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La Veille Au Secours De La Politique Sur L'information

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La Veille Au Secours De La Politique Sur L'information Chapitre 2. -------- L'intelligence économique: pour une posture offensive. Section 1. Christian Harbulot, Philippe Baumard et la création de l'"intelligence économique". Section 2. L'"intelligence économique": vision du réel et propositions d'actions. 105 L'indépendance nationale et l'autonomie stratégique ont été les principaux leviers justifiant l'intervention exclusive de l'Etat dans le domaine de l'information. Le spectre d'une désorganisation de la société et d'une remise en cause de la hiérarchie des pouvoirs, en cas de dépendance vis-à-vis des sources d'information américaines et des infrastructures permettant leur diffusion, conduisent l'Etat à engager des actions ressemblant plus à des contre-mesures défensives qu'à un programme dynamique d'adaptation. S'appuyant sur ces mêmes leviers, un petit groupe d'acteurs ambitionne d'inverser cet état d'esprit. Perçue avant tout comme une "arme de domination" aux mains de puissances étrangères, l'information doit désormais être appréhendée comme un moyen de renforcer la cohésion nationale, condition préalable à l'influence d'un Etat sur la scène internationale. Avec un vocable nouveau, plus agressif dans sa forme, ces acteurs souhaitent provoquer une double évolution, celle des modes de pensée et celle des modes d'action. Cette nouvelle représentation est le résultat du croisement des réflexions de deux acteurs, Christian Harbulot et Philippe Baumard. Pour Christian Harbulot, la scène internationale est le théâtre d'une "guerre économique" dont les principaux acteurs sont les Etats et les entreprises. A partir d'une analyse comparative des cultures nationales, il s'attache à démontrer la supériorité que certaines nations ont acquise grâce à une culture du renseignement et à une bonne gestion des échanges d'informations entre acteurs publics et acteurs privés. Pour Philippe Baumard, les nouvelles formes de concurrence appellent un renouvellement de l'approche des activités de "surveillance" et de "veille" dans les entreprises, c'est-à-dire le passage d'une observation passive à l'"intelligence". C'est de la fusion des travaux de ces deux auteurs que naît l'"intelligence économique". Jean-Louis Levet, chef du service du développement industriel au Commissariat général du Plan, leur permettra de finaliser leur représentation et de tenter de convaincre un premier groupe de représentants des secteurs public et privé de la pertinence de leurs réflexions, et de l'intérêt de formuler des propositions d'action à l'attention du gouvernement. 106 S ection 1. Christian Harbulot, Philippe Baumard et la création de l'" intelligence économi que ". L'objectif de Christian Harbulot est de convaincre les responsables politiques qu'une exploitation offensive de l'information est un facteur clé de succès pour un pays. "La culture du combat", "l'affrontement économique", "le renseignement économique", "la guerre économique", "les actes subversifs" sont les principaux leviers de sa vision. Sa rencontre avec un acteur issu de l'Université provoque un changement de ton et de vocabulaire. Le "renseignement économique" et l'"affrontement économique" cèdent la place à l'"intelligence économique". I. "Affrontement économique" et "renseignement économique". En 1990, les responsables du CPE et de l'Aditech financent une seconde étude intégralement rédigée par Christian Harbulot. Ce qui faisait l'objet d'un seul chapitre dans l'ouvrage corédigé avec Laurent Nodinot, et d'une partie unique dans l'étude du CPE, se trouve désormais développé en détails dans Techniques offensives et guerre économique389. Une analyse lexicale du texte390 montre l'utilisation quasi-exclusive du vocabulaire de la stratégie et du combat391 comme support de l'analyse des relations économiques inter étatiques et inter entreprises. Christian Harbulot présente ce travail comme un essai sur la nature des "affrontements économiques" qui opposent les différents modèles d'économie de marché. Son objectif est d'offrir une approche méthodologique pluridisciplinaire mettant en parallèle les facteurs strictement économiques avec les facteurs historiques, géopolitiques, et culturels inhérents à la "guerre économique"392. Une telle approche tend à combler le vide laissé en France, par l'existence d'un véritable tabou sur "les questions offensives dans la compétition commerciale"393. Les débats américains sur une réorientation des missions des services de renseignement servent de véritable tremplin à ses thèses. 389 HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, Paris, Etudes Aditech-CPE n° 131, 1990, 156 pages. 390 Voir Tome 2, annexe n°1, Travaux de Christian HARBULOT, p.34. 107 A. 1990 et le travail de Christian Harbulot "prend tout son sens". Selon Christian Harbulot, l'avènement du capitalisme a fait passer à l'arrière plan le débat sur les rapports de force entre économies nationales. Ainsi, les écoles de commerce considèrent-elles encore le management américain comme la "bible de l'économie de marché" et abordent-elles rarement les aspects conflictuels de l'économie de marché sous l'angle de la réflexion stratégique. A l'image de ses précédentes réflexions sur les modèles culturels du renseignement, Christian Harbulot se propose de montrer pourquoi "certains peuples se mobilisent et d'autres pas"394 à travers une analyse comparative des cultures nationales. L'état des lieux proposé donne, selon lui, "à 391 acquis offensif, acte subversif, action combinée, adversaire, affaiblissement, affrontement économique, agression, aire d'influence, alliance, alternatives stratégiques, antagonisme, arme offensive, arsenal dissuasif, attaque, attitude offensive, axe d'alliance, barrières, base d'appui, bataille commerciale, campagne de désinformation, flux d'information, capacité d'acquisition, capital informatif, capitalisation de l'information, champ de batailles, champs de menace, climat de tension, coalition d'intérêts, combat, compétition économique, conflits commerciaux, conquête, contre-information, créativité combative, culture subversive, cycle infernal, danger, défaite stratégique, défense économique, défi, démarche subversive, dépendance, déploiement offensif, désinformation, déstabilisation, destruction, diplomatie, dispositif d'attaque, dispositif de combat, dispositif offensif, dissusasion, économies nationales offensives, emploi dissuasif, ennemi, espionage, esprit offensif, expansionisme, fléau, force de frappe, force économique, guerre économique offensive, guerre subversive, impact stratégique, impérialisme, incertitudes, indépendance économique, influence, information stratégique, ingénierie de l'information, instruments d'action, intentions offensives, intrusion économique, invasion économique, jeux d'influence, leader, levier stratégique, lien patriotique, lutte d'influence, lutter, machine de guerre, machine de guerre économique, manipulation, manœuvre souterraines, matrice, menace, méthodes d'action, milieu hostile, modèle offensif, montée en puissance, moyens d'actions, neutralisation, non-agression, offensive commerciale, opération de renseignement, paix commerciale, parade défensive et offensive, parade stratégique, partenariat de combat, percée stratégique, perspective stratégique, piratage, plan défensif, plan tactique, position défensive, praxis offensive, pression, procédés expansionistes, processus offensif, prospection stratégique, puissance commerciale, puissance diplomatique, puissance économique, puissance militaire, rapports de force, règle de combat, réglement des conflits économiques, relations stratégiques, renseignement économique, renseignement, réseau d'information, ressource vitale, retournements d'alliance, riposte, risque, rivalité, rouage offensif, rupture d'équilibre, sanctions, savoir faire offensif, secret, secteur d'influence stratégique, secteur stratégique, solutions stratégiques, source d'affrontement, sous-information, stratégie commerciale, stratégie concertée, stratégie d'anticipation, stratégie économique, stratégie nationale, suprématie, sur-information, tactique de pénétration, tactique d'implantation, techniques de manipulation, techniques subversives, tension, tentatives souterraines, terrain, unité stratégique, vaincre, verrouillage défensif, verrous stratégiques, victime, victoire décisive, zone grise, zones stratégiques. in HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, Paris, op.cit. Voir Tome 2, annexe n°1, Travaux de Christian Harbulot, p.40. 392 HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, op.cit., p.2. 393 HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, op. cit., p.135. 394 HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, op. cit., p.40. 108 l'information et à la culture du renseignement dans son ensemble une importance stratégique incontournable. […] Le capital informatif est à la fois un facteur de production mais aussi une arme offensive et dissuasive"395. La montée en puissance du Japon et de la RFA aux dépens des Etats-Unis met l'accent sur la relance des dynamiques nationales remettant en cause les principes pacifiques des premiers théoriciens du libéralisme396. Défenseurs d'une vision pacifiée du fonctionnement du marché mondial, les économistes libéraux ne peuvent comprendre les mécanismes de cette montée en puissance. 395 HARBULOT Christian, Techniques offensives et guerre économique, op. cit., p.11. 396 En 1675 dans le Parfait Négociant de J. Savary apparaît la thèse du "doux commerce". En 1748, Dans l'Esprit des lois, Montesquieu asseoit cette doctrine "partout où il y a des mœurs douces,
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