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Report # 81–TMDL-2007-2) DRAFT NASHUA RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS Total Maximum Daily Load for the Nutrient Phosphorus MassDEP DWM TMDL (Report # 81–TMDL-2007-2) COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS IAN BOWLES, SECRETARY MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ARLEEN O’DONNELL, ACTING COMMISSIONER BUREAU OF RESOURCE PROTECTION GLENN HAAS, DIRECTOR June, 2007 NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY Limited copies of this report are available at no cost by written request to: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Division of Watershed Management 627 Main Street, 2nd Floor Worcester, MA 01608 Please request Report Number: # 81–TMDL-2007-2 This report is also available from MassDEP’s home page on the World Wide Web at: http://www.mass.gov/dep/water/resources/tmdls.htm#draft A complete list of reports published since 1963 is updated annually and printed in July. The report, titled, “Publications of the Massachusetts Division of Watershed Management – Watershed Planning Program, 1963-(current year)”, is also available by writing to the DWM in Worcester and on the DEP Web site identified above. DISCLAIMER References to trade names, commercial products, manufacturers, or distributors in this report constitute neither endorsements nor recommendations by the Division of Watershed Management for use. Front Cover Pepperell Impoundment Showing Surface Coverage of Floating Algal Mats and Macrophytes 2 Nashua River, Massachusetts Total Maximum Daily Load For the Nutrient Phosphorus 3 Project Name: Nashua River Seasonal Total Maximum Daily Load for the Nutrient Phosphorus Location: EPA Region 1, Massachusetts The following 3 segments are on the 303(d) list for nutrients. MA81-05 Confluence with North Nashua River, Lancaster to confluence with Squannacook River, Shirley/Groton/Ayer, 14.2 miles for nutrients. MA81-06 Confluence with Squannacook River, Shirley/Groton/Ayer to Pepperell Dam, Pepperell, 9.5 miles for nutrients and organic enrichment/low DO and noxious aquatic plants. MA81-07 Pepperell Dam, Pepperell to New Hampshire state line, Pepperell/Dunstable, 3.7 miles for nutrients. The following 4 segments are listed on the 303(d) list for other causes but are included here as part of a protective TMDL: MA81-01 Outlet Snows Millpond, Fitchburg to Fitchburg Paper Company Dam #1, Fitchburg 1.7 miles MA81-02 Fitchburg Paper Company Dam #1 to Fitchburg East WWTF, Fitchburg, 6.9 miles MA81-03 Fitchburg East WWTF, Fitchburg to Leominster WWTF, Leominster 1.6 miles MA81-04 Leominster WWTF, Leominster to confluence with Nashua River, Lancaster 10.4 mi. Scope/Size: 520 mi2 watershed; 48 river-mile river length in MA Land Type: Southern New England Coastal Plains and Hills Type of Activity: Urban headwaters, residential, forested, and agricultural subwatersheds Pollutants: Excess nutrients (phosphorus) Designated Uses: Class B waters Water Quality Standards: Dissolved oxygen, nutrients, aesthetics Data Sources: USEPA/MassDEP 1998 and 2000-2004 Nashua River sampling programs NRWA volunteer monitoring data, NPDES DMR data Numeric and Tetra Tech Reports on BASINS and HSPF12 Modeling, 2000-2004 MassDEP Nashua River Assessment Report, 2000 Data Mechanisms: HSPF12, GIS, BASINS, QUAL2E Analytical Approach: Load-response relationship Monitoring Plan: MassDEP DWM Watershed 5-Year Cycle, MassDEP/CERO Strategic Monitoring Plan; NRWA Monitoring Program Control Measures: Phosphorus limits implemented via adaptive management and NPDES permits; WWTP operational improvements; Watershed BMPs for nonpoint source; Stormwater Management Phase II Permits, education and grants; CSO permit reissuance and Long-Term control plans Development of Lakes’ TMDLs for phosphorus. Macrophyte Management Designated Use Management in Pepperell Impoundment 4 Executive Summary The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) is responsible for monitoring the waters of the Commonwealth and for listing those waters that are impaired. The list of impaired waters historically known as the 303d list, and more recently as Category 5 of the Integrated List, identifies the impaired waters and the reasons for the impairments. MassDEP is required by the Federal Clean Water Act to develop a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) or pollutant budget for all waters listed in Category 5. MassDEP also has outlined a remediation plan to achieve water quality standards. The TMDL identifies the sources of pollutants from point sources or direct discharges, and from non-point sources or indirect discharges, and then determines the maximum amount of the pollutant, with a margin of safety, that can be discharged to the waterbody in order to meet the Massachusetts Surface Water Quality Standards. This TMDL was developed to address nutrient-related impairments in the Nashua River. Several segments in the Nashua are on the MassDEP Category 5 list of impaired waters for nutrient enrichment, organic enrichment, and low dissolved oxygen. Eutrophic conditions have been observed inducing the formation of excessive algal mats and macrophytic plant growth in Pepperell Pond Impoundment, as illustrated in the following picture (Figure ES-1), with supersaturated dissolved oxygen conditions. Historical water quality surveys have detected low dissolved oxygen 1 mile upstream of the impoundment. Figure ES-1: Pepperell Pond on the Nashua River A number of the segments in the upper portion of the watershed, although not identified as being impaired will also be addressed by providing “protective” limits for over 45.5 miles of the mainstem. 5 This Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) focuses on the nutrient phosphorus to address organic enrichment/dissolved oxygen, and noxious aquatic plants in the river system. Effects include supersaturated dissolved oxygen and high chlorophyll_a for 7 segments totaling 50.9 miles on the mainstem of the river. Future TMDLs will be developed for other listed causes of impairment in other river segments and for lakes in the watershed. The information base for this report and TMDL includes: • the recent and historical reports ---(over 30 years worth of data and assessments), • a sampling program undertaken in 1998 by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Nashua River Watershed Association, and the WWTFs, to characterize present conditions as compared with 1977 conditions; • a MassDEP and USEPA sampling program in 2003 and 2004 to update water quality data and provide assessment of tributaries; • a MassDEP 2000 Water Quality Assessment Report; and • the development of HSPF12 and QUAL2 models of the river system to assess and predict current and future conditions. This TMDL project was undertaken by MassDEP and USEPA in cooperation with TetraTech and Numeric Environmental consultants funded through a USEPA grant to the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission (NEIWPCC). Sampling assistance was provided by the Nashua River Watershed Association and the Waste Water Treatment Facilities, (WWTFs). The project included dry-weather water quality sampling and assessment, sediment chemistry and toxicity, biological sampling and assessments, and water-column and effluent toxicity testing, together with nonpoint source modeling utilizing both BASINS and HSPF12, and steady state wasteload allocation modeling utilizing QUAL2E. The recommended implementation for this TMDL, is primarily changes to WWTF NPDES discharge limits based on model results which indicate the greater importance of point sources compared to non-point sources during summer low-flow conditions (Figure ES-2) through the input of nutrients in the readily available form of dissolved phosphorus. The model also shows the linked nature of all segments of the river. Nutrient point-source effluent discharges to upper reaches where the velocities are higher turn into algal and plant biomass when the river velocity slows in the ponded areas downstream. Pepperell Pond exhibits the main impact from these nutrients as demonstrated by high algal and macrophytic growth, nuisance surface algal and plant mats, as illustrated in Figure ES-1, and conditions of super-saturation in dissolved oxygen. The subwatersheds add non-point source phosphorus during high flow conditions of spring and fall; however, the importance of the non-point sources becomes small in comparison to the point sources during summer low flows. ES-2 also shows as a baseline comparison what the total phosphorus nonpoint source contribution would have been to Pepperell Pond Impoundment if the entire watershed were all forested. 6 Figure ES-2: Phosphorus Loads from Point and Non-Point Sources FigureES-2 shows the very large contribution of phosphorus from point sources in the North Branch and the upper part of the mainstem of the Nashua River. This phosphorus from the WWTFs is in the dissolved form and readily useable to produce problem levels of chlorophyll and algae. In these areas the river flow is high and the effects of high dissolved phosphorus are not seen until the river slows in the Groton School and Pepperell Impoundment areas. The large increase in loading between Ice House Impoundment and Groton School is from the introduction of the Squannacook River. It should be remembered that the phosphorus from the Squannacook River is in the much less useable organic phosphorus form, which is difficult to break down and less readily available for uptake by algae than the dissolved phosphorus from the WWTFs. Also, this subwatershed is large and raises the nonpoint
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