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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75-11,445 YABLÛNSKY, Mary Jude, 1931- A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TELEVISION SPEECHES OF ARCHBISHOP FULTON J . SHEEN ON COmUNISN—1952-1956. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Speech Xerox University Microfiims,Ann Arbor, Michigan4ei06 0 1975 MARY JUDE YABLONSKY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TELEVISION SPEECHES OF ARCHBISHOP FULTW J . SHEEN ON COMMUNISM—1952-1956 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mary Jude Yablonsky, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee; Approved by Dr. Edward P .J. Corbett Dr. James L. Golden, 'L ± Dr. George L. Lewis /A dviser Speech Education Department of Humanities Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to extend her deep appreciation to Dr. George L. Lewis, major adviser, for his helpful criticism, guidance, and encouragement all along the way; to Dr. James L. Golden, who has given so much in time, advice, and help; to Dr. Edward P. J. Corbett, who was generous with his time and constructive criticism; and, to Dr. Roy Bowen for his encouraging attitude. Grateful appre ciation is also due to my brothers and sisters who were always there whenever I needed them; to my friends and colleagues Margaret K. Di Blasio, Sister Anne Pierotti, Rea Nugent, Isabelle Pierce, and Joseph Epolito, who gave moral support along the way. A special thanks to C laire L en fest, my ty p is t, become frien d . 11 DEDICATION To the memory of my beloved parents, 1 1 1 VITA February 22, 1931 Born - Campbell, Ohio 1956 ........................ B.S., Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio 1962 ........................ M.A., University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 1956-1969 . Teacher - Diocese of Youngstown, Youngstown, Ohio 1959-1969 . Director of Dramatics - Diocese of Youngstown, Youngstown, Ohio 1969-1972 . Chairman - Theatre Department Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pa. 1972-1974 . Graduate Student, Department of Speech Education, The Ohio State U niversity 1972-1974 Graduate Administrative Associate -Academic Adviser - University College, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Communication: Professors James L. Golden, Franklin Knower, Wallace C, Fotheringham T heatre: P rofessors Roy Bowen, Donald Glancy, John McDowell, John Morrow, C harles R itte r Speech Education: Professor George L. Lewis, Major Adviser. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS JBâSg. ACKNOWr.EFXJMENTS il DEDICATION i i i VITA iv Chapter I INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1 Purpose and Scope of the Study . 3 Methodology .................................................... 5 The Framework of Argumentation 7 The S ta rtin g Point of Argumentation 10 The Techniques of Argumentation . 12 Previous Research ...................................... 17 Plan of the Study ...................................... 19 Notes - Chapter I ....................... .... 20 II FULTON J . SHEEN; EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND AND TRAININ3 .................................................................... 22 Early Yearc and Education............................ 23 Study Abroad ........................................................... 25 Teacher and Preacher ...................................... 27 Churchman ............................................................... 29 Converts ............................................................... 30 Author .................................................................... 32 Radio and Television . ......................... 33 The Television Series and Communism . 34 Initial Interest in Communism................... 36 Summary .................................................................... 38 Notes - Chapter II .......................................... 39 III THE RHETORICAL SITUATION ...... 41 Communism ............................................ 41 Communism in the United States 42 The New Red Scare ..................... 53 Senator Joseph McCarthy . 54 Notes - Chapter III ..................... 59 Chapter Page IV THE FRAMEWORK OF ARGUMENTATION 61 Universal Audience ............................................... 61 Conditioning Agents .......................................... 65 Adherence to Values ............................ 66 Epideictic Speaker; Ethos, Image .... 78 The Philosophy of Communism; Ethos, Image 79 Why Some Become Communists; Ethos, Image 82 The Russian Lullaby of Coexistence, Ethos Image ................................................................. 85 Has Russia R eally Changed? Ethos, Image 88 The L ife and C haracter of Lenin; Ethos, Image .................................................................. 91 Skillful Presentation ...................................... 94 Summary and Conclusions................................. 98 Notes - Chapter IV .......................................... 101 THE STARTING POINT OF ARGUMENTATION . , 103 Facts, Truths, Presumptions ................... 104 The Philosophy of Communism . 106 Why Some Become Communists . , 110 The Russian Lullaby of Coexistence 115 Has Russia Really Changed . 118 The Life and Character of Lenin . , 121 Readability and Human Interest . 125 Summary and Conclusions............................ 132 Notes ” Chapter V .......................................... 135 VI THE TECHNIQUES OF ARGUMENTATION . 136 Associative and Dissociative Schemes. 136 Interaction of Argumentation . 138 Conclusions ........................................................ 162 Notes - Chapter VI ..................................... 165 VII SUMMARY AND RHETORICAL IMPLICATIONS . 166 Summary ................................................................. 166 The Framework o f Argumentation , . 168 The Starting Point of Argumentation 169 The Techniques of Argumentation . 170 Historical Implications ............................ 172 APPENDIX A THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNISM . 176 APPENDIX B WHY SOME BECOME COMMUNISTS . 183 APPENDIX C THE RUSSIAN LULLABY OF COEXISTENCE 189 APPENDIX D HAS RUSSIA REALLY CHANGED? . 197 APPENDIX E THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF LENIN . 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Orators, those men of fiery tongue and eloquent language are a dying breed. Cicero says "that man will be an orator who can speak on whatever falls to him for presentation judiciously, in set form, ele g a n tly , from memory, and w ith c e rta in d ig n ity o f a c tio n ." Among the great orators of this century is Fulton J. Sheen, a Roman Catholic Archbishop, who gained a national reputation mainly through the new electronic medium of broadcasting. Many said that it would be impos sible for one man to hold a television audience for a. half hour to speak of religion and morality, but they failed to reckon with Sheen, the spellbinder. Not only did he succeed in speaking to a televised audience, but for a number of years, he competed with the great come dian, Milton Berle. Many factors contributed to Sheen's success as a speaker. He was a thinker, he had a magnetic personality, and he.was intensely sin cere. He states: "I do not talk on anythingI do not b elieve in . I am not like an announcer on television who gets vehement about Sal Hapatlca and doesn't take it. If I talk Sal Hapatica, I take it."l Sheen himself feels that his universality of audience appeal stems from the fact that "people are reaching out for something, but they are confused."^ He viewed his role on television as teacher: "I am talking 1 2 as a university lecturer on those