DOCSLIB.ORG

Gaining and Losing Stream Reaches Have Opposite Hydraulic Open Access Solid Earth Conductivity Distribution Patterns Solid Earth Discussions X

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gaining and Losing Stream Reaches Have Opposite Hydraulic Open Access Solid Earth Conductivity Distribution Patterns Solid Earth Discussions X EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2569–2579, 2013 Hydrology and Hydrology and www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/17/2569/2013/ doi:10.5194/hess-17-2569-2013 Earth System Earth System © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Ocean Science Ocean Science Discussions Open Access Gaining and losing stream reaches have opposite hydraulic Open Access Solid Earth conductivity distribution patterns Solid Earth Discussions X. Chen1, W. Dong1,2, G. Ou1, Z. Wang1, and C. Liu1 1 School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0996, USA Open Access Open Access 2Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of China Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions Correspondence to: X. Chen ([email protected]) Received: 16 November 2012 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 4 February 2013 Revised: 24 May 2013 – Accepted: 31 May 2013 – Published: 9 July 2013 Abstract. In gaining streams, groundwater seeps out into the reaches were significantly different from the K values from streams. In losing streams, stream water moves into ground- the sites of gaining reaches. water systems. The flow moving through the streambed sedi- ments under these two types of hydrologic conditions is gen- erally in opposite directions (upward vs. downward). The two opposite flow mechanisms affect the pore size and fine parti- 1 Introduction cle content of streambeds. Thus it is very likely that the oppo- site flow conditions affect the streambed hydraulic conduc- Stream networks drain land surface runoff and can receive tivity. However, comparisons of the hydraulic conductivity groundwater baseflow. In stream–aquifer interactions, wa- (K) of streambeds for losing and gaining streams are not well ter or solute passes through streambeds that control the hy- documented. In this study, we examined the K distribution drologic connectivity between stream water and groundwa- patterns of sediments below the channel surface or stream ter. Streambed hydraulic conductivity is a key parameter in banks for the Platte River and its tributaries in Nebraska, the analysis of stream–aquifer interactions. In areas where USA. Two contrasting vertical distribution patterns were ob- streamflow depletion induced by groundwater use is a wa- served from the test sites. In gaining reaches, hydraulic con- ter management issue, knowledge of streambed hydraulic ductivity of the streambed decreased with the depth of the conductivity is needed in the development of integrated wa- sediment cores. In losing reaches, hydraulic conductivity in- ter use plans of stream water and groundwater. When rivers creased with the depth of the sediment cores. These con- are polluted, migration of pollutants from rivers to the ad- trasting patterns in the two types of streams were mostly at- jacent aquifer systems poses a big threat to the quality of tributed to flow directions during stream water and ground- the groundwater supply systems and thus to human health. water exchanges. In losing reaches, downward movement of Streambed hydraulic properties control the seepage velocity water brought fine particle into the otherwise coarse sediment and thus the movement of contaminants between rivers and matrix, partially silting the pores. For gaining reaches, up- groundwater. ward flow winnowed fine particles, increasing the pore spac- Bank filtration processes are associated with downward ing in the top parts of streambeds, leading to higher hydraulic flow in streambeds and can concentrate fine particulate mat- conductivity in shallower parts of streambeds. These flux di- ter that clogs streambeds (Schubert, 2002). Upwelling flow rections can impact K values to depths of greater than 5 m. At in streambeds on the other hand enlarges sediment pore size each study site, in situ permeameter tests were conducted to and enhances streambed hydraulic conductivity (Song et al., measure the K values of the shallow streambed layer. Statis- 2007). Laboratory experiments indicated that seepage direc- tical analyses indicated that K values from the sites of losing tion at the water–sediment interface of a hyporheic setting af- fects the magnitude of sediment hydraulic conductivity (K) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2570 X. Chen et al.: Gaining and losing stream reaches have opposite hydraulic distribution patterns (Rosenberry and Pitlick, 2009a). When streambed mobility of sediment particles, micro-organisms and colloids, and is low, upward flow enhances the hydraulic conductivity and the precipitation of iron and manganese oxy-hydroxides and downward flow reduces hydraulic conductivity. The ratio of calcium carbonates within the streambed reduce streambed K determined during upward flow to K determined during hydraulic conductivity (Hiscock and Grischek, 2002). The downward flow is greater than 1 and can be as high as 2.4 physical, biological and chemical processes are the driving (Rosenberry and Pitlick, 2009a). Downward seepage pulls mechanisms that clog stream sediments and reduce the sed- fine-grained particles onto or into the bed until they clog iment pores under losing conditions (Hancock, 2002). The pore spaces and reduce K in the sediment volume at or just physical process mainly involves settling of fine particulate below the sediment–water interface (Rosenberry and Pitlick, matter on the water–sediment interface; some fine particles 2009a). Upward seepage velocity at the points of preferential can be transported into the pores of the upper streambed discharge often is sufficient to suspend particles, even with layer depending on the hydrologic condition and sediment no surface water current. The upward force thus expands the structures (Bouwer, 2002; Cui et al., 2008; Stuyfzand et al., pore space, leading to higher hydraulic conductivity. 2006; Wett et al., 2002). For example, the accumulation of Some lab flume studies (Packman et al., 2000a,b) demon- fine solids at a Rhine River riverbank filtration site is lim- strated that the forming of clogging layers is a common sed- ited to the water–sediment interface, and chemical precipita- imentation process in streams. Clogging is a very effective tion occurs about 10 cm below the interface (Schubert, 2002). process that reduces streambed hydraulic conductivity. The Gunkel and Hoffmann (2006) confirmed that in a bank fil- simulations using flumes often neglect the groundwater com- tration system of Lake Tegel (Germany) algae (mainly di- ponent and do not relate seepage direction to K changes. atoms) adapts to the sediment pore system and has a very A recent study by Karwan and Saiers (2012) suggested that high concentration in the upper 5 cm of sediment which sig- clay-sized particles and colloids can travel within the pore nificantly influences the composition of the upper sediment space of sediments by stream water filtration in the hyporheic layer. The concentration of algae rapidly decreases below zone. Steady dynamic pressure variations over bedforms in- 10 cm. It seems that the effect of the physical, biological and duce streamflow to enter the streambed and then exit (Elliot chemical clogging is most significant only at a small depth. and Brooks, 1997). While they did not discuss the possible However, the clogging can reduce the streambed hydraulic effect of this filtration on K, it is apparent that when reten- conductivity by 10–100 times and thus reduces the hydrolog- tion of clay takes place in the streambed, the fine materials ical connections between streams and the adjacent aquifers. will likely reduce the hydraulic conductivity. This numer- The filtration efficiency of the streambed depends on several ical simulation of particle transport in sediments (Karwan physical, biological and chemical factors, including the size and Saiers, 2012) focuses on the filtration of clay particles of suspended particles and streambed sediment composition, in small-scale sediments (< 0.5 m in depth) below the water– pore water velocity, pore water pH and ionic strength, and sediment interface. Laboratory studies are conditioned to a the surface chemical composition of the suspended particles small sand column or sand box. Thus, these small-scale stud- (Ren and Packman, 2002; Karwan and Saiers, 2012). Differ- ies under controlled hydrodynamic conditions do not fully ences in grain size (and therefore pore size) of the framework reflect how the streambed hydraulic conductivity has been exercises a strong controlling influence on the infiltration of changed by upward
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Karst Features — Where and What Are They?
    Karst Features — Where and What are They? This story was made with Esri's Story Map Journal. Read the interactive version on the web at https://arcg.is/jCmza. Iowa Geological and Water Survey Bureau completed a detailed mapping project of bedrock geologic units, key subsurface horizons, and surficial karst features in the Iowa portion of the Upper Iowa River Watershed in 2011. In the report, they note that “One of the primary goals of the study was to gain more thorough understanding of relationships between bedrock geology and karst features within the watershed.” Black River Falls photo courtesy of Larry Reis. Sinkholes Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, USGS, NGA, EPA, NPS According to the GIS data from the Iowa DNR, the UIR Watershed has 6,649 known sinkholes in the Iowa portion of the watershed. Although this number is very precise, sinkhole development is actually an active process in the UIR Watershed so the actual number of sinkholes changes over time as some are filled in through natural or human processes and others are formed. One of the most numerous karst features found in the UIR Watershed, sinkholes are formed when specific types of underlying bedrock are gradually dissolved, creating voids in the subsurface. When soils and other materials above these voids can no longer bridge the gap created in the bedrock, a collapse occurs. Photo Courtesy of USGS Sinkholes vary in size and shape and can and do occur in any type of land use in the UIR Watershed, from row crop to forest, and even in roads. According to the Iowa Geologic Survey, sinkholes are often connected to underground bedrock fractures and conduits, from minor fissures to enlarged caverns, which allow for rapid movement of water from sinkholes vertically and laterally through the subsurface.
    [Show full text]
  • “I Care for Počitelj”
    “I care for Počitelj” - “I care for Stolac” 07 – 15 July 2016 This unique medieval settlement, on the list to be declared a cultural heritage by UNESCO, is situated in the valley of the Neretva River, twenty five kilometers from Mostar, on the way to the Adriatic Sea. In the 1960s, Počitelj began to grow as an art center, promoted also by the famous writer - Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andrić. Počitelj, with its jumble of medieval stone buildings, ancient tower overlooking the river and proximity to the seaside, giving artists and will give you the peaceful and scenic place to work and stay. In the year 2000, the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina initiated the Programme of the permanent protection of Počitelj. This includes protection of cultural heritage from deterioration, reconstruction of damaged and destroyed buildings, encouraging the return of the refugees and displaced persons to their homes as well as long-term preservation and revitalization of Počitelj historic urban area. The Programm is on-going. But a lot of maintenance services in public spaces and along the stone paths of the old town require voluntary action of few inhabitants. photo: Alberto Sartori Structure and Activities of the Camp Planned activities are: 1. “Active citizenship” actions: working activities in Počitelj and Stolac 2. Other events: public conference – sightseeing of surroundings 1. Active citizenship actions - working activities - Cleaning the environment around the old tower (citadel) and public areas in the old town of Počitelj, pruning
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Water Introduction and Demonstration
    Ground Water Introduction and Demonstration Page Content By Kimberly Mullen, CPG http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/teachers/Pages/Ground-Water-Introduction-and- Demonstration.aspx Objective Students will be able to define terms pertaining to groundwater such as permeability, porosity, unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, drawdown, cone of depression, recharge rate, Darcy’s law, and artesian well. Students will be able to illustrate environmental problems facing groundwater, (such as chemical contamination, point source and nonpoint source contamination, sediment control, and overuse). Introduction Looking at satellite photographs of the planet Earth can illustrate the fact that the majority of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Earth is known as the “Blue Planet.” Seventy-one percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. There also is water beneath the surface of the Earth. Yet, with all of the water present on Earth, water is still a finite source, cycling from one form to another. This cycle, known as the hydrologic cycle, is an important concept to help understand the water found on Earth. In addition to understanding the hydrologic cycle, you must understand the different places that water can be found—primarily above the ground (as surface water) and below the ground (as groundwater). Today, we will be starting to understand water below the ground. General definitions and discussion points “What is groundwater?” Groundwater is defined as water that is found beneath the water table under Earth’s surface. “Why is groundwater important?” Groundwater, makes up about 98 percent of all the usable fresh water on the planet, and it is about 60 times as plentiful as fresh water found in lakes and streams.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology of Harrison County, Indiana
    HYDROGEOLOGY OF HARRISON COUNTY, INDIANA BULLETIN 40 STATE OF INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER 2006 HYDROGEOLOGY OF HARRISON COUNTY, INDIANA By Gerald A. Unterreiner STATE OF INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER Bulletin 40 Printed by Authority of the State of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana: 2006 CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose and Background ........................................................................................................... 1 Climate....................................................................................................................................... 1 Physiography.............................................................................................................................. 4 Bedrock Geology ....................................................................................................................... 5 Bedrock Topography ................................................................................................................. 8 Surficial Geology....................................................................................................................... 8 Karst Hydrology and Springs..................................................................................................... 11 Hydrogeology and Ground Water Availability.........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Applicability of the Heat Pulse Method Toward the Determination of Infiltration Rates in Karst Losing-Stream Reaches
    T. Dogwiler, C.M. Wicks, and E. Jenzen – An assessment of the applicability of the heat pulse method toward the determination of infiltration rates in karst losing-stream reaches. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 69, no. 2, p. 237–242. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE HEAT PULSE METHOD TOWARD THE DETERMINATION OF INFILTRATION RATES IN KARST LOSING-STREAM REACHES TOBY DOGWILER1,CAROL M. WICKS2, AND ETHAN JENZEN3 Abstract: Quantifying the rate at which water infiltrates through sediment-choked losing stream reaches into underlying karstic systems is problematic, yet critically important. Using the one-dimensional heat pulse method, we determined the rate at which water infiltrated vertically downward through an estimated 600 m by 2 m sediment-choked losing-stream reach in the Devil’s Icebox Karst System of Central Missouri. The 25 26 21 infiltration rate ranged from 4.9 3 10 to 1.9 3 10 ms , and the calculated discharge 22 23 3 21 through the reach ranged from 5.8 3 10 to 2.3 3 10 m s . The heat pulse-derived discharges for the losing reach bracketed the median discharge measured at the outlet to the karst system. Our accuracy was in part affected by significant precipitation in the karst basin during the study period that contributed flow to the outlet from recharge areas other than the investigated losing reach. Additionally, the results could be improved by future studies that deal with identifying areas of infiltration in losing reaches and how that area varies in relation to changing flow conditions. However, the heat pulse method appears useful in providing reasonable estimates of the rate of infiltration and discharge of water through sediment-choked losing reaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling of Solute Transport and Retention in Upper Amite River Hoonshin Jung Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2008 Modeling of solute transport and retention in Upper Amite River Hoonshin Jung Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Jung, Hoonshin, "Modeling of solute transport and retention in Upper Amite River" (2008). LSU Master's Theses. 2006. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2006 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT AND RETENTION IN UPPER AMITE RIVER A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering in The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Hoonshin Jung B.S., Inha University, 1996 M.S., Inha University, 1998 December, 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Zhi-Qiang Deng, who is my graduate advisor and the chair on my committee. Dr. Deng has continuously supported and encouraged me throughout my graduate program. Most significantly, Dr. Deng has provided tremendous help upon development and completion of this master thesis. Again, his extensive help, support, and advice are highly recognized and appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology
    Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology By Charles J. Taylor and Earl A. Greene Chapter 3 of Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water Edited by Donald O. Rosenberry and James W. LaBaugh Techniques and Methods 4–D2 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................................75 Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Karst ..........................................................................................77 Conduits and Springs .........................................................................................................................77 Karst Recharge....................................................................................................................................80 Karst Drainage Basins .......................................................................................................................81 Hydrogeologic Characterization ...............................................................................................................82 Area of the Karst Drainage Basin ....................................................................................................82 Allogenic Recharge and Conduit Carrying Capacity ....................................................................83 Matrix and Fracture System Hydraulic Conductivity ....................................................................83
    [Show full text]
  • Backpacking: Bird Knob
    1 © 1999 Troy R. Hayes. All rights reserved. Preface As a new Scoutmaster, I wanted to take my troop on different kinds of adventure. But each trip took a tremendous amount of preparation to discover what the possibilities were, to investigate them, to pick one, and finally make the detailed arrangements. In some cases I even made a reconnaissance trip in advance in order to make sure the trip worked. The Pathfinder is an attempt to make this process easier. A vigorous outdoor program is a key element in Boy Scouting. The trips described in these pages range from those achievable by eleven year olds to those intended for fourteen and up (high adventure). And remember what the Irish say: The weather determines not whether you go, but what clothing you should wear. My Scouts have camped in ice, snow, rain, and heat. The most memorable trips were the ones with "bad" weather. That's when character building best occurs. Troy Hayes Warrenton, VA [Preface revised 3-10-2011] 2 Contents Backpacking Bird Knob................................................................... 5 Bull Run - Occoquan Trail.......................................... 7 Corbin/Nicholson Hollow............................................ 9 Dolly Sods (2 day trip)............................................... 11 Dolly Sods (3 day trip)............................................... 13 Otter Creek Wilderness............................................. 15 Saint Mary's Trail ................................................ ..... 17 Sherando Lake .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Stream Flow Loss to Groundwater on Alluvial Valley Streams in Sonoma County
    Quantifying stream flow loss to groundwater on alluvial valley streams in Sonoma County Kelly Janes & Jose Carrasco LA 222 Term Project Abstract Surface flow is a crucial factor for the ecology of a stream. River-groundwater interactions, in turn, are crucial for these flows, as they determine whether streams are gaining or loosing surface flow. Gill Creek, in California’s wine county, is a prime case study of these river- aquifer interactions, and their ecological and social implications. We took flow measurements at various places along the longitudinal profile of Gill Creek, with the purpose of finding if discharge decreases as the creek passes through an alluvial fan formation in Alexander Valley, Sonoma County, and if so at what rates. Results suggest Gill Creek is a “losing stream,” and conclusions are that further studies of the stream and its relation to the aquifer are needed to more adequately address the prevention of stranding of anadromous fish species. Introduction In the Russian River, river-ground water interactions influence the timing and magnitude of surface stream flows and therefore are key processes that determine the habitat suitability for endangered and threatened salmonids found there (URRSA, 2009). For example, juvenile steelhead rear in Russian River tributary streams before outmigrating to the ocean as smolts (URRSA, 2009). In the Russian River watershed anadromous fish species, including juvenile steelhead, use spawning and rearing habitats usually found in its tributaries upstream of and within alluvial fans, and adequate flow is important to creating quality rearing habitat for juvenile steelhead. (URRSA, 2009). Numerous tributary streams drain to the Russian River from steep canyons across the alluvial fans that occur at the creeks’ canyon outlets (URRSA, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT 8/8/2013 Updates at Chapter 59 -- Three Tales of Two St
    Chapter 59 -- Three Tales of Two St. Pauls Chute's Cave Let us briefly move to St. Paul's Minnesota's neighbor, Minneapolis. When S.H. Chute excavated a 2.5-meter tunnel to provide water to his Phoenix Four Mill in 1864, the project encountered a cave and was abandoned. A bulkhead built during 1875 excavation for a tailrace, however, made the suitable for sub-urban excursions. From the Saint Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer and Tribune, August 26 of the following year, Chute's Cave -- A Boat Ride of 2,000 Feet Under Main Street. The mouth of the "Chute's Cave" is just below the springs, and the bottom of this cave is covered with about eighteen inches of water. For the moderate sum of ten cents you can take a seat in a boat with a flaming torch at the bow, and with a trusty pilot sail up under Main street a distance of about 2,000 feet, between pure white sandstone, and under a limestone arch which forms the roof. It is an inexpensive and decidedly interesting trip to take. Stereopticon view showing a flat- bottomed boat and pole. Saint Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer and Tribune, December 1, 1889, But a few years ago not a day passed that did not bring in visitors. A stream of water ran the whole length of the cave, and for the small consideration of a dime, a grim, Charon-like individual would undertake to convey, in a rude sort of a boat, all visitors, who were inclined, for the distance of a quarter or a mile or thereabouts into the gloomy passage.
    [Show full text]
  • 9.13 Geomorphic Controls on Hyporheic Exchange Across Scales - Watersheds to Particles 2 3 Steven M
    Wondzell and Gooseff: Treatise in Fluvial Geomorpholgy – Geomorphic Controls on Hyporheic Exchange 1 9.13 Geomorphic Controls on Hyporheic Exchange Across Scales - Watersheds to Particles 2 3 Steven M. Wondzell 4 U.S. Forest Service, 5 Pacific Northwest Research Station, 6 Olympia Forest Sciences Laboratory, 7 Olympia, WA 98512 USA. 8 Phone: 360-753-7691 9 E-mail: [email protected] 10 11 Michael N. Gooseff 12 Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, 13 Pennsylvania State University, 14 University Park, PA 16802 USA 15 Phone: 814- 867-0044 16 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Wondzell and Gooseff: Treatise in Fluvial Geomorpholgy – Geomorphic Controls on Hyporheic Exchange 17 Abstract 18 19 We examined the relationship between fluvial geomorphology and hyporheic exchange flows. 20 We use geomorphology as a framework to understand hyporheic process and how these 21 processes change with location within a stream network, and over time in response to changes in 22 stream discharge and catchment wetness. We focus primarily on hydostatic and hydrodynamic 23 processes – the processes where linkages to fluvial geomorphology are most direct. Hydrostatic 24 processes result from morphologic features that create elevational head gradients whereas 25 hydrodynamic processes result from the interaction between stream flow and channel 26 morphologic features. We provide examples of the specific morphologic features that drive or 27 enable hyporheic exchange and we examine how these processes interact in real stream networks 28 to create complex subsurface flow nets through the hyporheic zone. 29 30 31 Key words 32 33 Hyporheic, step-pool sequence, pool-riffle sequence, meander bends, back channels, floodplain 34 spring brooks, mid-channel islands, stream bedforms, pumping exchange, saturated hydraulic 35 conductivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimated 100-Year Peak Flows and Flow Volumes in the Big Lost River and Birch Creek at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho
    Estimated 100-Year Peak Flows and Flow Volumes in the Big Lost River and Birch Creek at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho By L.C. Kjelstrom and Charles Berenbrock U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4163 Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy Boise, Idaho 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL $URVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 230 Collins Road Box 25286 Boise, ID 83702-4520 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................^ 1 Purpose and scope......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Description of study area.............................................................................................................................................. 3 Previous investigations ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]