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Il Terrore Del Popolo: Storia Dell'ozna, La Polizia Politica Di Tito

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Il Terrore Del Popolo: Storia Dell'ozna, La Polizia Politica Di Tito Il terrore del popolo: storia dell’OZNA, la polizia politica di Tito 2012 In copertina: Alessandro Cannistrà - Progetto uomo (2002) Trieste, collezione privata Sommario Elenco delle sigle . ..........9 Premessa ........................................... .......... 11 Le origini del comunismo jugoslavo (1917-1928). 15 L’affermazione di Josip Broz (1927-28) . .........25 La svolta staliniana (1929-1934). ........... 31 La tattica dei fronti popolari (1934-1939) . .........37 Le lezioni della guerra civile spagnola (1939) . 53 Il crepuscolo del Comintern (1939-1941) . .........59 Strategia e tattica dei comunisti jugoslavi (1941-1942) . ..........73 Lo «Stato di Tito» . 91 La centralizzazione dell’apparato di sicurezza (1942-1943) . .......... 109 Lo sbarco nei Balcani e la nascita dell’OZNA (1943-1944) . 119 Alle spalle dell’Armata Rossa: l’OZNA in Serbia (1944) . 131 !"E$%&'((%)!"*'&"+!"+%,-%.!/%01'"[1!+'".'+"1'3%40F"6789:; ............. 139 Un’altra Jugoslavia: l’OZNA in Italia (1945-1946). ........ 147 Conclusione ........................................ .......... 161 <1.%4'"=%0>&![40" .............................................. 167 Elenco delle sigle AFBiH – Arhiv Federacije BiH (Archivio storico della Federazione bosniaca – Sarajevo) AVII – Arhiv vojnoistorijskog instituta (Archivio storico militare di Belgrado) ?@ABC"M"?1(%E!%G(%6I0")'4'"1!&0.10>"0G+0=07'1L!"C->0G+!)%L'"6?GG'3=+'!"*0*0+!&'"!1(%E!G4%G(!".%" liberazione della Jugoslavia – governo rivoluzionario partigiano) CC – Comitato centrale CLN – Comitato di liberazione nazionale CLNAI – Comitato di liberazione nazionale Alta Italia Comintern – (o Komintern) Internazionale comunista CPUSA – Communist Party of the United States of America ECCI – Executive Committee of the Communist International (vedi IKKI) MB"M"M0&'%>1"BE[4'"6N%1%G('&0"OG('&%"=&%(!11%40;" GOC – Glavni obavještajni centar (centro principale dell’intelligence partigiana 1942-1944) PQR"M"P0G-.!&G()'110'"*0+%(%6'GI0'"-*&!)+'1%'"6$%&'((0&!(0"*0+%(%40".'++0"S(!(0"6G'&)%/%0".%"G%4-&'//!" sovietico assorbito dalla NKVD, 1922-1934) GRU – Glavnoe razvedyvatel’noe upravlenie (Direttorato principale per l’informazione – servizio informazioni dell’Armata Rossa) TSS"M"T&)!(GI!"G'+L!6I!"G(&!1I!"6Q!&(%(0"?>&!&%0"U&0!(0;" IC – Internazionale comunista <VV<"<G*0+1%('+R1XL"V03%('("V033-1%G(%6'GI0>0"<1('&1!4%01!+!"6U03%(!(0"'G'4-(%)0".'++R<1('&1!/%01!+'" comunista, organo direttivo del Comintern 1919-1943) JA – Jugoslovenska Armija (esercito jugoslavo, 1945-1951) JNA – Jugoslovenska narodna Armija (esercito jugoslavo, 1951-1991) KGB – Komitet gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti (Comitato per la sicurezza dello Stato – servizio segreto e polizia segreta dell’Unione Sovietica – 1954-1991) KNOJ – Korpus narodne odbrane (forza armata del ministero Interni jugoslavo 1944-1955) VBS"M"V01(&!0=!)L'(!L1!"G+-=!"6401(&0G*%01!>>%0"3%+%(!&'"L->0G+!)0".!+"789Z; KPD – Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Partito comunista tedesco) VQC"M"V03-1%G(%6I!"*!&(%L!"C->0G+!)%L'"6Q!&(%(0"403-1%G(!"L->0G+!)0["78\]^78:\;" VBS"M"V01(&!0=!)L'(!L1!"G+-=!"6S'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0"3%+%(!&'"L->0G+!)0"78::^788]; VRAN_"M"V033-1%G(%4`'GIX"R1%)'&G%('("A!(G%01!+1XI`"N'1G`%1G()"_!*!.!"6R1%)'&G%("403-1%G(!".'++'" minoranze nazionali dell’Occidente) AVBC"M"A!4%01!+1%"I03%('("0G+0=07'1L!"C->0G+!)%L'"6>0)'&10".'++!"1-0)!"C->0G+!)%!"1!(0"E0&3!+3'1('" dalla fusione del governo monarchico con quello partigiano di Tito 1943-1945) NKVD – Narodnyj komissariat vnutresnih del (Commissariato del popolo per gli Affari interni sovietico) AB@C"M"A!&0.100G+0=0.%+!6I!")0LGI!"C->0G+!)%L'"6OG'&4%(0"*0*0+!&'".%"+%='&!/%01'".'++!"C->0G+!)%!["789\^789:; AB@"%"QBC"M"A!&0.100G+0=0.%+!6I!")0LGI!"%"*!&(%/!1GI%"0.&'.%"C->0G+!)%L'"6OG'&4%(0".%"+%='&!/%01'"'" distaccamenti partigiani della Jugoslavia, 1942-1945) –– 7 A_"M"A!&0.1!"/!6%(!"6N%+%/%!"*0*0+!&'"G+0)'1!"7897^789:;" OB – Organ bezbednosti (Servizio segreto militare jugoslavo 1955-1990) OF – Osvobodlina Fronta (Fronte di liberazione sloveno) OZNA – Odelenje za zaštitu naroda («Dipartimento per la protezione del popolo», Polizia politica jugoslava 1944-1946) BSS"M"BE[4'"0E"S(&!('>%4"S'&)%4'G"6BSS;"M"S'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0"G(!(-1%('1G'"0*'&!1('"1'+"*'&%0.0".'++!"G'401.!" guerra mondiale PC – Partito comunista PCd’I – Partito comunista d’Italia (1921-1943) PCE – Partido Comunista de España PCF – Partito comunista francese PCI – Partito comunista italiano (1943-1991) QBU"M"Q03041%"0=!)L'(!L1%"4'1(!&"64'1(&0"*'&%E'&%40".'++R%1('++%>'14'"*!&(%>%!1!"789\^7899; QbB"M"Q-=+%4"b'40&."BE[4'"6?&4`%)%0"1!/%01!+'"=&%(!11%40["0>>%"A!(%01!+"?&4`%)'G"0E"(`'"R1%('."V%1>.03; ROC – Rajonski obavještajni centar (centro rionale dell’intelligence partigiana 1942-1944) S$c"M"S+-=!".&!)1'"='/='.10G(%"6Q0+%/%!"*0+%(%4!"L->0G+!)!["78ZZ^788]; S<$"M"S+-=!"/!"%G(&!%)!1L'"%".0I-3'1(!4%L-"6G'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0".'+"N%1%G('&0"OG('&%"L->0G+!)0"78ZZ^788]; SKJ – Savez komunista Jugoslavije (Partito comunista jugoslavo, 1952-1990) SVBC"M"S!)'/"I03-1%G(%6I'"03+!.%1'"C->0G+!)%L'"6M'.'&!/%01'"403-1%G(!">%0)!1%+'"L->0G+!)!["7878^788] SNOb"6SNOb(R"*%01!3;"M"6E30&('"!++'"G*%'F"M".%*!&(%3'1(0".%"401(&0G*%01!>>%0".'++R?&3!(!"b0GG![" 1943-1945) SOE – Special operations executive – servizio operazioni speciali inglese (1939-1945) SS<Q"M"S!)'/1%"G'I&'(!&%L!("%10G(&!1%`"*0G+0)!"6N%1%G('&0"'G('&%"L->0G+!)0; R$c"M"R*&!)!".&!)1'"='/='.10G(%"6Q0+%/%!"*0+%(%4!"L->0G+!)!"789Z^78ZZ; R<$"M"R*&!)!"/!"%G(&!%)!1L'"%".0I-3'1(!4%L-"6G'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0".'+"N%1%G('&0"OG('&%"L->0G+!)0"789Z^78ZZ;" RQU<S"M"RE[4%0"*0+%(%40".%"40++'>!3'1(0"%(!+0^G+0)'10 URSS – Unione delle repubbliche socialiste sovietiche USA – United States of America URSSJ – Ujedinjeni radnicki sindiklani savez Jugoslavije @VQ"6c;"M"@G'G0L-/1!L!"I033-1%G(%6'GI!L!"*!&(%L!"6=0+R')%I0);"M"Q!&(%(0"403-1%G(!".'++RR1%01'" (bolscevico) @BS"6BM;"M"@!&10G(10^0=)'6')!+1!"G+-=!"6S'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0".'+"Q!&(%(0"403-1%G(!"G+0)'10"7897^7899; @$@"M"@0LGI!".&!)1'")!&10G(%"6E0&/!"!&3!(!".'+"3%1%G('&0"<1('&1%"G+0)'10"7899^789:; @BS"M"@0L10^0=!)L'(!L1!"G+-=!"6G'&)%/%0"G'>&'(0"3%+%(!&'"L->0G+!)0"789e^788]; VUJA – Vojna uprava Jugoslavenske armije za Julijsku krajinu, Istru, Rijeku i Slovensko Primorje (Governo militare jugoslavo per la Venezia Giulia) _?@ABT"M"_'3!+LGI0"!1(%E!%G(%6I0")%L'4'"1!&0.10>"0G+0=07'1L!"T&)!(GI'"6?GG'3=+'!"*0*0+!&'" antifascista di liberazione della Croazia) 8 –– Graeca sunt, non leguntur –– 9 10 –– Premessa Prima di conquistare il potere i comunisti, per scelta personale o a causa di un’oggettiva condizione materiale, vivono ai margini della società. Grazie all’appoggio tedesco1 Lenin, poté compiere la rivoluzione, preparata e condotta secondo i dettami di una campagna militare che necessita di informazioni tempestive sulle forze in campo e i punti di forza e debolezza del nemico. Per i bolscevichi russi l’«apparato» comunista, strutturato in «cellule», è -1R0&>!1%//!/%01'" *!&!3%+%(!&'" [1!+%//!(!" !++!" 401,-%G(!" )%0+'1(!" .'+" *0('&'2. Durante la lotta clandestina i comunisti sono esposti agli attacchi degli organi repressivi dello stato. Nella rivoluzione essi devono fronteggiare le forze controrivoluzionarie della società). Dopo la presa del potere «tecnocrati» o «specialisti» sia civili che militari minacciano di sottrarre il sistema al controllo politico del partito, vero tallone d’Achille di ogni sistema comunista che la Cina però sembra aver saputo risolvere. Perciò il cuore del sistema è rappresentato dall’apparato di sicurezza e informazioni. Questo libro nasce da un articolo, apparso nell’estate del 2009 sulla rivista «Fiume», che in ambito accademico italiano era stato accolto con un certo scetticismo, ma la cui risonanza insperata dissipò i dubbi sulla necessità di proseguire la ricerca3. Il lavoro, il primo in una lingua non jugoslava, sistematizzava le conoscenze disponibili sull’OZNA, la polizia politica jugoslava, senza pretese di comprenderne la logica profonda, compito che era stato lasciato ad un’opera G-44'GG%)!"!"4!&!(('&'"3010>&![404. Come altrove anche in Jugoslavia il comunismo è stato imposto con la repressione e perciò poco della rivoluzione titoista può essere capito senza tener conto dell’OZNA, il pilastro del suo apparato repressivo grazie al quale Tito G0*&!))%GG'"!++'"G[.'".'++R044-*!/%01'".'++'"E0&/'".'++R?GG'[".'++!">-'&&!"4%)%+'[" della lotta di liberazione e, durante la guerra fredda, allo scontro con l’Occidente 1 H. SCHURER, Karl Moor-German Agent and Friend of Lenin, in «Journal of Contemporary History», 2 (1970), pp. 131-152. 2 Si veda il classico Leonard Bertram SCHAPIRO, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Random House, New York, 1960. 3 William KLINGER, Nascita ed evoluzione dell’apparato di sicurezza jugoslavo: 1941-1948, in «Fiume – Rivista di studi adriatici», 19 (2009), pp. 13-49. Successivamente sono apparsi: Lussino, dicembre 1944: operazione «An- tagonise», in «Quaderni del Centro ricerche storiche Rovigno», 20 (2009); Alcune considerazioni sulla guerra partigiana jugoslava 1941-1945, in «Fiume – Rivista di studi adriatici», 21 (2010), pp. 107-117; Le radici storiche della dissoluzione jugoslava, in «Fiume – Rivista di studi adriatici», 25 (2012). 9" '"=%0>&!['"G-"f%(0"!44'1(-!10">+%"!G*'((%"&03!1/'G4`%".'++!"G-!")%(!g"R1%4!"'44'/%01'" "%+"&'4'1('"+!)0&0".%" Geoffrey SWAIN, Tito: A Biography, I.B. Tauris, Londra, 2011. Gli studi di SWAIN vertono soprattutto sugli aspetti dottrinari e sulle scelte strategiche di Tito nel contesto del comunismo internazionale e sono stati fondamentali nella preparazione della presente ricerca. –– 11 prima e con l’URSS poi. Inizialmente l’OZNA nacque con il compito di difendere le «conquiste della rivoluzione» non dall’occupatore «nazifascista», come si è generalmente ritenuto, ma per consentire al gruppo dirigente comunista di Tito la conquista del potere. In particolare esso mirava a neutralizzare chiunque avrebbe potuto appoggiarsi agli angloamericani o ad altre potenze occidentali.
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