Minister Mossadegh and new treaties the United States has mittee on Historical Diplomatic Docu¬ restoration of the shah in 1953. signed and its use by more than mentation, recently resigned his po¬ Cohen also said incomplete and 10,000 subscribers. ASIL maintains sition, saying that publications is¬ misleading records had been pub¬ that much of the information cur¬ sued by the Bureau of Public Affairs lished. rently published in the Bulletin, and the Historian’s Office lacked Cohen urged the State Depart¬ such as congressional testimony and credibility. In a May 8, 1990 article ment to implement a previously speeches of senior State Department in The New York Times, Cohen said negotiated agreement allowing the officials, is no longer being rou¬ the committee was being denied committee to review material with¬ tinely printed in any other State access to classified documents needed held from publication to determine Department publication. For exam¬ to verify publications under review if the exclusion distorts the other ple, only the Bulletin provided de¬ by the committee of 10 academics, material. He called for an expanded tails of the September 1989 Wyo¬ which meets annually to review the review committee, including repre¬ ming ministerial between Secretary Foreign Relations series published sentatives from AFSA, the news Baker and Soviet Foreign Minister by the Bureau of Public Affairs and media, and congressional offices. Shevardnadze. the Historian’s Office. Cohen, a The State Department would retain AFSA is forming an expert com¬ history professor at Michigan State final say over what is published. mittee to look into these questions, University, served as chairman for The American Society of Interna¬ following a letter from ASIL re¬ two years. tional Law (ASIL) has also lodged a questing that AFSA support resum¬ As an example of the publica¬ complaint about department refer¬ ing publication of the Bulletin. tions’ unreliability, Cohen cited a ence publications, complaining to recently published volume of For¬ Secretary Baker about the decision eign Relations of the United States to end publication of the depart¬ on Iran, which did not discuss the ment Bulletin. ASIL emphasized the

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Legislative Issues Focus on the budget summit Robert Beers ployees’/retirees’ health insurance pre¬ • Senate Foreign Relations Commit¬ Congressional Liaison miums could be cut back. tee: Has completed hearings on the This is not to say that any or all FY 1991 authorization for State and The April 15 deadline for a 1991 of these actions will actually be USIA for levels above FY 1990 but Budget Resolution passed into his¬ taken. Indeed, H.R. 3914, intro¬ has not completed hearings on for¬ tory with the congressional budget duced by Representative Mary Rose eign aid authorization. committees still virtually stalemated Oakar (D-OH) to retain the retiree • House Foreign Affairs Commit¬ in their efforts to produce a budget COLA, has more than 277 co¬ tee: Has completed committee action document that meets the require¬ sponsors, while a companion bill in on State, USIA, and AID authoriza¬ ments for deficit reduction and serves the Senate, S. 416, introduced by tion (H.R. 4610) and is awaiting as a blueprint for government spend¬ Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM), House floor action. ing in the new fiscal year beginning has 51 co-sponsors. Clearly, there is • House Appropriations (Smith) next October 1. Final action on a broad congressional support for re¬ Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, budget agreement could now be post¬ taining the retiree COLA as well as State and the Obey Subcommittee on poned until a special session of Con¬ for sustaining other federal em¬ Foreign Operations'. Have completed gress is convened after the elections ployee and retiree benefits. None¬ their hearings. Both subcommittees in November. theless, if the summit conferees do will hold off mark-up until the budget Certainly any determined effort to indeed bite the bullet and undertake resolution and the White House- make a significant reduction in the to make the tough unpopular deci¬ congressional “budget summit” meet¬ budget deficit and, eventually, the na¬ sions, anything can happen. ings are concluded. tional debt, will have political repercus¬ After the summit deliberations • Senate Appropriations Subcom¬ sions. The budget process has virtu¬ have concluded, Congress must ap¬ mittee (Hollings): Has completed ally run out of painless gimmicks to prove a budget resolution and enact hearings, but the Leahy Foreign Op¬ make the numbers fit, such as mov¬ the reconciliation legislation neces¬ erations Subcommittee will continue ing a military pay day to a new fiscal sary to implement any changes man¬ hearings into June. These subcommit¬ year, talcing an operating program dated. Only then will we know the tees, like those in the House, are await¬ such as the postal sendee “off final answers to our questions. Mean¬ ing budget summit actions before budget,” or selling off government while, let’s hope that this process is marking up their 1991 appropriations. assets (Conrail) to produce “revenue.” completed before the November elec¬ Separately, a federal pay reform bill Indeed, there seems to be growing tions! is now in subcommittee hearings. To awareness that if the deficit is ever complement the Senate (Glenn) and to be brought under control, gov¬ A lean '91 House (Ackerman) versions, the ad¬ ernment revenues must be “en¬ ministration finally submitted its own hanced,” meaning new taxes must be Rick Weiss draff proposal, introduced by Repre¬ imposed or present taxes increased, Congressional Liaison sentative Toby Roth (R-WI) on May and entrenched special-interest subsi¬ 1. As expected, the proposal features dies or benefits can no longer be re¬ Before the Memorial Day recess, a “locality pay” schedule adjusted re¬ garded as immune to reduction or Congress finally removed remaining gionally for technical and clerical per¬ even elimination. restrictions on the original FY 1990 sonnel; a national schedule for most What are some of the possible ar¬ Department of State and USIA ap¬ professionals, with “geographic dif¬ eas of impact on the Foreign Service propriations bill, together with pas¬ ferentials” for high-cost areas; and an community in the deliberations of the sage of an omnibus $4 billion sup¬ enhanced merit pay system. However, budget “summiteers”? First, a pay in¬ plemental appropriation for FY 1990. funding for the reform—if passed— crease for the active Sendee (together This will provide the department is miniscule for 1991. Chairman Ack¬ with all federal employees) could be with some leeway (about $25 mil¬ erman of the House subcommittee at risk. Second, die ceiling on the con¬ lion for salaries and expenses) for noted during the May hearing that tributions to the retirement Thrift Sav¬ the final four months of this fiscal the total payroll for the civilian work ings Plan could be reduced. Third, year, since prior spending had to be force is currently $78 billion, and the the lump-sum retirement option held down to FY 1989 levels, but it administration is proposing an incre¬ could be discontinued for future re¬ in fact does no more than restore ment of less than $400 million for tirees. Fourth, the cost of living adjust¬ the original FY 1990 appropriations 1991. At that rate, Ackerman com¬ ment (COLA) for retirees could be level legislated late last fall. mented, the grandchildren of current eliminated. (Items three and four were For the FY 1991 budget for the federal employees will be eligible to actual proposals in the president’s foreign affairs agencies, the status of retire before the current 26 percent 1991 budget.) Fifth, the amount of the authorizing and appropriation gap between private sector and fed¬ the government’s contribution to em¬ bills is as follows: eral employee salaries is closed.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 65 Continuing the fight against the SF-312 disclosure form

The department is continuing its the form, however, does not distin¬ the executive director of each bu¬ efforts to compel employees to sign guish between “willful and deliber¬ reau. SF-312, the form precluding em¬ ate” and accidental. The form’s vague¬ The department has indicated that ployees from making unaudtorized ness on this issue is among the this new system will provide an disclosures of classified information. grounds cited in AFSA’s current additional review of employee finan¬ As reported in the May AFSA News, lawsuit. cial disclosure forms, complement¬ the department has been conduct¬ AFSA reiterates that we oppose ing the legal adviser’s review. AFSA ing a series of “security awareness” SF-312. However, there is currently is concerned, however, that the plan briefings at which people are being nothing preventing the department places sensitive financial information asked to sign SF-312. Memoranda from pressing employees to sign the in the hands of people with no legal distributed to employees asking them form. We continue to hope that the training and no experience in review¬ to attend these briefings indicate form will be revised as a result of ing financial information. that failure to sign SF-312 will our pending litigation. The Ethics in Government Act of necessitate an investigation by Dip¬ 1978 requires certain government lomatic Security (DS) to determine employees to complete SF-278 and whether the person refusing to sign New financial is intended to insure that federal may continue to hold a security executives carry out their duties clearance. disclosure policy without compromising the public Several posts abroad have reported trust. Employees submit SF-278 to being visited by DS representatives A recent worldwide telegram in¬ reveal existing or potential conflicts conducting briefings similar to those formed employees that financial dis¬ of interest. currently under way in Washington. closure forms (SF-278) will now be AFSA has expressed its concern In at least one case, the DS represen¬ reviewed at post by the DCM or to the department regarding this tative has told employees that failure another designated senior official. unilateral change in the review proc¬ to sign SF-312 will result in suspen¬ Only after that review will the forms ess and requested a formal briefing. sion of an employee’s security clear¬ be sent on to the State Depart¬ The department has asserted its ance. Employees have also been told ment’s Legal Adviser’s Office. In right to assign appropriate officials that the department determines that the past, SF-278s were sent directly to review the forms. Without con¬ a violation of SF-312 has occurred to the legal adviser. Employees in testing this right, AFSA questions only when an unauthorized disclo¬ Washington will also have their SF- whether DCMs are the appropriate sure of classified information is “will¬ 278s first reviewed by a senior reviewers. We will continue to ad¬ ful and deliberate.” The language of official, who will be designated by vise members as the issue develops.

‘AFSA Views’ continued

in which employees could have their ethnic origins on record, but none would be required to do so. Any solution would have to be broadly acceptable, equitable, and legal, but no one should be allowed to hide behind AFSA in resisting change. Foreign Service Park: We wish we could generate some gumption on our own seventh floor to face up to the deplorable situation in the triangle bounded by Virginia Avenue and 21st and E streets, which has, ironically, been known since 1970 as the Foreign Service Memorial Park. For those who haven’t been home for a while, the venerable “Wolfman Willy” died on his grating several years ago and has been replaced in the triangle by up to eight younger, more active vagrants who aggressively panhandle all passers-by. The park—which was dedicated to the memory of all members of the Foreign Service who gave their lives in the service of their country—is strewn with camp gear and littered with trash. Many AFSA members are deterred from walking up the street to visit their club at 2101 E Street; desk officers try to route VIP visitors to avoid the triangle altogether. AFSA has tried fruitlessly first to get the metropolitan police to crack down on the group, then to get the park transferred to federal jurisdiction. We asked the department to support us. So far our senior leadership has looked the other way, hoping this political hot potato will go away and spare them the risk that an appeal for outside intervention might cause heartburn from Mitch Snyder and Co. for being heartless to the homeless. It’s clear the problem isn’t going to go away by itself. The time for political courage to face this unpleasant situation, like the others, is now. — Ted Wilkinson

66 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 Diplomatic Security

Recent AFSA efforts have focused pared with other Foreign Service boards are inherently more selective on three major issues of concern to personnel. when they are reviewing the qualifi¬ members in Diplomatic Security Insurance. In a related matter, cations of a large class. (DS): improving DS starting salaries AFSA is continuing its efforts to AFSA’s meeting with the depart¬ and overtime pay, establishing DS convince USAA that DS agents ment also touched on systemic prob¬ eligibility for the low-cost insurance should be eligible for its low-cost lems that may be disadvantageous offered by the United Services Auto¬ insurance programs (auto, home, to DS tenure candidates—most no¬ mobile Asssociation (USAA), and and life). AFSA first raised this issue tably, the fact that many raters investigating an apparent drop in almost two years ago, noting that prepare EERs that are technically DS tenuring rates. other types of special agents are acceptable, but are not as detailed Pay increases. AFSA wholeheart¬ eligible for USAA membership. as is desirable. In that this can edly supports the recommendations AFSA has repeatedly questioned detract from the competitiveness of made by the National Advisory Com¬ USAA’s rationale in denying DS a tenure candidate’s file, employees mission on Law Enforcement to agents similar treatment. At this should be assiduous in ensuring that improve working conditions and com¬ juncture, unfortunately, USAA is EERs are carefully and thoroughly pensation levels for law enforcement not willing to reconsider its exclu¬ prepared. Any employee who be¬ officers. Our support for these rec¬ sion of DS officers. However, AFSA lieves that he or she has been ommendations is subject only to the continues to press USAA to take disadvantaged by a cursory EER is caveat that any differences in com¬ such action, and they have promised encouraged to contact AFSA; our pensation and benefits between one to consider our arguments if they member services representatives will group of Foreign Service employees expand their eligibility criteria in the be glad to review the file to assess and another should be based on the future. whether grounds exist for a griev¬ requirements of their different jobs. Tenure review evaluations. An¬ ance. For example, we agree with the other important DS issue involves commission’s recommendation that the December 1989 tenure review “foreign language bonuses be made for members of DS class 30. DS Embassy Bucharest available for all federal law enforce¬ employees, like all Foreign Service ment officers who are required to personnel, receive two tenure re¬ recognized speak a foreign language,” but note views; the December review was the that DS officers, like other Foreign first for members of class 30. The Embassy Bucharest received a spe¬ Service personnel, are already eligi¬ results showed that tenuring rates— cial commendation at a luncheon ble for hard-language bonuses—a which have generally averaged higher May 9 from the business-sponsored benefit the department sought to than 90 percent for the first review— Committee for the Support of Pub¬ curtail two years ago but was pre¬ were significantly lower for class 30. lic Service during Public Service vented from doing by AFSA action. Agents were concerned that this Recognition Week. The embassy AFSA would not support any new may have resulted from a procedural was cited for working, often under language bonuses for DS officers error or from an unannounced pol¬ fire, to evacuate U.S. families and that are not available to other For¬ icy change. To clarify this situation, non-essential staffers, gather infor¬ eign Service personnel subject to AFSA arranged a meeting with the mation, and coordinate medical re¬ the same language requirements. department; included at the meet¬ lief during the overthrow of Roma¬ AFSA is already on record in ing was a class 30 representative. nian ruler Ceausescu and his family. support of the bills that have been The department assured AFSA Embassy spokesman Agota Kuper- introduced for overall federal pay that there had been no change in man, a USIA Foreign Service offi¬ increases, and we have submitted a the precepts for commissioning and cer, accepted the award on behalf of formal statement of support to the tenure boards, and that the Decem¬ the embassy. Federal Pay Advisor)' Commission. ber board had received no special Public Service Recognition Week We would like to see new DS instructions in addition to the pre¬ this year included events in more entrants brought in at starting sala¬ cepts. It was noted that the tenuring than 200 cities across the United ries equivalent to those of entry- rates for DS class 29 had also been States. Nearly 30 agencies, includ¬ level law enforcement officers in relatively low, and that these more ing the Department of State, organ¬ other federal agencies, and we recent classes were much larger than ized exhibits on the Mall in Wash¬ strongly advocate geographic dif¬ virtually all of their predecessors. ington, D.C., May 10 to 12, and ferentials and relocation payments, One notable exception was the very outstanding public service units were at home as well as overseas. AFSA first DS class, which was the largest recognized at the annual “Breakfast would also support a consistent over to date. It is worth noting that the of Champions” held May 11 in the time pay policy for all federal law first tenure review for this class, held Senate Dirksen Building. These enforcement agencies—again, pro¬ in October 1982, produced tenur¬ events are organized by the Public vided that such a policy would not ing rates which were even lower Employees Roundtable, of which create inequitable treatment com¬ than those for classes 29 and 30. AFSA is a member. The implication is that tenuring FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 67 Professional Issues Trade talks The Richard S. Thompson Coordinator for Professional Issues Whitehouse

May speakers at the Foreign Service money, and said Eximbank is look¬ memorial Club focused on the trade challenge ing for ways to do more in Africa. to the United States and how it Edward Lincoln of the Brookings scholarship should be met, with Export-Import Institution spoke May 17 on “Is Ja¬ Cristin K. Springet Bank Chairman John D. Macomber pan the New Enemy?” He noted that Scholarship Coordinator describing his agency’s initiatives and even defining “enemy” in trade pre¬ Japan expert Edward Lincoln analyz¬ sents difficulties, as markets are sup¬ In recent months, the Committee ing the U.S.-Japanese trade relation¬ posed to be based on competition, on Education has endeavored to ship. Both spoke positively about the not cooperation. He also pointed out show the importance of our scholar¬ ability of the United States to com¬ some differences between the U.S. ship programs to our Foreign Serv¬ pete and maintain a strong trading and Japanese economies that rede¬ ice families and called on our mem¬ position. fine the terms of trade. In contrast bers in the Foreign Service for Eximbank’s Macomber emphasized to other industrialized nations, Japan support. in a May 22 luncheon talk that the maintains a low and stable percent¬ Ambassador Charles Whitehouse new measure of a country’s strategic age of manufactured imports. It also and his sister Sylvia Blake have generously answered that call by position is not military power or even imports products in only about 30 technological level but market share. of 100 basic industries, while most establishing the Sheldon Whitehouse Macomber said Eximbank’s negotia¬ countries buy and sell in many more Memorial Scholarship in honor of tions to sell a telephone system to categories. Its banking system is their late father. Sheldon Whitehouse began his Indonesia along with AID will ulti¬ geared to supporting manufacturing, mately benefit the United States more not mortgages. Moreover, company career in the Foreign Service in than selling a fleet of military aircraft. ownership is relatively stable. Govern¬ 1909. He served in Caracas, Con¬ Macomber also praised the new inter¬ ment spending is geared to helping stantinople, Athens, Montenegro, and Madrid and was minister pleni¬ est he observed in the State Depart¬ business, not consumers. Finally, long¬ ment in promoting U.S. commercial term buyer-seller relationships are potentiary in Guatemala and Colom¬ interests. prized and difficult to change. bia. His children recall that he had Macomber saw three regions as of¬ Lincoln emphasized that change vivid memories of his tours in Paris in the 1920s, which coincided with fering particular commercial chal¬ is coming, with an appreciating yen, lenges: Eastern Europe, Latin Amer¬ tight labor markets, and an outpour¬ the first transatlantic flight, by Char¬ ica, and the Pacific Basin. He declared ing of capital to the rest of the les Lindbergh. that U.S. companies in the last five world that makes the Japanese econ¬ He recalled his posting to Petro- years have improved their ability to omy dependent on healthy econo¬ grad during the revolution of 1917 compete with Japan and the newly mies elsewhere. Furthermore, the as his most stressful post. He and industrialized Pacific Basin countries. percentage of manufactured imports friend Norman Armour had their A war of tied aid and mixed credits has begun to rise, as the Japanese car “liberated” and used by Ker¬ being waged in the region, however, consumer realizes he is paying higher ensky in his escape from Russia; threatens to break world trading pat¬ than world prices. they later were evacuated with part terns. The United States has begun Lincoln concluded that the United of the staff to Norway. The Whitehouse family has con¬ adding Eximbank money to AID pro¬ States must continue trying to change grams, creating a soft loan fund that Japanese attitudes through struc¬ tinued the tradition of foreign serv¬ can be used to win key deals. tural impediments talks and should ice. Charles Whitehouse served as ambassador in Laos and Thailand When asked whether a program lim¬ encourage Japanese manufacturing and was president of AFSA from ited to four countries and $500 mil¬ in the United States so American 1981 to 1982; Sylvia Blake’s son lion could really pose a challenge, Ma¬ businesses will benefit from Japa¬ comber responded that the reaction nese efficiency and quality in mass Robert is currently assigned to Wash¬ of other countries indicated they take manufacturing. ington. We will be proud to award it seriously, and only a small portion Lincoln suggested an opposition the first Sheldon Whitehouse Me¬ of a loan need come from the U.S. party could change the Japanese morial Scholarship this August. We government, with the rest coming economy more quickly, but the thank Ambassador Whitehouse and from commercial banks. He agreed most likely prospect is continued Mrs. Blake for acknowledging the more could be done with more rule by the Liberal Democratic Party. needs of our community and the importance of our programs.

68 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1990 The Mona Lisa would be

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