La Scapigliatura. Schreiben Gegen Den Kanon

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La Scapigliatura. Schreiben Gegen Den Kanon Farben: cyan magenta gelb schwarz sabine schrader La Scapigliatura. Schreiben schrader Italiens Weg gegen in die schrader Moderne den Kanon La Scapigliatura. Schreiben gegen den Kanon ie Scapigliatura (1858–1880) ist eine Mailänder Künstlergruppe, die der jungen Generation nach der Einigung Italiens ein Sprachrohr sein möchte. Die Schrift- gegen den Kanon Schreiben La Scapigliatura. steller und Publizisten Arrigo und Camillo Boito, Giovan- ni Camerana, Emilio Praga und I.U.Tarchetti suchen nach Schreibweisen jenseits des nationalen Kanons. Während Francesco de Sanctis in seiner italienischen Literatur- geschichte dem gerade geeinten Italien sein ideologisches Fundament verleiht, können diese Autoren nur Trümmer des Nationalen erkennen. Sie pflegen ein Diskontinuitäts- und Generationsbewusstsein, neue Formen der Perfor- mativität, der literarischen Sprachkritik und feiern die Langeweile. Mit ihrer Kritik an den positivistischen Wis- senschaften bewegen sich die Scapigliati in ihren fantasti- schen, grotesken, morbiden Texten auf der Schwelle zur ästhetischen Moderne. Das vorliegende Buch ist die erste deutschsprachige Monographie zur Scapigliatura. Es versteht sich daher auch als Einführung in das Text- und Selbstverständnis der Gruppe und strebt eine Neubewer- tung ihrer Rolle in der Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte an. Universitätsverlag winter isbn 978-3-8253-6172-3 Heidelberg studia romanica Band 176 Herausgegeben von Marc Föcking Klaus Heitmann Ulrich Mölk Edgar Radtke sabine schrader La Scapigliatura. Schreiben gegen den Kanon Italiens Weg in die Moderne Universitätsverlag winter Heidelberg Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. umschlagbild © Hiltrud Gauf isbn 978-3-8253-6172-3 Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. © 2013 Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg Imprimé en Allemagne · Printed in Germany Druck: Memminger MedienCentrum, 87700 Memmingen Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlorfrei gebleichtem und alterungsbeständigem Papier Den Verlag erreichen Sie im Internet unter: www.winter-verlag.de Danksagung Um ein Forschungsprojekt zu realisieren, braucht es viele Unterstützer/innen, die ich hiermit würdigen möchte: Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft hat den institutionellen Rahmen geschaffen und die Publikationskosten übernommen. Barbara Marx hat das Projekt von Anfang an unterstützt. Die Verfasserin hat so manches Mal zerzaust über den Texten gesessen. Ein großes Dankeschön für die vielen aufmunternden Worte, die ertragreichen Diskussionen und das aufmerksame Gegenlesen geht daher an Hiltrud Gauf, Uta Fenske, Gerhild Fuchs, Dirk Naguschewski, Silvia Kutscher, Gregor Schuhen und Daniel Winkler. Mein Dank gilt auch Romano Guerra, Burglinde Hagert, Maria Kirchmair, Sara Paterno und Andreas Barth für die sorgfältigen Lekto- ratsarbeiten – letzterem auch für seine Geduld. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 7 2 EINE ZERZAUSTE GENERATION 25 2.1 Selbstinszenierungen: Cletto Arrighi und La Scapigliatura e il 6 febbraio 29 2.2 Inszenierung und Performanz in der zeitgenössischen Presse 43 2.3 Die Performativität der Widmungsgedichte 54 3 GÖTZENDÄMMERUNG 65 3.1 Emilio Praga: Ein ruchloser Poet 66 3.2 Giovanni Camerana: Vom Idyll zur Landschaft 102 4 BUCHSTABENÄNGSTE UND DIE QUESTIONE DELLA LINGUA 121 4.1 Der misanthrope A. E. I. O. U. Tarchetti und der Buchstabe U 122 4.2 So viel Papier: La questione della lingua und die Scapigliatura 136 5 KAPUTTE KÖRPER – DESINTEGRATION DES ICHS 149 5.1 Körperwissen 149 5.2 Unheimliche Wissenschaften und gelobte Kunst: Un corpo und Storia di una gamba 156 5.3 Fantastisches Erzählen: Il pugno chiuso und I fatali 176 5.4 Grotesken: Uno spirito in un lampone, Un osso di morto und schaurige Lyrik 188 5.5 Nervosität und Kulturkritik: La nobile follia 201 5.6 Nur über ihre Leiche: Fosca 212 6 TRINKER UND SELBSTMÖRDER 227 NAMENS- UND SACHREGISTER 239 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 245 AUSWAHLBIBLIOGRAPHIE 247 1 Einleitung Nulla esiste tranne l’ideale! E pure la sola realtà esiste. Ov’è la realtà dell’ideale? Noi viviamo in due sfere diverse di sensa- zioni, in due elementi contrari, in due mondi disparati: nell’uno vi è l’ombra, il sogno, l’idea, l’immagine della cosa, nell’altro vi è la cosa.1 Die Scapigliatura – auf Deutsch wohl am besten mit ‚Zerzaustentum‘ zu übersetzen – kann als eine Avantgarde avant la lettre bezeichnet werden; in den letzten Jahren hat sich eine erstaunliche Wandlung in ihrer Wertung vollzogen. Künstler, die zuvor mit leichter Verachtung als „ubriaconi e suicidi“ oder als „biographische Fehlentwick- lungen“ wahrgenommen wurden, die nur äußerst mittelmäßige Texte hervorgebracht hätten,2 gelten heute als „liberi, anticonformisti, spregiudicati e indipendenti. Sono gli artisti della Scapigliatura, movimento artistico e letterario che cambiò la Milano postunitaria di fine Ottocento“.3 Die erste große Ausstellung über die Scapigliatura, „Scapigliatura. Un pande- monio per cambiare l’arte“, fand 2009 im Mailänder Palazzo Reale statt,4 nicht zufällig folgte sie der Ausstellung „FUTURISMO – 1909-2009. Velocità + Arte + Azione“. Die Behauptung der Kuratoren, dass die Scapigliati das Mailand des aus- gehenden 19. Jahrhunderts maßgeblich geprägt, ja vielleicht sogar verändert hätten, ist zugleich auch eine der Thesen der vorliegenden Arbeit. Während die bisherigen Ausstellungen ihren Fokus auf die bildenden Künste gesetzt haben, wendet sich diese Studie jedoch vor allem den lyrischen, narrativen und journalistischen Texten der Gruppe zu. Im Zentrum stehen daher die repräsentativen Autoren der Scapigliatura, die über gemeinsame Aktivitäten und intertextuelle Bezüge vernetzt sind: Cletto Arrighi (1828-1906), Arrigo Boito (1842-1918) und sein Bruder Camillo Boito (1836-1914), Giovanni Camerana (1845-1905), Emilio Praga (1939-1875) und I. U. Tarchetti (1839/41-1869). Sie werden flankiert von anderen zeitgenössischen Auto- ren, die sich in ihrem Umkreis bewegen, die aber aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht gesondert betrachtet werden. Zu nennen sind hier zum einen Autoren, denen eher ein Vorbildcharakter zukommt, wie etwa Giuseppe 1 I. U. Tarchetti: „Storia di un ideale“, in: Ders.: Tutte le opere. Vol. 2, hg. von Enrico Ghidetti, Bologna 1967, S. 89-105, hier S. 89. 2 Walter Binni: La poetica del decadentismo (1936). Firenze 1968, S. 61; Peter Ihring: Einführung in die italienische Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts. Berlin 2005, S. 139; Gino Tellini: Il romanzo ita- liano dell’Ottocento e Novecento. Milano 1998, S. 122. 3 „Scapigliatura. Un pandemonio per cambiare l’arte“. Ankündigungstext der Ausstellungsma- cher/innen, URL: http://www.comune.milano.it/webcity/portale/palreale.nsf/vinEvidenza/DSEV- 7T6KMU. 4 Annie-Paule Quinsac (Hg.): Scapigliatura: un ‚pandemonio‘ per cambiare l’arte. Venezia 2009. Es gab davor einige kleinere Ausstellungen, vgl. die Kataloge: AAVV: Dalla Scapigliatura al divi- sionismo. Milano 2004; Mariangela Agliati Rebora/Cinisello Balsamo (Hgg.): Il segno della scapi- gliatura. Rinnovamento tra il Canton Ticino e la Lombardia nel secondo Ottocento. Milano 2006. 8 Einleitung Rovani (1818-1874), dessen beliebter Fortsetzungsroman Cento Anni (1859-1864) die Geschichte eine Mailänder Familie erzählte, die bis in die damalige Gegenwart hineinreicht; zum anderen Autoren, die immer mal wieder in Kontakt mit den Scapi- gliati stehen, ohne zur Kerngruppe zu gehören, wie Antonio Ghislanzoni (1824-1893) oder Carlo Dossi, der dem Ländlichen verhaftete Alberto Cantoni (1841-1904), sowie der zwischen Mailand und Paris pendelnde und auf Französisch und Italienisch veröffentlichende Luigi Gualdo (1847-1898). Autoren wie Achille Giovanni Cagna (1847-1931) und Giulio Pinchetti (1844-1870) beginnen erst in den ausgehenden 1860er Jahren zu schreiben und knüpfen an Schreibweisen der Brüder Boito, Praga, Tarchetti und Camerana an.5 Dass es sich dabei nur um Männer handelt, spiegelt die Geschlechterordnung des Ottocento wieder. Erst mit der damals populären Feuille- tonautorin Carolina Invernizio (1851-1916) und den Journalistinnen und Schrift- stellerinnen Matilde Serao (1856-1927) und Grazia Deledda (1871-1936) erobern Frauen die Ränder des literarischen Feldes. Die Mailänder Ausstellung von 2009 stellt mit über 250 Exponaten nicht nur das neu erwachte Interesse der italienischen Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit für die Mai- länder bildenden Künstler unter Beweis, auch die Literaten werden bekannter. In den vergangenen 20 Jahren sind Einführungen, Anthologien6 und diverse Neueditionen der Texte der Scapigliati erschienen.7 Dabei ist es nicht so, dass bis dato keine Studien zur Scapigliatura vorliegen. Zu den nennenswerten frühen Arbeiten zählt die Pionierarbeit von P. Nardi, Da Giuseppe Rovani a Carlo Dossi (1924). Eine zweite Rezeptionswelle findet in den 1960er Jahren statt. Hervorzuheben sind La Scapi- gliatura. Un capitolo di storia del Risorgimento des Dänen J. Moestrup und La storia della Scapigliatura von G. Mariani.8 Seitdem wecken die Autoren immer wieder das Interesse
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