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El Género Paspalum L.(Paspaleae, Poaceae) En La

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El Género Paspalum L.(Paspaleae, Poaceae) En La Acta Botánica Mexicana ISSN: 0187-7151 [email protected] Instituto de Ecología, A.C. México Ortiz-Díaz, Juan Javier; Arnelas, Itziar; Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa; Siqueiros-Delgado, María Elena; Tun-Garrido, Juan EL GÉNERO PASPALUM L. (PASPALEAE, POACEAE) EN LA PENÍNSULA DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO Acta Botánica Mexicana, núm. 113, 2015, pp. 35-73 Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Pátzcuaro, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57442729003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Acta Botanica Mexicana 113: 35-73 (2015) EL GÉNERO PASPALUM L. (PASPALEAE, POACEAE) EN LA PENÍNSULA DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO JUAN JAVIER ORTIZ-DÍAZ1,5, ITZIAR ARNELAS2, ROSA CERROS-TLATILPA3, MARÍA ELENA SIQUEIROS-DELGAdo4 Y JUAN TUN-GARRIdo1 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Apdo. postal 4-116, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 2Herbario HUTPL, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Apartado postal 11-01-608, Ecuador. 3Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. 4Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, 20000 Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México. 5Autor para la correspondencia: [email protected] RESUMEN En este estudio se llevó a cabo una sinopsis del género Paspalum L. en la Península de Yucatán, México. Se reconocen 23 especies en el área de estudio, se proporcionan claves de identificación, descripciones morfológicas, mapas de distribución, así como información acerca de su fenología, hábitat y distribución. Se reconocen dos especies endémicas de la Península de Yucatán, P. mayanum y P. sparsum, localizadas en áreas abiertas de la selva baja caducifolia. Palabras clave: Campeche, clave de identificación, endemismo, gramíneas, Quintana Roo, taxonomía, Yucatán. ABSTRACT In this study, a synopsis of Paspalum L. was performed in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Twenty-three taxa are recognized in the study area, identification keys are provided, as well as morphological descriptions, distribution maps, habitat, phenology and distribution data. Two endemic species are recognized for the Yucatan Peninsula, P. mayanum and P. sparsum, which are found in open areas of tropical deciduous forest. 35 Acta Botanica Mexicana 113: 35-73 (2015) Key words: Campeche, identification key, endemism, grasses, Quintana Roo, taxonomy, Yucatán. INTRODUCCIÓN El género Paspalum L. es miembro de la tribu Paspaleae de la familia Poa- ceae. De acuerdo con estudios filogenéticos recientes (Morrone et al., 2012), es uno de los más diversos dentro de la familia Poaceae, con alrededor de 350 especies (Zu- loaga y Morrone, 2005), confinadas a las regiones tropicales y templadas de ambos hemisferios, en especial del hemisferio oeste, siendo particularmente bien repre- sentado en los Cerrados de Brasil (Chase, 1929; Hitchcock, 1971). Paspalum com- prende especies de mayor importancia económica, ya que un gran número de ellas proveen un excelente pasto, como P. dilatatum y P. notatum. Paspalum vaginatum es un buen inmovilizador del suelo en costas arenosas en los trópicos y subtrópicos y P. distichum es usado para proteger suelos de la erosión, por citar algunos casos (Zuloaga y Morrone, 2005). Asimismo, se han registrado especies que ocasionan graves problemas, como por ejemplo la obstrucción de canales de drenaje debido a la presencia de P. repens (Chase, 1929). Morfológicamente las plantas de Paspalum se caracterizan por presentar espiguillas biflosculares plano convexas, siendo ésta probablemente la única sina- pomorfia del género (Rua et al., 2010). Además, las espiguillas generalmente care- cen de la primera gluma y la lema fértil presenta los márgenes enrollados (Chase, 1929; Hitchcock, 1971). Han sido numerosos los trabajos encaminados a esclarecer la clasificación infragenérica de Paspalum (Döll, 1877; Nash, 1912; Chase, 1929; Pilger, 1929; Zuloaga, 1974; Clayton y Renvoize, 1986; Cialdella et al., 1995; Den- ham et al., 2002; Morrone et al., 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004; Rodríguez, 1992, 1998; Zuloaga y Morrone, 2003, 2005; Zuloaga et al., 2004; Denham, 2005; Denham et al., 2010). Sin embargo, no existe un esquema natural de clasificación dentro del mismo (Rua et al., 2010), ya que dichas propuestas se basan en macrocaracteres morfológicos que se presentan en grupos de especies aparentemente poco relacio- nadas (Zuloaga y Morrone, 2005). En el presente trabajo, acorde con los trabajos de Zuloaga et al. (2004), Zuloaga y Morrone (2005), Denham (2005) y Denham et al. (2010), basados en los estudios previos de Nash (1912) y Chase (1929), se re- conocen cuatro subgéneros: subg. Anachyris Chase, subg. Ceresia (Pers.) Rechb., subg. Harpostachys (Trin.) S. Denham y subg. Paspalum, este último con un total de 40 grupos informales. 36 Ortiz-Díaz et al.: Paspalum (Poaceae) en la Península de Yucatán, México En México, Paspalum es el género más diverso de la subfamilia Panicoideae con 85-88 especies (Zuloaga y Morrone, 2003; Dávila et al., 2006; Sánchez-Ken, 2010). En la Península de Yucatán se registran 23 especies (Ortiz-Díaz y Flores Guido, 2008; Carnevali et al., 2010), y aunque esta cantidad ha variado de 14 a 21 en trabajos taxonómicos previos de Paspalum en la región (Swallen, 1934; Pohl y Da- vidse, 1994), sigue siendo el género más diverso de la familia Poaceae en la región. El gran número de especies presentes en la Península de Yucatán está en relación con la diversidad de comunidades vegetales y ambientes tropicales en las que se prospera, encontrándose en selvas, sabanas, manglares y dunas costeras, en sitios abiertos secos o inundados. En virtud de que Paspalum es el género más diversificado de la familia Poa- ceae en la Península de Yucatán y contiene especies ecológicamente importantes como P. plicatulum y P. coryphaeum, se hace necesario actualizar y ampliar la infor- mación taxonómica, ecológica y distribución geográfica en el territorio de estudio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS El estudio se basó en la revisión de especímenes colectados en campo por el primer autor y en el acervo conservado en los herbarios CICY, F, ITIC, MEXU, MO, UADY, UCAM, US, WIS y XAL. Para la determinación de los ejemplares y para las descripciones se consultaron los trabajos de Chase (1929), Swallen (1934), Pohl y Davidse (1994), Allen y Hall (2003), Zuloaga et al. (2004), Zuloaga y Morrone (2005), Denham (2005) y Denham et al. (2010). Se proporcionan claves para la iden- tificación de los subgéneros y especies. En la sinonimia de las especies, solamente se han considerado aquellos nombres cuyos tipos proceden de México. La información para la distribución de los taxa se ha obtenido de Pohl y Davidse (1994), Dávila et al. (2006), Allen y Hall (2003), Sánchez-Ken (2010), Soreng et al. (2014), y World Chec- klist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP, 2014). Se elaboraron mapas de distribución geográfica y se proporciona información sobre la fenología, hábitat y distribución para todos los taxones de la Península de Yucatán. RESULTADOS El género Paspalum está representado en la Península de Yucatán por 23 es- pecies. El subgénero Anachyris lo está por P. malacophyllum; Harpostachys por P. 37 Acta Botanica Mexicana 113: 35-73 (2015) botterii, y el subgénero Paspalum por las 21 especies restantes correspondientes a 14 grupos informales (grupo Caespitosa: P. blodgettii, P. caespitosum; Conjugata: P. conjugatum; Corcovadensia: P. corcovadense; Dissecta: P. repens; Disticha: P. vaginatum; Fasciculata: P. fasciculatum; Fimbriata: P. fimbriatum; Livida: P. al- calinum; Notata: P. notatum var. notatum; Parviflora: P. clavuliferum; Paniculata: P. mayanum, P. paniculatum, P. sparsum; Plicatula: P. ligulare, P. plicatulum, P. wrightii; Quadrifaria: P. coryphaeum; Virgata: P. arundinaceum, P. millegrana, P. virgatum). En este estudio el subgénero Ceresia no se encuentra representado por ninguna especie. Paspalum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 855. 1759. TIPO (lectotipo designado por Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 24: 137. 1911): Paspalum dimidiatum L., nom. illeg. superfl. = Paspalum dissectum (L.) L. = Ceresia Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. TIPO: C. elegans Pers. = Reimaria Flüggé, Gram. Monogr., Paspalum: 213. 1810. TIPO: R. candida Flüggé. = Thrasya Kunth., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 120-121. 1815 (1816). TIPO: T. paspaloides Kunth. = Paspalanthium Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 59. 1831. TIPO: P. stoloniferum (Bosc) Desv. = Anachyris Nees, Hooker's J. Bot., Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 103. 1850. TIPO: A. paspa- loides Nees. = Dimorphostachys E. Fourn., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 80: 441. 1875. TIPO: D. monostachya (Kunth) E. Fournet. = Tylothrasya Döll, Fl. Bras. 2: 295. 1877. TIPO: T. petrosa (Trin.) Döll. Hierbas anuales o perennes, cespitosas, estoloníferas o rizomatosas. Culmos generalmente erectos, otras veces decumbentes, rastreros o flotantes enraizados, a veces geniculados, simples o ramificados, glabros. Hojas con vainas abiertas, aurí- culas a veces presentes; lígula membranosa, glabra o ciliada con pelos unicelulares; lámina plana, raramente convoluta. Sinflorescencia formada por racimos insertos en un raquis filiforme o alado, 1 o varios, axilares y/o terminales, 1 a numerosos, a veces los racimos se desprenden como una unidad, glabros o pelosos en el punto de inserción. Espiguillas cortamente pedunculadas,
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