Notes
Unless otherwise stated, place of publication is London.
1 Introduction 1. Julia Briggs, Night Visitors: The Rise of the English Ghost Story (Faber, 1977), pp. 16-17, 19, 24. 2. See my Christian Fantasy: From 1200 to the Present (Macmillan, 1992). 3. Sidney, An Apologie for Poetrie (1595), repr. in G. Gregory Smith, ed., Elizabethan Critical Essays, 2 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1904), I, 156. 4. See my 'The Elusiveness of Fantasy', in Olena H. Saciuk, ed., The Shape of the Fantastic (Westport: Greenwood, 1990), pp. 54-5. 5. J. R. R. Tolkien, 'On Fairy Stories' (1938; enlarged in his Tree and Leaf (Allen and Unwin, 1964); C. S. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction' (1955), repr. in Lewis, Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories, ed. W. Hooper (Bles, 1966), pp. 59-73; Rosemary Jackson, Fantasy: The Literature of Subver• sion (Methuen, 1981); Ann Swinfen, In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of the Genre in English and American Literature Since 1945 (Routledge, 1984). 6. Brian Attebery, Strategies of Fantasy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 12-14. 7. The name is first applied to a literary kind by Herbert Read in English Prose Style (1928); though E. M. Forster had just devoted a chapter of Aspects of the Novel (1927) to 'Fantasy' as a quality of vision. 8. See Brian Stableford, ed., The Dedalus Book of Femmes Fatales (Sawtry, Cambs.: Dedalus, 1992), pp. 20-4.
2 The Origins of English Fantasy 1. See E. S. Hartland, ed., English Fairy and Other Folk Tales (Walter Scott, 1890), pp. x-xxi; Katharine M. Briggs and Ruth L. Tongue, eds, Folk• tales of England (Routledge, 1965), pp. vi-vii, xxvi-ii; Neil Philip, ed., . The Penguin Book of English Folktales (Penguin, 1992), pp. xiii-iv. 2. Philip, pp. xiii-iv. 3. Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 28-43. 4. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 82. 5. See Christian Fantasy, pp. 12-49 passim; Harry Berger Jr, Second World and Green World: Studies in Renaissance Fiction-Making (Berkeley: Uni• versity of California Press, 1988), pp. 10-12, 50-3. 6. See for example Ernst Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (New York: Pantheon, 1953), passim; Ronald Levao, Renaissance
200 Notes 201
Minds and their Fictions: Cusanus, Sidney, Shakespeare (Berkeley: Uni• versity of California Press, 1985), pp. 5-19. 7. Eileen Gardiner, ed., Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (New York: Italica, 1989), p. 209. 8. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), p.137. 9. Levao, pp. 67, 73-4, 106-7; Berger, pp. 10-17, 404. 10. Thomas Traheme, Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), IT, 90. 11. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), I, 65. 12. Onallofthem,andonPearl,seealsoChristianFantasy,pp.42-92,102-30. 13. See A. D. S. Fowler, Spenser and the Numbers of Time (Routledge, 1966). 14. See also Christian Fantasy, pp. 70-2. 15. For a fuller account, see my Literature and Reality 1600-1800 (Mac• millan, 1978), pp. 47-56. 16. See J. C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing1516-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 17. Margaret Cavendish, The Blazing World and Other Writings, ed. Kate Lilley (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), p. 124. 18. Arthur 0. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (New York: Harper, 1960), pp. 108-30. 19. See Harry Levin, The Myth of the Golden Age in the Renaissance (Faber, 1970). 20. The Prose Works of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Albert Feuillerat, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), p. 57. 21. See also my 'Change in The Rape of the Lock', Durham University Journal, 65, 1 (December 1983), 43-50. 22. See also my 'Swift and Fantasy' in Donald E. Morse and Csilla Bertha, eds, More Real Than Reality: The Fantastic in Irish Literature and the Arts (Westport: Greenwood, 1991), pp. 193-210. 23. See Martha P. Conant, The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Octagon, 1966). 24. See Jack Zipes, trans. and introd., Beauties, Beasts and Enchantment: Classic French Fairy Tales (New York: Penguin, 1989).
3 Secondary World Fantasy 1. C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (Bles, 1955), p. 19. 2. As by C. H. Hinton, 'What is the Fourth Dimension?', in Scientific Romances (Swan, Sonnenschein, 1886), pp. 3-32; Simon Newcomb, 'Modem Mathematical Thought', Nature (1 February 1894), pp. 325-9, repr. in Harry N. Geduld, The Definitive Time Machine: A Critical Edition of H. G. Wells's Scientific Romance (Bloomington: Indiana Uni• versity Press, 1987), pp. 209-10. 3. See Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 233-300. 4. Karl S. Guthke, The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Science Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell Uni• versity Press, 1990), p. 326. 202 Notes
5. Brian Stableford, Scientific Romance in Britain 1890-1950 (Fourth Estate, 1985), pp. 38-43. 6. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction', p. 68. 7. See Stephen Kern's The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cam• bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983). 8. More fully discussed in my 'Dualism in H. G. Wells's The Time Machine', Riverside Quarterly, 8, 3 (1990), 179. 9. See Alice Chandler, A Dream of Order: The Medieval Ideal in Nine• teenth-Century English Literature (Routledge, 1971); David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture: Perceptions and Introspections in an Age of Change (John Murray, 1997), pp. 177-90. 10. On which see my The Impulse of Fantasy Literature (Macmillan, 1983), pp. 127-33. 11. The Collected Works of William Morris, ed. May Morris, vol. XN (Longmans, Green, 1912), 223. 12. Richard Adams, introduction to Walter de la Mare, The Three Royal Monkeys (Robin Clark, 1993), pp. v-vi. 13. David Lindsay, A Voyage to Arcturus (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1992), p. 275. 14. See my Scottish Fantasy Literature: A Critical Survey (Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994), pp. 15~7. 15. See The Impulse of Fantasy Literature, pp. 141--8. 16. Stableford, Scientific Romance, pp. 133--4, 143-5, 151-4 and ch. 7, esp. pp. 272-3. 17. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, pp. 47--8. 18. Mervyn Peake, Introduction to Drawings by Mervyn Peake (Grey Walls Press, 1949), repr. in Peake's Progress: Selected Writings and Drawings by Mervyn Peake, ed. Maeve Gilmore (Allen Lane, 1978), p. 241. 19. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction', p. 70. 20. Lewis, The Last Battle (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), pp. 156--8. On Lewis's fantasy, see my C. S. Lewis: His Literary Achievement (Macmillan, 1987) and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Patterning of a Fantastic World (New York: Twayne, 1993). 21. Lewis, Perelandra (John Lane, 1943), p. 168. (The sub-quotation is from Wordsworth's 'Immortality' Ode.) 22. See Lewis, Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Bles, 1947), ch. ix. 23. Letter of c1951, quoted in Maeve Gilmore [Mrs Peake], A World Away: A Memoir of Mervyn Peake (Gollancz, 1970), p. 107. 24. Introduction to Drawings, p. 241. 25. Peake, Titus Groan (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 17, 20, 139, 416-7; cf. p. 28. On this motif see The Impulse of Fantasy Literature, pp. 116-19. 26. See The Impulse, pp. 122-5. 27. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 53. 28. Ibid., p. 67. 29. Ibid., p. 12. 30. Tolkien, Letter of 25 September 1954, in The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (Allen and Unwin, 1981), p. 196. See also pp. 160, 174, 188,210, 374-5 and 380; and for an illustration, pp. 277--84. Notes 203
31. Tree and Leaf, p. 48. On the significance of trees to Tolkien, see for example Letters, pp. 394, 420. At p. 275 he speaks of the 'two main branches' of the plot of The Lord of the Rings. 32. Tolkien, The Return of the King (Allen and Unwin, 1955), p. 315. cf. Letters, p. 147. 33. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring (Allen and Unwin, 1954), p. 405. 34. T. H. White, The Once and Future King (Collins, 1958), p. 621. 35. See also The Impulse, pp. 93-114 passim. 36. On the Rama books, see also my Science Fiction: Ten Explorations (Macmillan, 1986), pp. 143-60. 37. See Colin Greenland, The Entropy Exhibition: Michael Moorcock and the British 'New Wave' in Science Fiction (Routledge, 1983). 38. Michael Harrison, A Storm of Wings (Sphere, 1980), pp. 94, 144. 39. Harrison, in Christopher J. Fowler, 'On the Edge: The Last Holmfrith Interview with M. John Harrison', Foundation: The Review of Science Fiction, 57 (Spring, 1993), 19, 21. 40. Ibid., pp. 18-19. 41. Robert Holdstock, Lavondyss (HarperCollins, 1990), p. 355. 42. See for example. Edmund J. Smyth, ed., Postmodernism and Contem• porary Fiction (Batsford, 1991), pp. 112-22, 145-52. 43. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 45.
4 Metaphysical Fantasy 1. See Christian Fantasy, pp. 156-302 passim. 2. Letter to F. D. Maurice of summer 1862, repr. in Frances E. Kingsley, ed., Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life, 11th ed., 2 vols. (Kegan Paul, 1878), II, 137. 3. C. S. Lewis, The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christian• ity, Reason and Romanticism (Bles, 1956), p. 10. 4. Lord Lytton, A Strange Story (Routledge, 1897), p. 536. 5. Marie Corelli, A Romance of Two Worlds (Bentley, 1890), pp. xi-xxv, 223-80. 6. Laurence Housman, The Unexpected Years (Cape, 1937), p. 147. E. M. Forster thought All Fellows 'an awful work of Housman's ... "minor redemptions" -you never tasted such bilge' (letter of 1911 to Bob Trevelyan, in P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, Volume One (Seeker and Warburg, 1977), p. 199). 7. Garry Wills, 'The Man Who Was Thursday', in D. J. Conlon, ed., G. K. Chesterton: A Half Century of Views (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 335-42; see also Ian Boyd, The Novels of G. K. Chesterton (Paul Elek, 1975), pp. 50-1. 8. G. K. Chesterton, The Man Who Was Thursday (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), pp. 126-7. 9. Ibid., p. 183. The text is Matthew 20:22; also Mark 10:38. 10. Margaret Cropper, Evelyn Underhill (Longmans, 1958), p. 22. 11. The first and third of these stories were first published in T. F. Powys, The White Paternoster and Other Stories (Chattos and Wind us, 1930), the 204 Notes
second and fourth in Bottle's Path (Chatto and Windus, 1946). The Two Thieves' was published in The Two Thieves (Chatto and Wind us, 1932), with two other stories. 12. On the Golden Dawn, see R. A. Gilbert, The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the Magicians (Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1983). 13. On this see Mary M. Shideler, The Theology of Romantic Love: A Study in the Writings of Charles Williams (New York: Harper, 1962); Glen Cavaliero, Charles Williams: Poet of Theology (Macmillan, 1983). 14. Lewis, Perelandra, p. 232. 15. See Douglass Parker, 'Hwaet We Holbytla ... ', Hudson Review 9 (1956-7), 59~09; T. A. Shippey, The Road to Middle-Earth (Allen and Unwin, 1982), p. 150. 16. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, pp. 62-3. 17. Ibid., p. 62. 18. See my Modern Fantasy: Five Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer• sity Press, 1975) pp. 180-3. Shippey, op. cit., pp. 111-26, 131-2 opposes this view, but without advancing contrary textual evidence. 19. See Christian Fantasy, pp. 157-9 and 326, n.8. 20. Ibid., p. 212. 21. A fuller discussion of both novels is in Glen Cavaliero, The Super• natural and English Fiction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 176-80. 22. First book publication of both in Oliphant, The Land of Darkness: Along with some Further Chapters in the Experiences of the Little Pilgrim (Macmillan, 1888). 23. Published in collections with these titles (Berkshire: Golden Cockerel Press, 1921, 1922). 24. Arthur Machen, Tales of Horror and the Supernatural, 2 vols. (Granada, 1975), II, 46. (This text reprints all the tales cited here.) It has been argued that in common with Stevenson, Wells and W. H. Hodgson, Machen was drawn fearfully to the degenerationist theories of man and society Darwin's theories of morphic flux had eventually released: see Kelly Hurley, The Gothic Body: Sexuality, materialism and degeneration at the fin de siecle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), passim. 25. Tales of Horror and the Supernatural, I, 8-9; II, 63. 26. Ibid., I, 66-9. 27. See for example Algernon Blackwood, The Centaur (Macmillan, 1911), esp. pp. 113-24, 129-30, 136. 28. Blackwood, The Human Chord (Tom Stacey, 1972), p. 104. 29. First book publication in Blackwood, The Lost Valley and Other Stories (Eveleigh Nash, 1910). 30. M. P. Shiel, The Purple Cloud (Panther, 1969), p. 222; see alsop. 72. The reference is to Job 13:15. 31. See also Stableford, Scientific Romance, pp. 78-81. 32. First book publication in W. H. Hodgson, Camacki the Ghost-Finder (Eveleigh Nash, 1913). 33. A useful account is Martin Green's Children of the Sun: A Narrative of Decadence in England after 1918 (Constable, 1977). Notes 205
34. Peter Ackroyd, The House of Doctor Dee (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), p. 276. 35. See Murdoch's 'On "God" and "Good"' (1969); and also 'The Sover• eignty of Good Over Other Concepts' (1967), both repr. in Murdoch, Existentialists and Mystics: Writings on Philosophy and Literature, ed. Peter Conradi (Chatto and Windus, 1997), pp. 337-85. 36. Ibid., pp. 226-7 (from her essay 'Existentialists and Mystics', 1970). 37. See Hans W. Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eight• eenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale Univer• sity Press, 1974), pp. 233-324. 38. J. Philip Eggers, King Arthur's U.Zureate: A Study of Tennyson's Idylls of a King (New York: New York University Press, 1971), pp. 215-52, gives a comprehensive list of texts. 39. Peter J. Conradi, Iris Murdoch: The Saint and the Artist (Macmillan, 1986), p. 81. 40. J. W. Dunne, An Experiment with Time (Faber, 1958), p. vii ('Introduc• tion to the Third Edition' of 1934). 41. First book publication in Wells, The Plattner Story and Others (Methuen, 1897) and The Short Stories of H. G. Wells (Ernest Berm, 1927), respectively. 42. J.D. Beresford, Nineteen Impressions (SidgwickandJackson, 1918), p.xiv.
5 Emotive Fantasy 1. Burke, Works, Vol I (Bohn, 1854), 74. (Part I, sect. vii). 2. Wordsworth, 'Preface to Lyrical Ballads' (1802), in The Oxford Authors: William Wordsworth, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 605; pp. 598, 611. 3. See for example Peter V. Marinelli, Pastoral (Methuen, 1971). 4. Keats, 'On Edmund Kean as a Shakespearian Actor', The Champion (21 December 1817), repr. in The Poetical Works and Other Writings of John Keats, ed. H. Buxton Forman, 4 vols. (Reeves and Turner, 1889), ill, 6. 5. On the Victorian impulse for the grotesque, see Stephen Prickett, Victorian Fantasy (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester, 1979), chs. 3, 4. 6. The authors include Disraeli, John Sterling, James Dalton, Bulwer Lytton, Douglas Jerrold, Sara Coleridge and Dickens, from the period 1825-50 (though Lytton also wrote in the 1860s); and Meredith, Mor• ris and MacDonald (Phantastes) from 1850-60. Meredith wrote no more fantasy after that, Morris ceased until the 1880s, and MacDonald turned to realistic fiction and occasional children's fantasies. 7. P. J. Keating, The Haunted Study: A Social History of the English Novel 1875-1914 (HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 22-7, 340-50. 8. See Jeremy Maas, 'Fairy Painters', Victorian Painters (Barrie and Rock• cliffe, The Cresset Press, 1969), ch. x; Brigid Peppin, Fantasy: The Golden Age of Fantastic fllustration (New York: New American Library, 1975); Frances Spaulding, Magnificent Dreams: Burne-fones and the U.Zte Victorians (Oxford: Phaidon, 1978); Rodney Engen, Richard Doyle (Stroud: Catalpa Press, 1983). 206 Notes
9. Maas, p. 148. 10. As also in the works of Dalton, Sterling, Lytton, Sara Coleridge and Jerrold. 11. Brian Stableford, in Neil Barron, ed., Fantasy Literature: A Reader's Guide (New York: Garland, 1990), pp. 79-109, 143, cites Marie Cor• elli, Ardath (1889), Edgar Lee, Pharaoh's Daughter (1889), G. G. A. Murray, Gobi or Shamo: A Story of Three Songs (1889), E. L. Arnold, The Wonderful Adventures of Phra the Phoenician (1891), George Grif• fith, Valdar the Oft-Born (1895), William Le Queux, The Great White Queen (1896), Edward Markwick, The City of Gold (1896), Clive Hol• land, An Egyptian Coquette (1898) and Ernest Bramah, The Wallet of Kai Lung (1900). 12. G. S. Fraser, W. B. Yeats (Longmans, Green, for the British Council, 1954), p. 29. 13. On Macleod and Barrie, see my Scottish Fantasy Literature, pp. 127-36, 143--52. 14. First book publication in Dunsany, The Sword of Welleran and Other Stories (George Allen, 1908), A Dreamer's Tales (George Allen, 1910) and The Book of Wonder (Heinemann, 1912), respectively. 15. See Alison Packer, Stella Beddoe and Lianne Jarrett, Fairies in Legend and the Arts (Cameron and Taylor, with David and Charles, 1980); and, on individual authors, Kay Nielson, introd. Keith Nicholson (Hodder and Stoughton, 1975); Marcie Muir, The Fairy World of Ida Rentoul Outhwaite (A. and C. Black, 1986); Jane Laing, Cicely Mary Barker and Her Art (Frederick Warne, 1995). 16. C. S. Lewis, 'The Weight of Glory', Transposition and Other Addresses (Bles, 1949), p. 31. 17. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 40. 18. Ibid., pp. 56, 53, 60. 19. Peppin, Fantasy, p. 10. 20. Stableford, in Barron, ed., Fantasy, p. 193, also cites VioletT. Murray, The Rule of the Beasts (Stanley Paul, 1925), a story of animal guardian• ship and education of man after a catastrophic war. 21. First book publication of the first two was in Forster, The Celestial Omnibus and Other Stories (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1911); the third in his The Eternal Moment and Other Stories (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1928). 22. Charles Williams, The Place of the Lion (Faber, 1965), pp. 196-7; All Hallows Eve (Faber, 1945), p. 76; Many Dimensions (Faber, 1963), pp. 138-9, 263-9. 23. All Hallows Eve, p. 197. 24. Hope Mirrlees, Lud-in-the-Mist (New York: Ballantine, 1972), p. 268. 25. Sylvia Townsend Warner, Lolly Willowes (Women's Press, 1978), p. 237. 26. Maureen Duffy, The Erotic World of Faery (Sphere, 1989), pp. 312-22. 27. H. Rider Haggard, She, ed. Daniel Karlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 299. 28. Keating, The Haunted Study, pp. 197-206. 29. Stableford, ed. The Dedalus Book of Femmes Fatales, p. 24. 30. Ibid., p. 27. 31. Briggs, Night Visitors, pp. 14-17, Briggs also cites Scott's view that brevity is essential to supernatural effect (pp. 12-13). Notes 207
32. Ibid., pp. 16-20. 33. Clara Reeve, The Old English Baron, ed. James Trainer (Oxford Uni• versity Press, 1967), p. 4. 34. Clive Barker, 'The Skins of the Fathers', The Books of Blood Volumes 1-3 (Sphere, 1988), vol. 2, p. 93. 35. First book publication in Robert Hichens, Tongues of Conscience (Methuen, 1900); probably derived from Maupassant's 'Le Horla' (1886). 36. First book publication in Walter de la Mare, The Riddle and Other Stories (Selwyn and Blount, 1923). 37. M. R. James, 'The Treasure of Abbot Thomas' (1904), in The Collected Ghost Stories of M. R. James (Arnold, 1942), p. 176. 38. First book publication in Sheridan Le Fanu, In a Glass Darkly (Bent• ley, 1872). 39. First book publication in Rudyard Kipling, 'The Phantom Rickshaw' and Other Tales (Allahabad: A. H. Wheeler, 1888). 40. First book publication in Cynthia Asquith, ed., The Ghost Book (Hutchinson, 1926). 41. First book publication under this title in 1905 (Gowan's International Library); originally published in Blackwood's Magazine, 86 (Aug., 1859), 224--45. 42. Matthew Lewis, The Monk (Folio Society, 1984), pp. 309-10. 43. Barker, 'Dread', op. cit., p. 34. 44. On horror and the body, see Linda Badley, Film, Horror and the Body Fantastic (Westport: Greenwood, 1995), and Writing Horror and the Body: The Fiction of Stephen King, Clive Barker and Anne Rice (Westport: Greenwood, 1996).
6 Comic Fantasy 1. Cf. Terry Pratchett, Moving Pictures (Transworld, 1991), p. 9: 'The Discworld is as unreal as it is possible to be while still being just real enough to exist.' 2. Marie de France, 'Del cok e del gupil', Fables, ed. and tr. Harriet Spiegel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), pp. 68-70; D. D. R. Owen, tr., The Romance of Reynard the Fox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), Branch II, 11. 1-468 (pp. 53-9). 3. Carew, 'A Fly that Flew into my Mistress her Eye'; Donne, 'A Vale• diction: Forbidding Mourning'. Compare also Donne, 'The Flea'. 4. Earlier less elaborated examples might include John Taylor's 'Sir Gregory Nonsense his News from No Place' (1622) and Dryden's Mac Flecknoe (1682): see Hugh Haughton, ed., The Chatto Book of Nonsense Poetry (Chatto and Windus, 1988). Haughton's book is an excellent compendium of nonsense, which is under-represented in this chapter. 5. Walpole, 'The King and his Three Daughters', Hieroglyphic Tales (San Francisco: Mercury House, 1993), p. 25. 6. Letter of 4 April 1760, in Walpole, Selected Letters (Dent, 1948), p. 198. 7. Hieroglyphic Tales, 'Postscript', p. 89. 208 Notes
8. Benjamin Disraeli, Popanilla and Other Tales (Volume Ill of the Bra• denham Edition of The Novels and Tales (Peter Davies, 1926)), p. 17. 9. Ibid., pp. 115, 141. On 1830s extravaganzas, see Michael R. Booth, English Plays of the Nineteenth Century, V: Pantomimes, Extravaganzas and Burlesques (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). 10. See also Roger B. Henkle, Comedy and Culture 1820-1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 196-9 (referring to the work of W. S. Gilbert). 11. Richard Garnett, The Twilight of the Gods (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1947), p. 47. 12. Edith Nesbit, The Phoenix and the Carpet (George Newnes, 1904), p. 137. 13. These stories appeared in Nesbit, A Book of Dragons (1900), Nine Unlikely Tales (1901) and The Magic World (1912). 14. John Collier, Fancies and Goodnights (Alexandra, VA: Time-Life, 1980), p. 266. 15. White, The Once and Future King, pp. 52-3, 304. 16. Roald Dahl, The BFG (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), pp. 49-50. 17. Eric Thacker and Anthony Earnshaw, Wintersol (Cape, 1971), p. 8. 18. Thacker and Earnshaw, Musrum (Cape, 1968), pp. 8, 135, 22, 37, 46. 19. Pratchett, The Colour of Magic (Transworld, 1994), pp. 263, 177, 127. 20. Back cover of Robert Irwin, The Limits of Vision, 3rd edn. (Sawtry, Cambs.: Dedalus, 1993). 21. Irwin's story is almost certainly indebted to Pauline Zoline's science• fictional tale of household entropy, 'The Heat Death of the Universe', first published in New Worlds, no. 173, ed. Michael Moorcock (1967). 22. The Limits of Vision, pp. 117, 120; the novel is Dickens's Great Expectations. 23. Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses (Viking Penguin, 1988), p. 112.
7 Subversive Fantasy 1. Jackson, Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion, p. 26. 2. Ibid., p. 180. 3. Claude Rawson, ed., English Satire and the Satiric Tradition (Blackwell, 1984), p. viii. 4. Jackson, pp. 175-80, esp. 179. 5. Coleridge Biographia Literaria, ch. XIII. 6. For a fuller account, see my Christian Fantasy, pp. 147-55. 7. See Henri F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (HarperCollins, 1994), pp. 83-5, 158-70, 304-18. 8. Repr. in William Morris, Early Romances in Prose and Verse, ed. Peter Faulkner (Dent, 1973), as also are the other tales cited. 9. Repr. in Nina Auerbach and U. C. Knoepflmacher, eds, Forbidden Journeys: Fairy Tales and Fantasies by Victorian Women Writers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). This work makes a (strained) case for subversiveness being marked in Victorian children's fairy-tales by women. Notes 209
10. The 1907 printing was 300 copies. The best recent edition is Aubrey Beardsley, The Story of Venus and Tannhti'user, or 'Under the Hill', ed. Robert Oresko (Academy Editions, 1974). 11. Conrad and Wells admired it greatly: 'the most successful thing of the kind I have ever seen', Conrad wrote to Garnett (27 October 1922), and Wells, reviewing it in the Adelphi, called it 'perfectly done' (David Garnett, Great Friends: Portraits of Seventeen Writers (Macmillan, 1979), pp. 20, 186). 12. David Garnett, Lady into Fox and A Man in the Zoo (Hogarth Press, 1985), p. 85. . 13. On these changes, see for example Christopher Booker, The Neophi• liacs: The Revolution in English Life in the Fifties and Sixties, 2nd ed. (Pimlico, 1992). 14. David Callard, The Case of Anna Kavan: A Biography (Peter Owen, 1992), passim. 15. Anna Kavan, Ice (New York: Doubleday, 1970), p. 195. 16. John Fowles, The Magus (Pan, 1988), pp. 105-6. 17. Angela Carter, 'Notes from the Front Line', in Micheline Wandor, ed., On Gender and Writing (Pandora, 1983), pp. 72-3. 18. Carter, The Infernal Desire Machines of Dr Hoffman (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), p. 18. 19. A similar view of human ancestry is portrayed by Arthur Machen in 'The Shining Pyramid' (c1895), and 'The Novel of the Black Seal' (1895); see Machen, Tales of Horror and the Supernatural, I, 162; II, 38- 9. It was a belief of the 'ethnological' school of late Victorian folklor• ists such as David MacRitchie and J. A. MacCullough that fairies were mythic survivals of an extinct dwarfish race that interbred with humans. 20. Josephine Saxton, The Travails of Jane Saint and Other Stories (Women's Press, 1986), p. 9. 21. Ibid., p. 75. 22. Jeanette Winterson, Sexing the Cherry (Vintage, 19%), pp. 17-18. 23. It won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction in 1995. 24. Robert Irwin, The Arabian Nightmare (Sawtry, Cambs.: Dedalus, 1992), p. 121. 25. Peter Ackroyd, Hawksmoor (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993), p. 5. See also p. 205, where in detail he likens the design of a church to that of a fiction.
8 Children's Fantasy 1. See Humphrey Carpenter and Marl Pritchard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), under country names. 2. See for example Jackie Wullschlager, Inventing Wonderland (Methuen, 1995), p. 101. 3. Gillian Avery, with Angela Bull, Nineteenth-Century Children: Heroes and Heroines in English Children's Stories 1780-1900 (Hodder and 210 Notes
Stoughton, 1965), cbs. 2, 6, divide Victorian fairy-tales into these two categories. 4. For examples, see John Ashton, Chapbooks of the Eighteenth Century (Skoob, 1997). 5. Fielding, op. cit., p. 68; see also p. 179. 6. First separately published as Hop o' My Thumb (1853), Jack and the Bean-Stalk (1854), Cinderella (1854) and Puss in Boots (1864). 7. Dickens, 'Frauds on the Fairies', Household Words, VITI, 184 (1 Octo• ber, 1853), 97-100. For the others, see Coleridge, letters of 9 and 16 October, 1797, in E. L. Griggs, ed., The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 6 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956--71), I, 347, 354; Lamb, letter to Coleridge of 23 October 1802, in E. V. Lucas, ed., The Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, 3 vols. (Dent and Methuen, 1935), I, 326; and The Quarterly Review, LXXIV (1844), 8-9, 21-2. 8. Edgar Taylor, tr. and ed., German Popular Stories (C. Baldwin, 1823), p. iv. 9. In The Doctor, vol. IV (1837), ch. CXXIX. There is an earlier and different MS. version of 'The Story of the Three Bears' in poetic form by Eleanor Mure (1831) repr. by Oxford University Press in 1967. Southey speaks of the tale as an old one in his introduction (p. 316). 10. Francis E. Paget, The Hope of the Katzekopfs, or The Sorrows of Self• ishness: A Fairy Tale, 2nd edn. Ooseph Masters, 1847), p. 204. 11. Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby, 2nd ed. (Macmillan, 1864), pp. 94-5, 244-5. See also Kingsley, Letters and Memories, II, 143-4 Oetter of 12 October, 1862). 12. See my Modern Fantasy, pp. 17,38-53. 13. First book publication in George MacDonald, Dealings with the Fairies (Strahan, 1867). 14. First book publication in Juliana H. Ewing, Lob Lie-by-the-Fire, or The Luck of Lingborough and Other Tales (Bell, 1874). 15. First book publication in Mary L. Molesworth, Tell Me a Story (Mac• millan, 1875). 16. First published in Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, Moonshine: Fairy Stories (Macmillan, 1871). 17. First published in Lucy Clifford, Anyhow Stories and Otherwise (Mac• millan, 1882). 18. On the social and spiritual critiques in Wilde's tales, see Jack Zipes, Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and the Progress of Civilisation (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 111- 21. But Henkle, Comedy and Culture, pp. 298-301, doubts that Wilde's fascination for beauty lets this critique come through: 'The crux of the matter is that Wilde is neither a symbolist nor a religious mystic. There is scant evidence of his belief in the transcendent, nor does spirituality inform his art. He is, as he must have recognized in writing the fairy-tales, grounded in the oppressive material world' (p. 301). 19. First book appearance of both in F. Anstey, The Talking Horse and Other Tales (Smith, Elder, 1892). Notes 211
20. In his Dream Days (John Lane, 1898). 21. On the interactions of Nesbit's children with magic, see my The Impulse of Fantasy Literature, pp. 57--61, 64-5. 22. Though not in more realistic fiction for or about children, such as Helen Mathers, Comin' Thro' the Rye (1875), Richard Jefferies, Bevis (1882) or Kenneth Grahame's The Golden Age (1895) and Dream Days. 23. An exception is an episode in E. Nesbit's Harding's Luck (T. Fisher Unwin, 1909), ch. 8, where Elfrida accidentally speaks of the Gunpowder Plot before it has happened, and the whole family is arrested for high treason: but though Elfrida is thus made to blame for Guy Fawkes's exposure, Nesbit has a historical let-out in the incriminating letter written by Tresham to Lord Monteagle (p. 212). 24. Compare George MacDonald, 'I do not write for children, but for the childlike, whether of five, or fifty, or seventy-five', 'The Fantastic Imagination', A Dish of Orts: Chiefly Papers on the Imagination, and on Shakspere (Sampson Low, 1893), p. 317. 25. Taken from Random House's 1993 catalogue Red Fox Children's Paperbacks. 26. Ruth Nadelman Lynn, Fantasy Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography, 4th edn. (New Providence, NJ: Bowker, 1995). 27. This excludes animal fables and moralities such as Sarah Trimmer's Fabulous Histories (1786), or stories in which speaking creatures still conform to their natural behaviour, as in Kingsley's The Water• Babies. 28. There was an earlier anti-authority phase in children's literature from about 1880 to 1910, but there it came from the adult-protected world of the child (see Keating, The Haunted Study, pp. 219-36). Now children interact with the world and with adults directly. 29. Robert Westall, The Wind Eye (Pan Macmillan, 1992), p. 51. 30. William Mayne has recently also written finely on the St Cuthbert story in his subtly Christian Cuddy (Random House, 1994): children from the present have to collect seven items which will enable St Cuthbert to return from his burial place at Durham to his Farne island paradise. The story is not derivative. 31. The second book, The Subtle Knife (Scholastic, 1997), is sadly much less imaginative or assured, having such a multiple and breathless plot that little of the sense of character, place and magic of the first book comes through. 32. Philip Pullman Northern Lights (Scholastic, 1996), p. 371. 33. Her name 'Lyra' also means another kind of joining, between the left and right hemispheres of the brain: see OED s.v. 'lyra', 'corpus callosum'. 34. Describing the (German Romantic) fairy-tale: 'Ein Ensemble wun• derbarer Dinge und Begebenheiten' (Novalis, Schriften, ed. P. Kluc• khohn and R. Samuel, 3 vols. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1960--68), Ill, 454 # 986). 212 Notes
9 Conclusion 1. On this see Scottish Fantasy Literature, pp. 1-16, 198, 243-4. 2. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 19. 3. White, The Once and Future King, p. 562. 4. MacDonald, A Dish of Orts, p. 4. Index
Abbott, Edwin A., Flatland, 7, 41, 88, Arthurian fantasy, 1, 16-18, 43, 93, 123, 143, 196 55--6, 85, 86, 130--1 Ackroyd, Peter, 2, 4, 89, 195; Attebery, Brian, 7 Hawksmoor, 6, 87, 110, 163-5, 196, Aulnoy, Marie-Catherine d', fairy 209 n.25; The House of Doctor Dee, tales, 35 75, 84, 198 Awdry, W., 38 Adams, Richard, 45; The Plague Dogs, 61, 188; Shardik, 61, 188; Watership Bacon, Francis, New Atlantis, 30--1 Down,45,60,61,178,182,193,198 Ballard, J. G., 58; The Crystal World, Aikin, Lucy, 168 58; The Drowned World, 58; The Aldiss, Brian, 58; Hothouse, 58; The Unlimited Dream Company, 157-8 Dark Light Years, 58; Helliconia Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, 35 books, 58 Barker, Clive, 108; The Books of Blood, allegory, 18-20,24-5,28-9,67-9,70, 109, 112, 192; Weaveworld, 107 74-5, 101, 119-20, 182 Barrie, J. M., Mary Rose, 76; Peter A.L.O.E. [A Lady of England], Pan, 95, 176, 194 Fairy Know-A-Bit, 169 Beardsley, Aubrey, Under The Hill, alternative histories, 58-9, 198 148, 209n.10 American (U.S.) fantasy, 2, 3, 9, 57, Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Leprince 62, 109, 144, 191 de, Beauty and the Beast, 35 Atnis, Kingsley, The Green Man, 83-4 Beckford, William, Vathek, 1, 5, 35, Andersen, Hans, fairy tales, 166, 119, 193 167, 172 Beerbohm, Max, 'Spirits Under Andom, R. [pseud.], The Magic Bowl Proof, 128-9; Zuleika Dobson, 106, and the Bluestone Ring, 124 126 Anglo-Saxon fantasy, 14-16 Bennett, Arnold, The Glimpse, 76 animals, in fantasy, 2, 99-101, 172- Benson, Robert Hugh, The Lord of 3,183 the World, 66, 73 Anstey, F. [pseud.], 1, 123, 137, 143, Benson, Stella, Living Alone, 82, 102-3 175,194, 196; 'The Good Little Beowulf, 14, ,15--6, 72 Girl', 175; 'The Story of a Sugar Beresford, J. D., Nineteen Prince', 175; The Tinted Venus, 123 Impressions, 88-9 anti-industrialism, 99, 101 bestiaries, 20, 27 Apuleius, The Golden Ass, 115 Bible, the, 19, 20, 29, 70, 85 Arabian Nights, 35, 118, 132 Black, Ladbroke, The Gorgon's Head, Ariosto, Ludovico, 24, 37 128 Aristophanes, The Birds, 115 Blackwood, Algernon, 71, 80--1, 110; Armstrong, Martin, 128 The Centaur, 80, 102; The Fruit Arnold, Edwin L., Lieut. Gullivar Stoners, 80--1; The Human Chord, 80, Jones: His Vacation, 44, 48 81; Jimbo, 80-1; John Silence, 81; 'The Arnold, Matthew, 92 Wendigo', 81; 'The Willows', 81
213 214 Index
Blake, William, 13; The Marriage of 157; The Infernal Desire Machines of Heaven and Hell, 29-30, 37, 64, Dr Hoffman, 107, 155-7, 192, 194; 84-5,90,134,144, 157; The Magic Toyshop, 157; The prophecies, 144 Passion of New Eve, 157 Blamires, Harry, Christian fantasy Cavendish, ~argaret, The Blazing trilogy, 75 World, 31, 34, 188 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 19; Decameron, Chapman, Vera, Arthurian trilogy, 23 86 Boiardo,~atteo,24 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5, 10, 13; The Bosch, Hieronymus, 60 Canterbury Tales, 23, 37; The House Boston, Lucy, Green Knowe books, of Fame, 19, 37; The Miller's Tale, 179 23, 37; The Nun's Priest's Tale, Bowen, ~arjorie, The Haunted 114-15; The Parliament of Fowls, Vintage, 87 18-19, 37, 38; The Romaunt of the Brentano, Clemens, 5 Rose, 18, 37; The Squire's Tale, 22- Briggs, Katherine, Hobberdy Dick, 3; The Tale of Sir Thopas, 22, 115; 182 Troilus and Criseyde, 37; The Wife Bronte, Charlotte, 167 of Bath's Tale, 115 Bronte, Emily, Gondal poems, 39; Chesterton, G. K., 4, 64, 68, 70; The Wuthering Heights, 104 Man Who Was Thursday, 66, 67-9, Brown, George ~ackay, Magnus, 73,149,187 192-3, 194 child, the, attitudes to, 5, 6, 166, Browne, Frances, Granny's 178-9, 181, 197 Wonderful Chair, 99, 170 children's fantasy, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 73, Browning, Robert, 'Childe 99-100, 106, 166--90, 191, 194, 196, Rowland', 85; 'The Pied Piper of 197, 211 nn.22, 23, 27, 28; Hamelin', 120-1 American, 166;European, 166 Bullett, Gerald, Mr Godly Beside Chretien de Troyes, Arthurian Himself, 103, 149, 193 romances, 17 Bunyan, John, 13; The Pilgrim's Christian fantasy, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14-16, Progess, 24, 28-9, 34, 37, 38, 64, 70, 24-30, 36, 64-78, 83, 85, 182, 143 185 Burke, Edmund, The Sublime and Clarke, Arthur C., 58; '2001' series, Beautiful, 90 58; Rama series, 58 Butler, Samuel, Erewhon, 40, 148 Clarke, Lindsay, The Chymical Byron, George Gordon, Lord, Cain, Wedding, 83-4 145; Heaven and Earth, 145; Clifford, Lucy Lane, 'The New Manfred, 90, 145 ~other', 174 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 64, 144, Calvino, Italo, 5, 192; The Cloven 168; The Ancient Mariner, 6, 38-9, Viscount, 193 144; Christabel, 90, 104; Kubla Carew, Thomas, 116 Khan, 38-9, 90 Carroll, Lewis [pseud.], 3, 5, 6, 146, Coleridge, Sara, Phantasmion, 39 197; Alice books, 1, 6, 11, 39-40, Collier, John, 128; The Devil and All, 60, 91, 92, 99, 104, 122-3, 147--8, 77, 129; His Monkey Wife, 129-30, 152, 166, 171-5 passim, 177, 192--8 150, 192; Variation on a Theme, passim 128-9; short stories, 129-30 Carter, Angela, 89, 155, 192; The Collodi, Carlo [pseud.], Pinnochio, 5, Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, 166 Index 215 comic fantasy, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 59, Fishbone, 168; 'The Signal-Man', 114-41, 182, 191, 192, 194, 196, 112 197; French, 5; German, 5; Dickinson, Peter, The Blue Hawk, 87 Italian,5 Disraeli, Benjamin, 119, 120, 124; conservatism, in English fantasy, 5, 'The Infernal Marriage', 120; 8, 57, 58, 62, 83, 99, 143, 155, 170, 'bdon in Heaven', 120; The Voyage 176, 179, 198 of Popanilla, 119-20 Constantine, Murray, The Devil, Dixey, Marmaduke, Hell's Bells, 77, Poor Devil!, 77, 129 129 Constantine, Storm, Burying the Donne, John, 33, 64, 116 Shadow, 84-5; Stalking Tender Dostoevsky, Fyodor, The Double, 111 Prey, 85; Scenting Hallowed Blood, Doyle, Richard, In Fairyland, 93 85 Drayton, Michael, Nymphidia, Coppard, A. E., 76 115-16 Cooper, Susan, 'The Dark is Rising' Dream of the Rood, The, 14-15 sequence, 86; Seaward, 181 dream fantasy, 5, 6, 18, 36, 38, Corelli, Marie, 42, 64; Ardath, 42, 87; 145-8 A Romance of Two Worlds, 42, 66 du Maurier, Daphne, The House on Cowper, Richard, 58 the Strand, 87, 106, 195 Crabbe, George, 70 du Maurier, George, Peter Ibbetson, Cromie, Robert, A Plunge into Space, 8, 94, 194-5 42 Dunne, J. W., An Experiment with Cruikshank, George, Fairy Library, Time, 88, 160 168 Dunsany, Lord, 8, 82, 95; The King of Crumey, Andrew, Pfitz, 62 Elfland's Daughter, 48, 103
Dahl, Roald, 133-4, 182, 183, 197; Earnshaw, Anthony, see under The BFG, 133; Charlie and the thacker Chocolate Factory, 134, 181 Eddison, E. R., 48, 82, 99, 144; The Dalton, James, The Gentleman in Worm Ouroboros, 48, 96-7 Black, 120-1 elegy, 5, 92, 198 Dante Alighieri, Commedia, 19,21,25 Eliot, T. S., 8, 29, 64, 73; The Cocktail dark fantasy, 91, 108-13, 192, 194; Party, 73; The Waste Land, 85, 149 American, 109; European, 111, 112 emotive fantasy, 90-113, 191, 194, Darlington, W.A., WishesLimited,128 197 Darwin, Charles, 2, 66, 129, 170, England, 10, 17, 37, 57, 132, 139, 166, 173, 204n.24 191, 198 Davies, Andrew, Conrad's War, 180 English, the, 1-3, 10-13, 37-8, Deguileville, Guillaume de, 19 109-13, 114, 115-6, 143-4, 166-7, desire fantasy, 91-107, 194, 197, 191, 198 198-9 English fantasy, characterised, 1-9, de la Mare, Walter, 'Dick and the 191-9 Beanstalk', 128; 'Seaton's Aunt', European fantasy, 3, 6, 99, 111, 112, 109; The Three Mulla-Mulgars, 45, 144, 193, 194, 195, 196 177, 178 Ewing, Mrs. Juliana Horatia, 99, Dickens, Charles, 5, 131, 148, 168; A 170; 'Benjy in Beastland', 172 Christmas Carol, 40, 120-1; Hard Times, 120; The Haunted Man and 'fairy' painters and illustrators, 33, the Ghost's Bargain, 111; The Magic 43, 93,96 216 Index fairy tale, children's, 166--7; English Gogol, Nikolai, The Nose, 111, 112, (traditional), 10-14; literary, 3, 35, 193 93, 166; traditional, 3, 10-14, 85, Golden Age, the, 31, 92 86, 93, 99, 167, 175, 196; Victorian, Golden Dawn, Order of the, 71 85, 166-7 Golding, William, Darkness Visible, fantasy, defined, 8; see also under 75; The Spire, 75 kinds and countries Goldsmith, Oliver, fairy tale in The Farmer, Penelope, 180 Citizen of the World, 118 femme fatale, the, 8, 104--6, 126 Gothic novel, the, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 30, Fielding, Henry, Tom Thumb the 35--6, 90, 91, 108-13 passim, 122, Great, 118 144 Fielding, Sarah, The Governess, 167-8 Grabinski, Stefan, 'Saturnin Sektor', Ford, Ford Madox, 195 112 Forster, E. M., 203 n.6; short stories, Grahame, Kenneth, 'The Reluctant 83, 96, 102 Dragon', 175, 196; The Wind in the fourth dimension, 2, 41, 88, 201 n.2 Willows, 60, 83, 96, 100, 126, 131, Fowles, John, 89; The Magus, 7, 61, 177, 178, 193 83-4, 153-5, 195 Grail myth, the, 86 Fraser, Ronald, Flower Phantoms, 103 Gray, Alasdair, Lanark, 193, 196 Frayn, Michael, Sweet Dreams, 77 Greene, Graham, 64, 66; The End of French fantasy, 5, 8-9, 144, 166, 191 the Affair, 74 Freud, Sigmund, 103, 104, 106, 107, Grimms' Fairy Tales, 12, 167, 169 150, 160 Haggard, H. Rider, Ayesha, 105; She, Garfield, Leon, The God Beneath the 42,93,104-5,193,194 Sea and The Golden Shadow, 182 Hales, E. E. Y., Chariot of Fire, 77 Garner, Alan, 179-80, 182; Elidor, Hardy, Thomas, 70 179; The Owl Service, 86, 179; Red Harrison, Michael John, 60; The Shift, 180; The Weirdstone of Course of the Heart, 60; Viriconium Brisingamen, 179 sequence, 59-60 Garnett, David, Lady into Fox, 128, Herbert, James, 108, 110 149-50, 152, 209n.11; A Man in the Herbert, Percy, The Princess Cloria, 32 Zoo, 127, 128, 149 Herrick, Robert, Oberon poems, 116 Garnett, Richard, The Twilight of the Hichens, Robert, 110; 'How Love Gods, 124 Came to Professor Guildea', 109 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 148 Hinton, C. H., An Episode of Flatland, Gatty, Mrs. Margaret, The Fairy 41, 88; Scientific Romances, 88 Godmothers, 169 Hodgson, W. H., 43, 81, 82, 108, 109, Gentle, Mary, The Architecture of 110; The Ghost Pirates, 46; 'The Desire, 58, 59, 107 Hog', 82; The House on the Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Borderland, 46, 82; The Night Land, Regum Britanniae, 16 45--6, 47, 50, 82, 192 Gerhardi, William, and Lunn, Hoffmann, E. T. A., 111, 192 Brian, The Memoirs of Satan, 129 Hoffmann, Heinrich, Struwwelpeter, ghost story, the, 1, 2, 3, ,5, 6, 7, 91, 5, 134, 166, 173-4 108-13 passim, 148, 195 Hogg, James, Confessions of a giants, 12-13 Justified Sinner, 192, 194, 196 Godfrey, Hal, The Rejuvenation of Holdstock, Robert, 83; Ryhope Miss Semaphore, 123 Wood novels, 61, 192, 195, 198 Index 217
Homer, Odyssey, 85, 118 James, Henry, 8, 9; The Sacred Fount, Hood, Thomas, Miss Kilmansegg and 148-9; The Turn of the Screw, 110, her Precious Leg, 121; 'Sally 149 Simpkins' Lament', 121 James, M. R., 109, 110 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 64; 'The Jefferies, Richard, After London, 42, Windhover', 92 94; Wood Magic, 183 horror fiction, 5, 91, 107, 108-13 Jerrold, Douglas, A Man Made Of passim Money, 121, 166; The Chronicles of Horwood, William, 101 Clovernook, 121 Houghton, Claude, Julian Grant Jones, Diana Wynne, 6, 182; Archer's Loses His Way, 76 Goon, 186-7 Housman, Laurence, 64, 67, 69, 70, Jonson, Ben, 119 73, 174; All Fellows, 67, 203n.6; Joyce, James, Ulysses, 85, 127, 149 The Cloak of Friendship, 67; fairy Joyce, Michael, Peregrine Pieram, tales, 174; Ironical Tales, 128 128-9 Hudson, W. H., 83; A Crystal Age, 40, 94, 198; Green Mansions, 44, 96; Kafka, Franz, 9, 152; Metamorphosis, A Little Boy Lost, 177 112, 193 Hughes, Ted, The Iron Woman, 101 Kavan, Anna [pseud.], 9, 152, 153; Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, Eagle's Nest, 152; Ice, 152-3; 129 Mercury, 153 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 170 Keats, John, 90; Lamia, 90, 104, 145 Kennemore, Tim, Changing Times, imagination, the, 2, 7, 19-20, 24-30, 180 33--6, 57, 73, 93, 133, 144-5, 166, Kerby, Susan Alice, Miss Carter and 167, 191-2, 198 the Ifrit, 128 impossible, the, 114, 134-5 King, Clive, Stig of the Dump, 180 lngelow, Jean, Mopsa the Fairy, 99, Kingsley, Charles, 5, 146; The 172, 173 Heroes, 85; The Water- Babies, 40, internationalised fantasy, 9, 62, 112 64-5, 73, 76, 93, 99, 102, 104, 122, interplanetary fantasy, 42, 47-51 146, 166, 170-4 passim, 177, 191, Irwin, Margaret, Still She Wished For 192, 195, 196 Company, 87, 106; These Mortals, Kipling, Rudyard, 8; Jungle Books, 8, 82, 103 45, 100; 'The Mark of the Beast', Irwin, Robert, The Arabian 111; 'The Phantom Rickshaw', 110; Nightmare, 8, 62, 161-2, 165, 192, Puck of Pook's Hill, 42-3,87, 102, 195; The Limits of Vision, 5, 107, 176; Rewards and Fairies, 42-3, 102 133, 137-9, 208n.21 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Edward, 'The Nose', 174 'Jack the Giant-Killer', 10, 11, 12, 196 Lach-Szyrma, W. S., Aleriel, 42 Jackman, Stuart, Christian fantasy Lamb, Charles, 168 trilogy, 75 Lambourne, John, The Kingdom That Jackson, Rosemary, 4, 142-3 Was, 100 Jacobs, Joseph, 175 Lang, Andrew, Fairy Books, 167; Jacobs, W. W., 'The Monkey's Paw', Prince Prigio, 172, 174-5; Prince 112 Ricardo of Pantouflia, 174-5 Jaeger, C. K., The Man in the Top Langland, William, Piers Plowman, Hat, 129 18, 19, 70 218 Index
Laski, Marghanita, The Victorian Lucian of Samosata, True History, Chnise-Longue, 88 30,34 Latin American fantasy, 3, 144 Lydgate, John, The Pilgrimage of the Lawrence, D. H., 86, 103; The Man Life of Man, 19 Who Died, 83; The Plumed Serpent, Lytton, Bulwer, 4; The Coming Race, 83, 86; 'The Rocking-Horse 40, 148; 'The Haunters and the Winner', 110; St. Mawr, 83; 'The Haunted', 110; A Strange Story, 66 Woman Who Rode Away', 83 Layamon, Brut, 16-17 Mabinogion, the, 86 Lear, Edward, 122, 123, 146; A Book MacDonald, George, 8, 29, 64, 65, of Nonsense, 169 73, 99, 170-1, 172, 195, 197, Lee, Tanith, 62, 107; The Black 211 n.24 (quoted); At the Back of Unicorn, 62; A Heroine of the the North Wind, 170-1; the World, 58 'Curdie' books, 171, 172, 177; 'The Le Fanu, J. Sheridan, 'Green Tea', Golden Key', 172, 173; Lilith, 39, 109-10 40, 65, 76, 87, 105--6, 173, 194; Lemon, Mark, The Enchnnted Doll, Phnntastes, 39, 40, 47, 65, 92, 93, 169 122, 123, 166, 173, 193, 194 Lessing, Doris, The Fifth Child, 158, Machen, Arthur, 4, 8, 71, 78--80, 108, 165, 209n.19 110, 204n.24, 209n.19; 'The Lewis, C. S., 2, 4, 6, 18 (quoted), 29, Bowmen', 80; The Great God Pan, 38, 42 (quoted), 43, 47, 49, 50, 51, 78-9, 105--6; 'The Great Return', 52, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65, 71-2, 73, 75, 80; Hieroglyphics, 80; The Hill of 97, 99, 102, 155, 182; The Dreams, 79--80; 'N', 80; The Three Chronicles of Narnia, 51, 56, 72, 97, Impostors, 78, 79; 'The White 177--8, 182; The Great Divorce, 51, People', 79 72, 97; The Lion, the Witch and the Macleod, Fiona [pseud.], 95 Wardrobe, 51, 177, ,178; Out of the Malory, Sir Thomas, Le Morte Silent Planet, 49, 50, 51, 56, 72, 97, Darthur, 17 192, 194; Perelandra, 7, 25, 50-1, Mandeville, Sir John, Travels, 20, 67, 72, 97, 192, 193, 194, 195; The 21-2 Pilgrim's Regress, 97; Thnt Hideous Marie de France, 'Del cok e del Strength, 72, 97; Till We Have gupil', 114 Faces, 86, 97 Marlow, Louis, The Devil in Crystal, Lewis, Matthew, The Monk, 36, 91, 88, 193 109, 111 Marlowe, Christopher, 37, 119; Dr Lewis, Wyndham, The Childermass, Faustus, 24, 25--6, 27 150; The Human Age trilogy, 77--8, Mars, 42 193 Marshall, Archibald, Upsidonia, 143 Lindsay, David, 8, 52; Devil's Tor, Marvell, Andrew, 33; 'Upon 83; The Haunted Woman, 82-3, 96; Appleton House', 33, 116 A Voyage to Arcturus, 43, 46-7, 82 Masefield, John, The Midnight Folk, Lively, Penelope, The Ghost of 179, 180-1; The Box of Delights, 179 Thomas Kempe and The House in Mathers, Helen, Comin' Thro' the Norhnm Gardens, 179; The Wild Rye, 211 n.21 Hunt of Hagworthy, 182 Maturin, Charles, Melmoth the Lofting, Hugh, Dr Dolittle books, Wanderer, 36, 91 100; The Story of Doctor Dolittle, 100 Maupassant, Guy de, 'Le Horla', 111, Lovecraft, H. P., 110 207 n.35; 'A Night in Paris', 112 Index 219
Maurice, Michael, Marooned, 76 Murray, Violet T., The Rule of the Mayne, William, 182; Earthfasts, 180, Beasts, 206n.29 182; Cuddy, 211 n.30 myth fantasy, 7, 85-7, 195 Meredith, George, The Shaving of Shagpat, 5, 122 Nesbit, Edith, 6, 11, 99-100, 125-6, metaphysical fantasy, 2--8 passim, 137, 175-7, 182, 193, 197; the 37, 64-89, 143, 191, 194, 196, 197 Arden books, 175, 176, 177, 179, metaphysical poetry, 24, 30, 33, 34, 211 n.23; The Enchanted Castle, 116 175, 177; Five Children and It, 106, metrical romances, 13,20,22-3 125, 175, 176, 178; The Magic City, Milne, A. A., the Pooh books, 1, 3, 176, 177; 'Melisande', 175; The 48, 100-l, 127--8, 131, 137, 144, Phoenix and the Carpet, 125, 175; 177, 178, 191, 193, 195 The Story of the Amulet, 43, 87, Milton, John, 13; Paradise Lost, 24, 175-8 passim; 'The Town in the 2Cr8, 29, 34, 37, 38, 64, 84, 198 Library in the Town in the miracle plays, 13, 20, 21 Library', 135 Mirrlees, Hope, Lud-in-the-Mist, 'New Wave', the 57--8, 59 103 New Worlds, 57 Molesworth, Mrs. Mary Louisa, 99, nonsense, 5, 6, 116-17, 118, 122, 123, 170; The Cuckoo Clock, 172; 'The 207n.4 Reel Fairies', 172 Monk of Evesham's Vision, The, 21 O'Brien, Flann, The Third Policeman, Moorcock, Michael, 57; Behold the 77 Man, 58; The Dancers at the End of occult, the, 66, 78 Time, 57--8; Gloriana, 58, 59, 198 Oliphant, Margaret, 42, 76 More, Sir, Thomas, Utopia, 30, 31, 34 oriental fantasy, 8, 30, 35, 91, 94, 119, 206n.11 Morris, Kenneth, 8; The Fates of the Orwell, George, Animal Farm, 101, Princes of Dyfed and Book of the 198 86; Three Dragons, The Secret otherness, search for, 39, 42, 43, 64, 95-6 Mountain and Other Tales, 91-101; in C. S. Lewis, 50-1 Morris, William, 83, 93, 99; early otherworld visions, see under romances, 39, 122, 145, 146-7, visions 152; late romances, 3, 4, 43-4, 45, Owl and the Nightingale, The, 18 46, 94-5, 105; The Earthly Paradise, 85, 92; The Story of the Glittering Paget, Francis, The Hope of the Plain, 44, 94; 'The Hollow Land', Kntzekopfs, 169, 173 39, 147; Jason, 85, 92; 'Lindenborg Pain, Barry, The One Before, 123-4 Pool', 39, 146-7, 173; News from Paley, William, Natural Theology, 66 Nowhere, 94, 148, 198; 'The Sailing Pargeter, Edith, By Firelight, 87, 106 of the Sword', 39; 'The Story of parody,5, 117-19,120,128-9,135-6, the Unknown Church', 39, 147; 196 The Water of the Wondrous Isles, pastoral, 5, 24, 30, 31-2, 43-4, 53-5, 94-5; The Well at the World's End, 60-1,94,99-102,107 94-5, 192; The Wood Beyond the Paul, Phyllis, The Lion of Cooling World, 94-5 Bay, 74; Twice Lost, 74-5 Munchausen, Baron [pseud.], 5 Peake, Mervyn, 49-50, 52, 128; Mr. Murdoch, Iris, 4, 5, 84; The Green Pye, 133; the Titus books, 3, 7, 9, Knight, 86; The Sea, the Sea, 83, 84; 37, 50, 51-3, 54, 56, 57, 91, 131-2, The Unicorn, 84, 86 151-2, 193, 197, 198 220 Index
Pearce, Philippa, Tom's Midnight Reeve, Clara, The Old English Baron, Garden, 179 108-9 Pearl, 2, 19-20, 25, 37, 64, 143 religious fantasy, 7, 78-85 Peele, George, The Old Wives' Tale, Rigby, Elizabeth, 168 10 Roberts, Keith, Kiteworld, 58, 59; Perrault, Charles, fairy tales, 12, 35, Pavane, 58, 59, 188 166 Roger of Wendover, Chronica, 21 Persian Tales, 35 Roman de Renart, the, 114 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 42 Romantic fantasy, 2, 3, 6, 90, 91, 122, Phillpots, Eden, The Lavender 146; German, 8 Dragon, 128 Rossetti, Christina, Goblin Market, Planche, J. R., 120 93, 104, 148; Speaking Likenesses, Plato, The Republic, 30 148, 173, 174 play, in fantasy, 2, 5, 8, 114, 122 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 'The Poe, Edgar Allan, 109, 110 Blessed Damozel', 91-2, 145 Pope, Alexander, 30, 118; The Royal Society, the, 30 Dunciad, 34, 116-17, 118, 138; The Rushdie, Salman, 8; The Satanic Rape of the Lock, 34, 116, 117, 118 Verses, 133, 137, 139-41, 165, posthumous fantasy, 7, 75-8, 193, 194 197 Ruskin, John, The King of the Golden postmodernism, 2, 5, 6, 36, 62; in River, 92, 93, 120-1, 169 fantasy, 62, 75-8, 89, 137-41, 152-65, 184, 186-7, 187, 193, 197 saints' lives, 20 Potter, Beatrix, 100 'St. George of Merrie England', 10, Powys, John Cowper, 83; A 13, 196 Glastonbury Romance, 86; Morwyn, Saltoun, Lady M., After, 76, 129 77; Porius, 86 Sarban [pseud.], The Sound of his Powys, T. F., 29, 64, 69-70, 71, 83; Horn, 58 short stories and novellas, 70; satire, in fantasy, 5, 114, 116-17, Mr. Weston's Good Wine, 66, 70, 120-1, 127, 129-30, 132 74, 196; Unclay, 70 Saxton, Josephine, The Travails of Pratchett, Terry, 1, 135; Discworld Jane Saint, 158-9, 165, 193 novels, 5, 135, 137; The Colour of science fiction, 31, 40, 41, 43, 46, 49, Magic, 135-7; Moving Pictures, 57-8, 87, 107, 187 137, 207 n.l (quoted) Scott, Sir Walter, 'Wandering Priest, Christopher, 165, 192, 195; Willie's Tale', 108 The Affirmation, 61-2, 161; The Scottish fantasy, 1, 6; compared to Glamour, 161; The Prestige, 161, English fantasy, 191-7 198, 209n.23 secondary world fantasy, 1-8 Pullman, Phillip, 182; Northern passim, 37-63, 64, 91, 143, 191-7 Lights, 178, 188-90, 211 n.33; The passim Subtle Knife, 211 n.31 Sehnsucht, 65-6, 71-2, 96, 97-8 Self, Will, Great Apes, 130 Rabelais, Fran~ois, Gargantua and Sewell, Elizabeth, The Dividing of Pantagruel, 5, 34, 115, 117, 192 Time, 87 Radcliffe, Mrs. Ann, The Mysteries of Shakespeare, William, 13; plays, 30, Udolpho, 36, 110 32-3, 37; A Midsummer Night's Read, Herbert, The Green Child, 99, Dream, 32, 33, 37, 115; The 150-1, 152, 198 Tempest, 32-3, 37 Index 221
Shaw, George Bernard, Man and Swinburne, Algernon, 93; Atalanta Superman, 149 in Calydon, 85, 92 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Alastor, 90; Swinfen, Ann, 4 Prometheus Unbound, 90, 145; Queen Mab, 145 Tasso, Torquato, 37 Sherwood, Mrs. M. M., The Taylor, Edgar, 168; German Popular Governess, 168 Tales, 167 Shiel, M.P., The Purple Cloud, 81-2 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 145, 146; Sidney, Sir Phillip, 3, 23; Arcadia, Idylls of a King, 85; In Memoriam, 31-2 173; 'The Kraken', 91, 145; 'The Sinclair, Catherine, 'Uncle David's Lady of Shalott', 145 Nonsensical Story of Giants and Thacker, Eric, and Earnshaw, Fairies', 168--9 Anthony, 133; Musrum, 134-5, Sinclair, Clive, Augustus Rex, 8, 77 137; Wintersol, 134, 135, 137 Sinclair, lain, the Albion trilogy, 86 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 5, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 148, 167; The Rose and the Ring, 11, 17-8, 19,37 122,166,169,172,173,174,175,177 Southey, Robert, 'The Story of the Thomas, D. M., The White Hotel, 88, Three Bears', 12, 168, 210n.9 107, 160--1, 165, 194, 195, 196 Spark, Muriel, 64, 66, 73-4; The 'timeslip' fantasy, 7, 87-8, 106, 193, Hothouse by the East River, 74, 77; 195, 197, 198 Memento Mori, 74 time-travel fantasy, 42-3, 176-7, speculative fantasy, 7, 40--1, 88-9, 179-80 143, 149 Tolkien, J. R. R., 3, 4, 37, 49, 53, 54, Spenser, Edmund, 13; The Faerie 56, 62-3 (quoted), 72, 83, 98--9, Queene, 24-5, 37, 38, 64, 143 102, 144, 155, 182, 191-7 passim, spiritualism,41-2,66, 76,78 203n.31; The Hobbit, 45, 177, 178; Stableford, Brian, 49; quoted, 106 The Lord of the Rings, 4, 6, 9, 16, 37, Stapledon, Olaf, Star Maker, 59 49, 50, 53-5, 56, 57, 72, 73, 77, 83, Sterling, John, A Chronicle of 91, 98--9, 135, 194-8 passim, England, 39; The Onyx Ring, 203 n.31; The Silmarillion, 72, 197 192 Traherne, Thomas,23 Sterne, Laurence, Tristram Shandy, Treece, Henry, The Green Man, 58 118 Trimmer, Sarah, 35 Stevenson, Robert Louis, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 105, 111, 192, 194, unconscious, the, 36, 46, 103-4, 108, 196 110, 122, 142, 145-6, 182-3 Stoker, Bram, Dracula, 91 Underhill, Evelyn, 70, 71; The Grey Storr, Catherine, Marianne Dreams, World, 69; The Column of Dust, 69, 178 71, 86; Mysticism, 69 subversive fantasy, 3-9 passim, 59, utopian I dystopian fiction, 30--1, 142-65, 192-9 passim 40, 94, 148, 198 'Sunken Mansion, The', 146 Uttley, Alison, A Traveller in Time, supernatural, the, 2, 3-4, 5, 14, 16, 179 24, 42, 76, 78, 82, 84, 108, 142, 143, 195 Vane, Sutton, Outward Bound, 76 Swift, Jonathan, 13, 30, 118, 129; Victorian fantasy, 166-7; animism Gulliver's Travels, 11, 34, 37, 38, in, 172-3; chaos and dream in, 117, 118, 143; satiric essays, 34 122-3, 222 Index
Victorian fantasy (contd) White, T. H., 56, 99, 155; Mistress 145-8, 172; greed in, 73, 92-3, Masham's Repose, 131; The Once 120--1; the grotesque in, 92, 121, and Future King, 17, 49,55-6,56-7, 173-4; metamorphosis in, 122-3, 86, 131, 193; The Sword in the Stone, 170--1, 173 100,128,130--1,177,178 Victorian poetry, as fantasy, 91-2, Wilde, Oscar, The Canterville Ghost, 93 124-5; The Happy Prince and Other Vines, Sherard, Return, Belphegor!, Tales, 174, 210 n.18; A House of 129 Pomegranates, 174, 210n.18; Lord Virgil, Aeneid, 118 Arthur Savile's Crime, 124, 125; The visions of the otherworld, 20, 21 Picture of Dorian Gray, 79, 111 Voltaire [pseud.], 5; Micromegas, Williams, Charles, 4, 64, 65, 71, 72, 115 73, 102, 193, 194, 195; All Hallows' Vulgate Cycle, the 17 Eve, 71, 77, 102; The Greater Trumps, 71; Many Dimensions, 71; Wace, Roman de Brut, 16, 17 The Place of the Lion, 71, 74, 193, Walpole, Horace, The Castle of 196; War in Heaven, 71, 83, 86 Otranto, 35-6, 90, 109, 111; Winterson, Jeanette, 137 (quoted); Hieroglyphic Tales, 5, 118-19, 167 Sexing the Cherry, 159, 165, 198 Warner, Sylvia T., Lolly Willowes, Wodehouse, P. G., Laughing Gas, 128 103-4 Woolf, Virginia, Orlando, 87,150,195 Watson, Ian, 58; The Gardens of Wordsworth, William, 83, 90, 166; Delight, 60; Queenmagic, The Prelude, 90 Kingmagic, 61 Wright, S. Fowler, The Amphibians Waugh, Sylvia, Mennym books, 183, and The World Below, 48-9 184 Wroth, Mary, Urania, 32 Wells, H. G., 43, 176; 'The Apple', 88; 'The Door in the Wall', 96; The Yeats, W. B., 8, 71, 85, 93, 95; The First Men in the Moon, 43, 49; 'The Secret Rose, 95; Byzantium poems, Last Trump', 88; The Time 95 Machine, 40, 42, 43, 45, 176 youth, culture of, 5, 57, 107, 151 Westall, Robert, The Wind Eye, 180, Ywain and Gawain, 17 184-6 Whitboum, John, A Dangerous Zeldin, Theodore, Happiness, 77 Energy, 58, 59, 188; To Build Zoline, Pauline, 'The Heat Death of Jerusalem, 58, 59 the Universe', 208n.21