The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Darnick
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Darnick The Inventory of Historic Battlefields is a list of nationally important battlefields in Scotland. A battlefield is of national importance if it makes a contribution to the understanding of the archaeology and history of the nation as a whole, or has the potential to do so, or holds a particularly significant place in the national consciousness. For a battlefield to be included in the Inventory, it must be considered to be of national importance either for its association with key historical events or figures; or for the physical remains and/or archaeological potential it contains; or for its landscape context. In addition, it must be possible to define the site on a modern map with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The aim of the Inventory is to raise awareness of the significance of these nationally important battlefield sites and to assist in their protection and management for the future. Inventory battlefields are a material consideration in the planning process. The Inventory is also a major resource for enhancing the understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of historic battlefields, for promoting education and stimulating further research, and for developing their potential as attractions for visitors. Designation Record and Full Report Contents Name - Context Alternative Name(s) Battlefield Landscape Date of Battle - Location Local Authority - Terrain NGR Centred - Condition Date of Addition to Inventory Archaeological and Physical Date of Last Update Remains and Potential Overview and Statement of Cultural Association Significance - Commemoration and Inventory Boundary Interpretation Historical Background to the Battle Select Bibliography - The Armies - Information on Sources and - Numbers Publications - Losses - Full Bibliography - Action - Primary Sources - Aftermath and - Cartographic and Consequences Illustrative Sources Events and Participants - Secondary Sources Inventory of Historic Battlefields DARNICK Alternative Names: Melrose; Skirmish Hill; Skirmish Field 29 July 1526 Local Authority: Scottish Borders NGR centred: NT 533 346 Date of Addition to Inventory: 14 Dec 2012 Date of last update: N/A Overview and Statement of Significance The Battle of Melrose was fought between Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, supported by the Kerrs and Maxwells, and Walter Scott of Buccleuch supported by the Elliots. The Earl of Angus had secured guardianship of the young King James V in what was supposed to be a three monthly arrangement where James would be cared for by each of the four members of the Council of Regency; however, having taken James into his care, Angus refused to hand him on to the Earl of Arran whose turn was next. After over a year with Angus and having grown weary of what amounted to his informal imprisonment, James sent a message to Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch, pleading for him to launch an attempt to secure his liberty. After a visit to Jedburgh to participate in a Justice ayre, the king had begun his journey towards Edinburgh, escorted by Angus and his men, when they were intercepted by a large body of reivers led by Scott of Buccleuch at Melrose. Angus’ troop, predominantly Kerrs, stood its ground and was able to drive off its attackers, inflicting relatively heavy losses. The Battle of Darnick is significant against the backdrop of political turmoil in Scotland following the death of James IV. It comes at the point where James V is attempting to free himself from the control of Angus by any means necessary, Darnick being the first of two battles fought in 1526 for this aim. The King himself likely witnessed the battle from nearby Darnick Tower. Although only a small battle in terms of combatant numbers, it also showed Angus that his enemies were growing, and that other members of the nobility were now an active threat to him. Finally, the battle is also significant as an example of border warfare and politics in the period. Both armies consisted mainly of border reivers and the conflict undoubtedly also had some basis in the complex system of feuds and alliances that characterised relationships between border families at this time. As such, Darnick presents an opportunity to uncover physical evidence of border warfare at the time and to place it in the wider context of 16th century warfare. Inventory Boundary The Inventory boundary defines the area in which the main events of the battle are considered to have taken place (landscape context) and where associated physical remains and archaeological evidence occur or may be expected (specific qualities). The landscape context is described under 1 Inventory of Historic Battlefields battlefield landscape: it encompasses areas of fighting, key movements of troops across the landscape and other important locations, such as the positions of camps or vantage points. Although the landscape has changed since the time of the battle, key characteristics of the terrain at the time of the battle can normally still be identified, enabling events to be more fully understood and interpreted in their landscape context. Specific qualities are described under physical remains and potential: these include landscape features that played a significant role in the battle, other physical remains, such as enclosures or built structures, and areas of known or potential archaeological evidence. The Inventory boundary for the Battle of Darnick is defined on the accompanying map and includes the following areas: • The field known as Skirmish Field that lies between the Tweed and Darnick Tower. • Darnick Tower, where James V was positioned for safety, and from where he likely watched the battle. • Skirmish Hill, where the Hydropathic Hotel was built and which is now the Waverley Castle Hotel. • Land to the east of Darnick, through which Buccleuch’s men advanced from the Eildon Hills to meet Angus. • Land to the south-west of Darnick, the route which Buccleuch’s men fled, pursued by Angus’ forces. 2 Inventory of Historic Battlefields Historical Background to the Battle Scott of Buccleuch intercepted Angus and James V at Darnick, just west of Melrose, leading perhaps as many as 1000 men down from Hellidon Hill (now known as the Eildon Hills). Angus charged Buccleuch’s men but they held their ground. The result seemed in doubt until Lord Hume arrived with 80 more Kerrs. The reinforcements swung the battle in Angus’ favour and the Scotts and Elliotts began to fall back and run. There was a brief pursuit, and in the course of this Andrew Kerr of Cessford was killed by one of the Elliotts in Buccleuch’s force. The Armies The two armies both consisted largely of border reivers, with Kerrs, Douglases and some Maxwells ranged against Scotts and Elliotts. These were all Border families and there was an element of family politics involved in the battle. There are very few details about the armies but as both sides were effectively drawn from the same populations, they will have been armed and armoured in very similar ways. All the troops were mounted and would have been armed with lances, bows (occasionally crossbows), swords and dirks. They will have carried small shields and worn brigandines or jacks, together with a steel helmet such as a burgonet or a morion. Numbers Earl of Angus: There is no indication in the sources of the number of Angus’ army. However, Drummond (1655: 189) mentions that the Earl was accompanied by his brother, George Douglas, along with the Earl of Lennox and Lord Areskin (Erskine). Drummond also notes the presence of Lord Hume and the Kerrs, including Kerr of Cessford. Walter Scott of Buccleuch: There are no firm records confirming the number of Buccleuch’s force; however, the Elliots made up a large part of his number and Drummond suggests that the force amounted to around a thousand men (1655: 189). According to Pitscottie (1899: 210), the force included 600 men of Liddisdale and Annandale. Losses Earl of Angus: There are no records of how many men the Earl of Angus lost in addition to Kerr of Cessford, though Drummond suggests that Angus lost ‘not a few besides the Laird of Cessfoord’ (1655: 189) Scott of Buccleuch: Drummond (1655, 189) states that 80 Borderers were slain in the battle, while Pitscottie (1899, 211) put the number at 94. In addition, Buccleuch and many of his friends were wounded. Action 3 Inventory of Historic Battlefields It is unclear whether Angus had been escorting James to his late father’s favourite pilgrimage location at Whithorn or to deal with disturbances in the Borders from the unruly Armstrong Clan. We do know the King was recorded as being in Peebles on 18 July 1526 then in Jedburgh on 28 July to hold a Justice ayre. Having grown tired of his effective imprisonment by the Douglases, the young monarch: wrote a quiet and secret writing with his own hand, and sent it to the laird of Buccleugh, beseeking him, that he would come with his kin and friends, and all the force that he might be, and meet him at Melrose at his home passing : and there to take him out of the Douglasses hands and to put him to liberty, to use himself among the lave of his lords, as he thinks expedient (Pitscottie, 1899: 209-10). When the royal party left Jedburgh to return to Edinburgh, they were indeed intercepted at Melrose. Drummond reports that when Buccleuch and his men came down from Hellidon Hill, the Earl of Angus demanded to know what their intentions were and told them that they should fall back or be charged with high treason. Buccleuch claimed that he had merely come to offer hospitality to the king and to show him how many soldiers he could raise in times of need. He refused to back off, and Angus left the king with the Earl of Lennox and Lords Erskine and Maxwell so he could lead the fight.