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The Relationships Among Longitude, Latitude and Elevation of Occurrence of Parocneria Orienta (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in China

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The Relationships Among Longitude, Latitude and Elevation of Occurrence of Parocneria Orienta (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in China The relationships among longitude, latitude and elevation of occurrence of Parocneria orienta (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in China Hua Yang Corresp., 1 , Jin Zhang 2 , Wei Yang 1 , Chun-Ping Yang 1 , Wei Zhou 3 , Tao Li 4 , Jia-Wen Wang 1 , Ru-Lin Wang 5 1 Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province/College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China 2 Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China 3 Science and Technology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China 4 Forestry Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China 5 Sichuan Provincial Rural Economic Information Centre, Chengdu, China Corresponding Author: Hua Yang Email address: [email protected] Background Parocneria orienta is the primary defoliator of Cupressaceae plants in China, and its geographic range is expanding. Research is needed to identify the geographic distribution of P. orienta and its major areas of occurrence and to formulate measures for early warning, monitoring and control of this pest. Methods Data on the occurrence P. orienta were collected from 4,688 monitoring sites in Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2016. Analyses of the spatial distribution and model fit were carried out using ArcGIS and Matlab software. Results We found that the occurrence of P. orienta complied with a normal distribution law (α=1% confidence level) in terms of longitude and latitude and belonging to generalized extreme-value distribution (α=1% confidence level) in terms of elevation. According to the double factor variance analysis taking year-month as the time variance and longitude, latitude and elevation as the space variance, the hazard centroid shifted significantly by 6 minutes of longitude in March (105°46′37″E) and July (105°40′30″E) of the same year. The hazard centroid has not changed much over time in terms of latitude and elevation. Discussion The regions of greatest damage by P. orienta were in eastern and southeastern parts of Sichuan Province (105.7°E–31.1°N, elevation 400 m), an area that features plains and low mountains with lush vegetation and abundant Cupressus funebris. In March, there is little rainfall, which is beneficial for growth and breeding of larvae, and causes a rapid increase of population that then results in widespread damage to Cupressaceae plants. PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27051v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Jul 2018, publ: 26 Jul 2018 1 The relationships among longitude, latitude and elevation of 2 occurrence of Parocneria orienta (Lepidoptera: 3 Lymantriidae) in China 4 Hua Yang1*, Jin Zhang2, Wei Yang1, Chun-Ping Yang1, Wei Zhou3, Tao Li4, Jia-Wen Wang1 5 and Ru-Lin Wang5 6 7 8 1. Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province/College of Forestry, Sichuan 9 Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. 10 2. Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural 11 University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. 12 3. Science and Technology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, 13 China. 14 4. Forestry Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China. 15 5. Sichuan Provincial Rural Economic Information Centre, Chengdu 610072, China. 16 17 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7523-5862 18 *Correspondence: Hua Yang, [email protected] 19 PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27051v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Jul 2018, publ: 26 Jul 2018 21 ABSTRACT 22 Background Parocneria orienta is the primary defoliator of Cupressaceae plants in China, and 23 its geographic range is expanding. Research is needed to identify the geographic distribution of P. 24 orienta and its major areas of occurrence and to formulate measures for early warning, 25 monitoring and control of this pest. 26 Methods Data on the occurrence P. orienta were collected from 4,688 monitoring sites in 27 Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2016. Analyses of the spatial distribution and model fit were 28 carried out using ArcGIS and Matlab software. 29 Results We found that the occurrence of P. orienta complied with a normal distribution law 30 (α=1% confidence level) in terms of longitude and latitude and belonging to generalized 31 extreme-value distribution (α=1% confidence level) in terms of elevation. According to the 32 double factor variance analysis taking year-month as the time variance and longitude, latitude 33 and elevation as the space variance, the hazard centroid shifted significantly by 6 minutes of 34 longitude in March (105°46′37″E) and July (105°40′30″E) of the same year. The hazard centroid 35 has not changed much over time in terms of latitude and elevation. 36 Discussion The regions of greatest damage by P. orienta were in eastern and southeastern parts 37 of Sichuan Province (105.7°E–31.1°N, elevation 400 m), an area that features plains and low 38 mountains with lush vegetation and abundant Cupressus funebris. In March, there is little rainfall, 39 which is beneficial for growth and breeding of larvae, and causes a rapid increase of population 40 that then results in widespread damage to Cupressaceae plants. 41 42 Keywords 43 Parocneria orienta, distribution model, geographic distribution, cypress PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27051v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Jul 2018, publ: 26 Jul 2018 44 1. INTRODUCTION 45 Parocneria orienta Chao (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae: Parocneria) is widely distributed in 46 the hills and mountain areas around the Sichuan Basin. A few occurrences of Parocneria orienta 47 are found also in Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan and Fujian provinces (He 1998; Yang et al. 2015). 48 The main food species for P. orienta is Cupressus funebris, but where food supplies are short, 49 the larvae will also use Platycladus orientalis, Junperus chinensis, C. lusitanica and other 50 Cupressaceae plants (Wen et al. 2009). Two generations of Parocneria orienta can occur in 51 Sichuan Province in a single year. During the first 10 days in March, overwintering eggs start to 52 hatch and feed on varieties of Cupressaceae. During the first 10 days in July, the first generation 53 hatches and begins to feed (Zhang et al. 2012). Compared with the overwintering generation, the 54 first generation produces fewer larvae. Therefore, the damage caused is not as severe as that of 55 the overwintering generation. Recently, the losses caused by Parocneria orienta to Cupressus 56 funebris in Sichuan Province have become more severe. The damaged area covers 660,000 hm2 57 each year, causing significant economic losses and affecting the development of an ecological 58 barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China (Feng et al. 2009). Parocneria orienta 59 has become the primary defoliator of Cupressaceae plants in China (Fig. 1). 60 The spatial distribution pattern is an important feature of insect populations, and is the result 61 of the interactions and coevolution of the biological characteristics of the insect population and 62 habitat conditions. Understanding the spatial distribution and dynamics of insect pests forms the 63 basis for their management. However, research on these topics still contains some gaps. These 64 are mainly reflected in two aspects. First, much research only focuses on time series instead of 65 focusing on the impact of spatial factors on population dynamics (Cheng & Yang 1992; Gong et 66 al. 1997; Huang et al. 1995). Second, as far as spatial dynamics of regional insect pests is PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27051v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Jul 2018, publ: 26 Jul 2018 67 concerned, research has focused on Lymantria dispar (Hohn et al. 1993; Liebhold et al. 1998), 68 Nilaparvata lugens (Wang et al. 1998), Helicoverpa armigera (Ge et al. 2000; Lu & Liang 2002), 69 Chilo suppressalis (Wang et al. 2000), and Helicoverpa armigera (Wang et al. 2004). Due to 70 limited data on insect pests and a deficiency of effective analysis tools, research on these aspects 71 in China still only involves small scales and analysis of spatial structure. Large scale research on 72 the spatial distribution and dynamics of insect pests are seldom reported. 73 Currently, research on Parocneria orienta mainly focuses on biological characteristics and 74 control methods. No research has been carried out into its large-scale spatial distribution. Here, 75 we used ArcGIS and Matlab software to investigate the relationship between the probability of 76 occurrence of Parocneria orienta in each monitoring site in Sichuan Province and longitude, 77 latitude and elevation, to fit a spatial distribution model, analyze the trends in the annual 78 occurrence of Parocneria orienta in Sichuan Province and provide an important reference and 79 theoretical basis for formulating reasonable prevention and control measures. 80 2. METHODS AND DATA 81 2.1 Data 82 The data for Parocneria orienta mainly comprised the survey area and occurrence rate 83 calculated for each monitoring site in Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2016. The data were taken 84 from the Forestry Pest Platform of Forest Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention and Control 85 Center of Sichuan Province. There were 4,688 monitoring sites in Sichuan Province, including 86 2,285 monitoring sites for Parocneria orienta (Fig. 2). 87 2.2 Distribution test 88 Previous studies have shown that the relationship between a species population and the area 89 of suitable habitat follows certain distribution laws. Based on our data, the numbers of P. orienta PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27051v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Jul 2018, publ: 26 Jul 2018 90 by longitude and latitude followed a normal distribution law. Thus, the probability density 91 function of normal distribution was used to investigate the distribution of P.
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