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Estrategia, Discurso Y Liderazgo De Felipe González En El Tardofranquismo Y Transición Un Candidato Para La Democracia Y Un Partido De Gobierno

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Estrategia, Discurso Y Liderazgo De Felipe González En El Tardofranquismo Y Transición Un Candidato Para La Democracia Y Un Partido De Gobierno TESIS DOCTORAL ESTRATEGIA, DISCURSO Y LIDERAZGO DE FELIPE GONZÁLEZ EN EL TARDOFRANQUISMO Y TRANSICIÓN UN CANDIDATO PARA LA DEMOCRACIA Y UN PARTIDO DE GOBIERNO Autor: Antonio Arráez Bueno Director: Javier Redondo Rodelas DEPARTAMENTO DE ANÁLISIS Y EVALUACIÓN DE PROCESOS POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES Getafe, junio de 2017. 1 2 TESIS DOCTORAL ESTRATEGIA, DISCURSO Y LIDERAZGO DE FELIPE GONZÁLEZ EN EL TARDOFRANQUISMO Y TRANSICIÓN. UN CANDIDATO PARA LA DEMOCRACIA Y UN PARTIDO DE GOBIERNO Autor: Antonio Arráez Bueno Director: Javier Redondo Rodelas Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Firma Presidente: Vocal: Secretario: Calificación: Getafe, de de 3 4 A Teresa y Álvaro, por el tiempo robado en la elaboración de este trabajo. 5 6 INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………………13 1. Objeto de esta investigación. 2. Estructura y método de investigación. 3. Marco teórico: análisis del liderazgo y discurso. 4. Marco contextual. PRIMERA PARTE…………………………………………………………………………….25 1. INFLUENCIA DEL CONTEXTO EN EL PROCESO POLITICO. EL MARCO SOCIAL Y POLÍTICO EN LA TRANSICION……………………………………………………………………....27 2. EL PSOE COMO OPCIÓN ELEGIDA. LA INFLUENCIA DEL PARTIDO POLÍTICO EN LA TRAYECTORIA DEL LÍDER……………………………………………………………………………..35 2.1.- La apuesta de Felipe González por el PSOE. El objetivo transformador. 2.2.- La importancia del partido o del líder como instrumentos de éxito en un sistema democrático. La preeminencia del PSOE o de Felipe González en la sociedad española de la Transición. 2.3.- Ascenso y trayectoria de Felipe González en el PSOE. De militante clandestino a Primer Secretario. 2.3.1.- La llegada de Felipe González al PSOE como militante clandestino. 2.3.2.- La elección de Felipe González como líder del PSOE. 2.4.- Conclusiones. La importancia del partido elegido. 3. UNIDAD SOCIALISTA Y APERTURA IDEOLÓGICA. EL PCE COMO ADVERSARIO FRENTE AL PSOE COMO ELEMENTO AGLUTINADOR DE LA IZQUIERDA……………..55 3.1.- La búsqueda de la unidad de los socialistas bajo las siglas del PSOE. 3.1.1.- La unidad dentro del PSOE. El reencuentro con el sector histórico. 3.1.2.- La unidad con otros partidos de la izquierda. La absorción del PSP tras las primeras elecciones democráticas. 3.1.3.- Las elecciones como elemento clarificador. 3.2.- La ampliación del espectro ideológico. La convivencia de distintas ideologías dentro de las siglas del PSOE. 7 3.3.- El rechazo al PCE como aliado en la izquierda. El primer enfrentamiento: PSOE vs PCE. 3.3.1.- Enfrentamiento histórico entre PCE y PSOE. La herencia recibida. 3.3.2.- El PCE como adversario. La izquierda rechazada. a) El rechazo en la oposición clandestina. b) El rechazo a la coalición de gobierno. 3.3.3.- La moderación como factor clave en la elección de los ciudadanos. a) Eurocomunismo vs socialismo moderado. b) Santiago Carrillo vs Felipe González. El líder renovado frente al líder histórico. 3.3.4.- La influencia de la actitud del gobierno de UCD hacia el PCE. 3.3.5.- La elección de los ciudadanos. 3.3.6.- La crisis del PCE. El adversario desaparecido I. 3.4.- Conclusiones. 4. EL APOYO INTERNACIONAL: LA CREDIBILIDAD APORTADA DESDE EL EXTERIOR. LAS ESTRATEGIAS SEGUIDAS DURANTE LA TRANSICIÓN. EL HUNDIMIENTO DE UCD: EL ADVERSARIO DESAPARECIDO…………………………………………………………..84 4.1- El apoyo de los líderes socialistas europeos en la consolidación de Felipe González en el liderazgo del PSOE. 4.1.1.- La apuesta de la Internacional Socialista por los renovadores del interior como factor clave en la trayectoria política de Felipe González. 4.1.2.- El PSOE como destinatario único de la ayuda de la Internacional Socialista. 4.1.3.- El mensaje de la Internacional Socialista a los españoles: Felipe González es el elegido. 4.2.- Las estrategias desplegadas por el PSOE. Para lograr la democracia. Para llegar al Gobierno. 4.2.1.- El posicionamiento en la oposición al régimen franquista. Gobierno de concentración y forma de Estado. Del rechazo a la Junta Democrática a la creación de la Plataforma Democrática. a) Gobierno de concentración y forma de Estado. b) El rechazo a la Junta Democrática. 4.2.2.- Distintas fases en la oposición. De la colaboración con el Gobierno a la crítica para derribarlo. 8 a) De la ruptura democrática y la abstención, a ley de Reforma Política. b) Oposición responsable y rechazo al gobierno de concentración. b.1.- La Constitución de 1978 como objetivo compartido y prioritario. b.2.- No al gobierno de concentración. b.3.- El riesgo asumido de las alianzas con el PCE en los ayuntamientos. c) La homologación de la tarea de oposición. Fin de la etapa de consenso tras las elecciones de 1979. El desgaste del gobierno de UCD como primer objetivo para llegar al Gobierno. 4.3.- El hundimiento de UCD. 5. EL DISCURSO IDEOLÓGICO. RENUNCIA O ADAPTACIÓN. EL PSOE FRENTE AL MARXISMO. EL PSOE FRENTE A LA MONARQUÍA……………………………………………140 5.1.- ¿Qué es el socialismo? El marxismo como argumento electoral. La (falsa) renuncia al marxismo. 5.1.1.- ¿Qué es el socialismo? El socialismo del PSOE frente al socialismo de Felipe González. 5.1.2.- La (falsa) renuncia al marxismo. 5.2.- El PSOE ante la monarquía. Una decisión sin otra alternativa. 5.2.1.- El PSOE: un partido republicano. 6. LA INFLUENCIA DE FELIPE GONZÁLEZ COMO LÍDER EN LA ELECCIÓN DEL VOTANTE…………………………………………………………………………………………………..174 6.1.- El liderazgo de Felipe González. 6.1.1.- El habitus de Felipe González. Algunos datos biográficos. 6.1.2.- Felipe González como líder carismático-transformador y visionario. 6.1.3.- Críticas al liderazgo de Felipe González. 6.1.4.- La influencia de Felipe González en la elección del voto de los ciudadanos. SEGUNDA PARTE………………………………………………………………………………189 9 1. EL DISCURSO DE FELIPE GONZÁLEZ……………………………………………………………191 1.1.- El primer discurso. Diagnóstico de la realidad. 1.2.- La declaración de Jaizquíbel. La ruptura democrática y la exigencia de libertades. 1.3.- Primeras entrevistas como líder del PSOE. 1.4.- Comunicado tras la muerte de Francisco Franco. 1.5.- ¿Qué es socialismo? 1.6.- Junio de 1976. De la Ruptura a la Reforma. 1.7.- Escuela de Verano. 1.8.- El Gran Discurso. 1.9.- El mensaje del silencio. 1.10.- Entrevista en Televisión Española. 1.11.- El primer programa electoral. 1.12.- El discurso del líder de la oposición. 1.13.- El apoyo al gobierno de Adolfo Suárez. 1.14.- Análisis de lo sucedido en 1977. 1.15.- El Sí a la Constitución. 1.16.- 1979. Un nuevo estilo de oposición. 1.17.- El programa electoral de 1979. 1.18.- La renuncia al marxismo. 1.19.- Moción de censura. 1.20.- El golpe de Estado del 23-F como oportunidad. 1.21.- OTAN, de entrada NO. 1.22.- El PSOE como garante de la democracia. 1.23.- 1981. Ha llegado el momento. 1.24.- Discurso conclusivo ante el grupo parlamentario. 1.25.- El programa electoral de 1982. 10 2. LA OFERTA PROGRAMÁTICA DEL PSOE DE FELIPE GONZÁLEZ………………………..243 2.1.- El modelo de Estado. 2.1.1.- Monarquía parlamentaria. 2.1.2.- El Estado Federal: nacionalismos, derecho de autodeterminación y la España de las autonomías. 2.1.3.- Iglesia y ejército. 2.2- Derechos y libertades. Lograr una democracia plena. 2.3.- Servicios públicos: sanidad, políticas sociales y educación. 2.3.1.- La sanidad pública y seguridad social. 2.3.2.- La educación. 2.4.- Economía y empleo. 2.4.1.- Política de empleo. 2.4.2.- El sector financiero. 2.4.3.- Industria y energía. 2.4.4.- Política fiscal. 2.5.- Política exterior: Europa; Gibraltar; Sáhara Occidental; OTAN de entrada NO. CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………...…277 1. Objeto de esta investigación. Simbiosis entre Felipe González y el PSOE. Renovación programática y generacional y liderazgo. 2. Consolidar el partido como fuerza prominente en su propio espectro político. 3. Independencia de las siglas y unidad de los socialistas. 4. Consideración del contexto político y social donde se desarrolla el proceso político. 5. Las demandas de la sociedad como referencia para aplicar el ideario del partido. 6. Compartir un objetivo común con la ciudadanía y hacerlo propio. 7. La desaparición de los adversarios políticos 8. Un discurso democrático y modernizador. 9. El líder paciente. 11 FUENTES CONSULTADAS…………………………………………………………………….299 I Fuentes primarias. 1. Prensa. 2. Documentación parlamentaria 3. Documentos y discursos. II Estudios Sociológicos. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. III Bibliografía. ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………………………………..317 1. Entrevista Felipe González. Madrid, 27 de abril de 2017. 2. Cronología. 12 INTRODUCCIÓN 13 14 1.- Objeto de esta investigación. La noche del 28 de octubre de 1982 miles de españoles aclamaron en las calles la aplastante victoria en las elecciones generales del PSOE. Aquel día dejó para la historia una de las fotografías más conocidas de la Transición cuando Felipe González y Alfonso Guerra saludaron con el signo de victoria desde una ventana del Hotel Palace a los ciudadanos que se habían congregado en la madrileña plaza de Neptuno, una imagen icónica del final de un proceso en el que los españoles habían pasado de vivir en una dictadura a votar mayoritariamente en unas elecciones democráticas a un partido socialista. El nuevo presidente del Gobierno, que todavía tenía que ser refrendado en la sesión de investidura del Congreso de los Diputados, era un sevillano de 40 años que se había convertido en el líder del todavía ilegalizado PSOE ocho años antes. ¿Cómo fue posible? El principal objetivo de esta tesis ha sido analizar el papel jugado por Felipe González como uno de los actores del proceso de transición a la democracia vivido en España desde 1975 hasta 1982 en un doble sentido. Por un lado su participación en la consolidación de un sistema democrático en España, por otro su contribución como líder a la histórica victoria del PSOE. Para hacerlo hemos estudiado sus actuaciones en dos ámbitos. Por un lado como miembro de la élite política que participó en la Transición, por otro como activista y dirigente socialista que logró llevar al partido a una victoria histórica en octubre de 1982.
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