“Intelligence Et Développement” Ou La Créativité De Stevan Dedijer

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“Intelligence Et Développement” Ou La Créativité De Stevan Dedijer Hommage au professeur Stevan Dedijer Stevan Dedijer n’est plus. Il est mort à Dubrovnik, le 14 juin 2004 à l’âge de 93 ans. Moins connu en France qu’à l’étranger, Stevan Dedijer fut un pionnier de l’intelligence économique qui inspira et influença de nombreux experts, tant par sa recherche inlassable de l’intégration des “disciplines de l’intelligence”, que par sa volonté de mettre en œuvre des organisations intelligentes au service du Philippe CLERC, développement et de l’homme. Président de l’AFDIE Association Française Nous avons choisi de consacrer ces Cahiers de l’AFDIE pour le Développement à cet humaniste, ce pionnier, ce “veilleur sagace” des de l’Intelligence innovations des dispositifs nationaux d’intelligence et Economique de sécurité, pour la clairvoyance et l’actualité de ses analyses. Dès le début des années 1970, il formalisa AFDIE en effet à travers la définition de l’intelligence sociale, 5 rue Sextius-Michel l’application performante de la démarche d’intelligence 75015 Paris économique aux logiques de développement. www.afdie.org Les travaux des Collèges de l’AFDIE, celui consacré à l’international, comme celui dédié à l’intelligence orga- nisationnelle puiseront encore longtemps inspiration et ressources chez Stevan Dedijer. D’une certaine façon, nous lui devions ce très modeste Cahier, lui qui toujours a su éclairer, je veux dire regarder nos expériences, nos pratiques, lire nos réflexions pour nous dire nos avancées, sans jamais oublier de dénoncer nos erreurs. L’AFDIE lui consacrera prochainement un colloque. Déjà, plusieurs experts internationaux ont dit leur intérêt pour cette manifestation. Je remercie ici Philippe Baumard, qui, ayant travaillé avec Stevan Dedijer, (10) accepte de nous guider dans la démarche. et praticien, il était profondément empreint de l’esprit Homme de courage et de conviction, il a été acteur d’innovation : aussi a-t-il su conduire et produire “de des grands désordres du monde, témoin des grandes bonnes réflexions”, fondée sur l’expérimentation et mutations du XXème et du nouveau siècle commençant, ce l’anticipation. Avec Yves-Michel Marti, qui choisit de qui le rendit si avide de comprendre et capter les ressorts relater l’influence de Stevan Dedijer à travers leur des crises et des incompréhensions, des aveuglements et rencontre et leurs échanges, nous présenterons ses des ignorances dramatiques des hommes. travaux, ses expériences et sa vision inspiratrice. J’insisterai pour ma part sur l’intelligence comme vecteur Il écrivit un premier texte sur l’intelligence sociale en de développement. Il apparaîtra alors clairement 1972, aux Etats-Unis, au Dartmouth College. Après que Stevan Dedijer a été inspiré par une démarche avoir produit plus de 250 articles sur le thème de résolument prospective, donc “éclairée” par le travail l’intelligence, il rédige une communication intitulée de l’historien, qu’il était aussi (13). Longtemps, il avait “Development & Intelligence, 2003-2053” présenté souhaité écrire l’histoire de la petite République de lors d’une conférence qui s’est tenue en septembre Raguse, aujourd’hui Dubrovnik, pour montrer comment 2003 à Zagreb, en Croatie, son pays. Il y annonce que par une habile gestion de la relation du faible au fort et cette communication sera la dernière : comme un testa- par un système savant d’intelligence et de sécurité, la ment tourné vers l’avenir, son obsession. Il y formalise les petite république avait réussi à vivre libre et à se questions suivantes : “Comment évolue l’humanité ? Quel développer durant cinq siècles confrontée en permanence est le rôle de l’intelligence dans cette évolution ? Dans aux puissantes nations. Stevan Dedijer, l’inspirateur, le quelle direction l’intelligence évoluera-t-elle ?” visionnaire pris le temps de l’écrire avant de disparaître. Homme pressé - d’aucuns lui reprochèrent ses excès simplificateurs, par exemple concernant la construction Philippe CLERC des organisations destinées à piloter la politique d’intelli- Président de l’AFDIE gence sociale et gouvernementale (7)- mais, scientifique 32 regards sur l’IE - N°5 - Septembre/Octobre 2004 “Intelligence et développement” ou la créativité de Stevan Dedijer Très souvent provocateur, Stevan Dedijer était un des douzaines de pays développent leurs politiques homme pressé. Pressé au sens de l’urgence “du d’information totalement sans avoir aucunement connaître et du comprendre” qui l’habitait. De là, nous conscience que seule une bonne gestion de l’information devinons l’origine de son intérêt pour l’intelligence, voulue et du secret, relevant strictement des objectifs qu’ils comme science, mais aussi comme une tour de Babel. s’assignent, des problèmes qu’ils rencontrent et des “Chaque année”, écrivait-il en 1991, “le Social Sciences actions qu’ils déploient– c’est-à-dire, l’intelligence – est Citation Index (SSCI) liste des centaines de sujets liés aux ce dont ils ont besoin plus que l’information pour termes “intelligence” ou “intelligent” (5). Son acharnement l’information” (8). Dans la même analyse, il cite Herbert taxinomique le conduit à noter la diversité des interpréta- Simon, le célèbre sociologue des organisations : “La tions sur la nature et les fonctions de l’intelligence selon les conception des systèmes d’information modernes cultures, ainsi qu’à relever dans l’histoire et aujourd’hui, dédiés à l’intelligence est encore dans les limbes”. tous les signaux faibles, expressions, citations, comporte- Constat qui l’engage à définir sa conception de l’intelligence, ments d’acteurs, stratagème d’entreprises, susceptibles de l’intelligence sociale, avant de proposer le schéma de marquer l’avènement de la révolution de l’intelligence et directeur d’une “doctrine nationale d’intelligence” en la réalité de systèmes d’intelligence. priorité pour les pays en développement. Nous ne pouvons, dans cette courte présentation, Pour Stevan Dedijer, l’intelligence est avant toute chose embrasser la richesse du travail de Stevan Dedijer. l’art et la science des questions. Il développe et utilise Pour cette raison, nous avons choisi de repérer les cependant une double acception de l’intelligence : la interactions fortes de son approche avec nos expé- faculté de comprendre et l’activité de surveillance de riences actuelles, tant nationales qu’internationales. l’environnement et des acteurs qui le configurent. Tout Cela nous permettra d’esquisser les premières pistes au long de ses travaux et de ses expériences, il prône de son apport et son influence sur notre conception de une approche intégrée de l’intelligence et cherche l’intelligence économique. Nous trouverons ainsi des inlassablement, y compris dans l’histoire, les indices et les éléments de formulation et de réponses aux questions preuves d’une révolution de l’intelligence et l’émergence que nous nous posons aujourd’hui dans le développement d’une science de l’intelligence englobant les recherches en d’une nouvelle politique d’intelligence économique, en biologie, en psychologie, en intelligence artificielle et ce qu’il France et dans un certain nombre de pays avec lesquels avait coutume de nommer l’intelligence gouvernementale. nous échangeons expériences et pratiques : le Canada, le Maroc, l’Indonésie ou la Suisse. Installé à Lund, en Suède, à la fin des années 1960, il À l’occasion de ce parcours, nous proposons de présenter enseigne l’ingénierie de la politique scientifique et technique. la définition et la conception de l’intelligence avancée par C’est en 1972, qu’il débute un enseignement original Stevan Dedijer, avant d’introduire sa conception de sur “l’intelligence sociale” et crée le Research Policy l’intelligence sociale et de conclure sur sa conception Institute. Il provoque alors un intérêt de la part de la de l’intelligence au service du développement. communauté du renseignement, et notamment de William Colby, patron de la CIA, qu’il citait régulièrement “Un déficit général d’intelligence” comme un homme de l’art qui avait su percevoir dès le début des années 1970 que nous entrions dans une Stevan Dedijer clame très tôt l’existence d’un “déficit nouvelle révolution de l’intelligence. général d’intelligence” - nous verrons plus loin ce qu’il Stevan Dedijer formalise l’importance clé des trois facteurs entend ici – au niveau des organisations et des gouver- qui sont la source de la puissance des nations : l’infor- nements impliqués dans la tourmente des mutations du mation, la connaissance et la technologie. Il décrit la monde. En 1979, il écrit : “Des milliers d’entreprises et dynamique de l’intelligence à travers le processus de 33 regards sur l’IE - N°5 - Septembre/Octobre 2004 “Intelligence et développement” ou la créativité de Stevan Dedijer (suite) transformation d’une donnée, en information, en 1980 à une véritable “intégration des disciplines de connaissance pour devenir “intelligence”. Il représente l’intelligence”. La livraison de la revue Sciences et l’enchaînement par une pyramide. “Le degré final de Techniques de 1985, “La révolution de l’intelligence” complexité consiste dans l’intelligence, au sens psycho- pilotée par Thierry Gaudin, chef du Centre d’Etudes et logique du terme, c’est-à-dire la capacité d’un individu, de prospective du ministère de la recherche et par par extension d’une organisation sociale telle qu’une André-Yves Portnoff, reste un remarquable exemple entreprise ou un pays, à acquérir des informations et de cette approche repérée par Stevan Dedijer. Ce des connaissances nouvelles, développer des analyses, dernier notait avec satisfaction les nombreux signaux s’adapter à son environnement, développer de nouvelles attestant de la constitution de ponts entre “les disciplines stratégies pour agir de façon rationnelle et efficace à de l’intelligence” : recherche sur l’intelligence en biologie, partir de ces informations” (6). Pour Stevan Dedijer, l’intelligence de l’individu, l’intelligence technologique, l’intelligence est à la fois “l’habileté de l’individu ou de sociale et d’affaires (business intelligence). l’organisation à interpréter efficacement l’environnement - Individualisation de l’intelligence grâce aux technologies pour s’y adapter”.
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