Notes Unless otherwise stated, place of publication is London. 1 Introduction 1. Julia Briggs, Night Visitors: The Rise of the English Ghost Story (Faber, 1977), pp. 16-17, 19, 24. 2. See my Christian Fantasy: From 1200 to the Present (Macmillan, 1992). 3. Sidney, An Apologie for Poetrie (1595), repr. in G. Gregory Smith, ed., Elizabethan Critical Essays, 2 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1904), I, 156. 4. See my 'The Elusiveness of Fantasy', in Olena H. Saciuk, ed., The Shape of the Fantastic (Westport: Greenwood, 1990), pp. 54-5. 5. J. R. R. Tolkien, 'On Fairy Stories' (1938; enlarged in his Tree and Leaf (Allen and Unwin, 1964); C. S. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction' (1955), repr. in Lewis, Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories, ed. W. Hooper (Bles, 1966), pp. 59-73; Rosemary Jackson, Fantasy: The Literature of Subver­ sion (Methuen, 1981); Ann Swinfen, In Defence of Fantasy: A Study of the Genre in English and American Literature Since 1945 (Routledge, 1984). 6. Brian Attebery, Strategies of Fantasy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 12-14. 7. The name is first applied to a literary kind by Herbert Read in English Prose Style (1928); though E. M. Forster had just devoted a chapter of Aspects of the Novel (1927) to 'Fantasy' as a quality of vision. 8. See Brian Stableford, ed., The Dedalus Book of Femmes Fatales (Sawtry, Cambs.: Dedalus, 1992), pp. 20-4. 2 The Origins of English Fantasy 1. See E. S. Hartland, ed., English Fairy and Other Folk Tales (Walter Scott, 1890), pp. x-xxi; Katharine M. Briggs and Ruth L. Tongue, eds, Folk­ tales of England (Routledge, 1965), pp. vi-vii, xxvi-ii; Neil Philip, ed., . The Penguin Book of English Folktales (Penguin, 1992), pp. xiii-iv. 2. Philip, pp. xiii-iv. 3. Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 28-43. 4. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 82. 5. See Christian Fantasy, pp. 12-49 passim; Harry Berger Jr, Second World and Green World: Studies in Renaissance Fiction-Making (Berkeley: Uni­ versity of California Press, 1988), pp. 10-12, 50-3. 6. See for example Ernst Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (New York: Pantheon, 1953), passim; Ronald Levao, Renaissance 200 Notes 201 Minds and their Fictions: Cusanus, Sidney, Shakespeare (Berkeley: Uni­ versity of California Press, 1985), pp. 5-19. 7. Eileen Gardiner, ed., Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (New York: Italica, 1989), p. 209. 8. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), p.137. 9. Levao, pp. 67, 73-4, 106-7; Berger, pp. 10-17, 404. 10. Thomas Traheme, Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), IT, 90. 11. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), I, 65. 12. Onallofthem,andonPearl,seealsoChristianFantasy,pp.42-92,102-30. 13. See A. D. S. Fowler, Spenser and the Numbers of Time (Routledge, 1966). 14. See also Christian Fantasy, pp. 70-2. 15. For a fuller account, see my Literature and Reality 1600-1800 (Mac­ millan, 1978), pp. 47-56. 16. See J. C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing1516-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 17. Margaret Cavendish, The Blazing World and Other Writings, ed. Kate Lilley (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), p. 124. 18. Arthur 0. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (New York: Harper, 1960), pp. 108-30. 19. See Harry Levin, The Myth of the Golden Age in the Renaissance (Faber, 1970). 20. The Prose Works of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Albert Feuillerat, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), p. 57. 21. See also my 'Change in The Rape of the Lock', Durham University Journal, 65, 1 (December 1983), 43-50. 22. See also my 'Swift and Fantasy' in Donald E. Morse and Csilla Bertha, eds, More Real Than Reality: The Fantastic in Irish Literature and the Arts (Westport: Greenwood, 1991), pp. 193-210. 23. See Martha P. Conant, The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Octagon, 1966). 24. See Jack Zipes, trans. and introd., Beauties, Beasts and Enchantment: Classic French Fairy Tales (New York: Penguin, 1989). 3 Secondary World Fantasy 1. C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (Bles, 1955), p. 19. 2. As by C. H. Hinton, 'What is the Fourth Dimension?', in Scientific Romances (Swan, Sonnenschein, 1886), pp. 3-32; Simon Newcomb, 'Modem Mathematical Thought', Nature (1 February 1894), pp. 325-9, repr. in Harry N. Geduld, The Definitive Time Machine: A Critical Edition of H. G. Wells's Scientific Romance (Bloomington: Indiana Uni­ versity Press, 1987), pp. 209-10. 3. See Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 233-300. 4. Karl S. Guthke, The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Science Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell Uni­ versity Press, 1990), p. 326. 202 Notes 5. Brian Stableford, Scientific Romance in Britain 1890-1950 (Fourth Estate, 1985), pp. 38-43. 6. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction', p. 68. 7. See Stephen Kern's The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cam­ bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983). 8. More fully discussed in my 'Dualism in H. G. Wells's The Time Machine', Riverside Quarterly, 8, 3 (1990), 179. 9. See Alice Chandler, A Dream of Order: The Medieval Ideal in Nine­ teenth-Century English Literature (Routledge, 1971); David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture: Perceptions and Introspections in an Age of Change (John Murray, 1997), pp. 177-90. 10. On which see my The Impulse of Fantasy Literature (Macmillan, 1983), pp. 127-33. 11. The Collected Works of William Morris, ed. May Morris, vol. XN (Longmans, Green, 1912), 223. 12. Richard Adams, introduction to Walter de la Mare, The Three Royal Monkeys (Robin Clark, 1993), pp. v-vi. 13. David Lindsay, A Voyage to Arcturus (Edinburgh: Canongate, 1992), p. 275. 14. See my Scottish Fantasy Literature: A Critical Survey (Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994), pp. 15~7. 15. See The Impulse of Fantasy Literature, pp. 141--8. 16. Stableford, Scientific Romance, pp. 133--4, 143-5, 151-4 and ch. 7, esp. pp. 272-3. 17. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, pp. 47--8. 18. Mervyn Peake, Introduction to Drawings by Mervyn Peake (Grey Walls Press, 1949), repr. in Peake's Progress: Selected Writings and Drawings by Mervyn Peake, ed. Maeve Gilmore (Allen Lane, 1978), p. 241. 19. Lewis, 'On Science Fiction', p. 70. 20. Lewis, The Last Battle (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), pp. 156--8. On Lewis's fantasy, see my C. S. Lewis: His Literary Achievement (Macmillan, 1987) and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Patterning of a Fantastic World (New York: Twayne, 1993). 21. Lewis, Perelandra (John Lane, 1943), p. 168. (The sub-quotation is from Wordsworth's 'Immortality' Ode.) 22. See Lewis, Miracles: A Preliminary Study (Bles, 1947), ch. ix. 23. Letter of c1951, quoted in Maeve Gilmore [Mrs Peake], A World Away: A Memoir of Mervyn Peake (Gollancz, 1970), p. 107. 24. Introduction to Drawings, p. 241. 25. Peake, Titus Groan (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 17, 20, 139, 416-7; cf. p. 28. On this motif see The Impulse of Fantasy Literature, pp. 116-19. 26. See The Impulse, pp. 122-5. 27. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 53. 28. Ibid., p. 67. 29. Ibid., p. 12. 30. Tolkien, Letter of 25 September 1954, in The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (Allen and Unwin, 1981), p. 196. See also pp. 160, 174, 188,210, 374-5 and 380; and for an illustration, pp. 277--84. Notes 203 31. Tree and Leaf, p. 48. On the significance of trees to Tolkien, see for example Letters, pp. 394, 420. At p. 275 he speaks of the 'two main branches' of the plot of The Lord of the Rings. 32. Tolkien, The Return of the King (Allen and Unwin, 1955), p. 315. cf. Letters, p. 147. 33. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring (Allen and Unwin, 1954), p. 405. 34. T. H. White, The Once and Future King (Collins, 1958), p. 621. 35. See also The Impulse, pp. 93-114 passim. 36. On the Rama books, see also my Science Fiction: Ten Explorations (Macmillan, 1986), pp. 143-60. 37. See Colin Greenland, The Entropy Exhibition: Michael Moorcock and the British 'New Wave' in Science Fiction (Routledge, 1983). 38. Michael Harrison, A Storm of Wings (Sphere, 1980), pp. 94, 144. 39. Harrison, in Christopher J. Fowler, 'On the Edge: The Last Holmfrith Interview with M. John Harrison', Foundation: The Review of Science Fiction, 57 (Spring, 1993), 19, 21. 40. Ibid., pp. 18-19. 41. Robert Holdstock, Lavondyss (HarperCollins, 1990), p. 355. 42. See for example. Edmund J. Smyth, ed., Postmodernism and Contem­ porary Fiction (Batsford, 1991), pp. 112-22, 145-52. 43. Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, p. 45. 4 Metaphysical Fantasy 1. See Christian Fantasy, pp. 156-302 passim. 2. Letter to F. D. Maurice of summer 1862, repr. in Frances E. Kingsley, ed., Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life, 11th ed., 2 vols. (Kegan Paul, 1878), II, 137. 3. C. S. Lewis, The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christian­ ity, Reason and Romanticism (Bles, 1956), p. 10. 4. Lord Lytton, A Strange Story (Routledge, 1897), p. 536. 5. Marie Corelli, A Romance of Two Worlds (Bentley, 1890), pp. xi-xxv, 223-80. 6. Laurence Housman, The Unexpected Years (Cape, 1937), p. 147. E. M. Forster thought All Fellows 'an awful work of Housman's ... "minor redemptions" -you never tasted such bilge' (letter of 1911 to Bob Trevelyan, in P.