DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding the Secondary Functions of Packaging : UK Domestic Reuse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding the Secondary Functions of Packaging : UK Domestic Reuse Understanding the secondary functions of packaging : UK domestic reuse. SHIPTON, Janet M. Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20359/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version SHIPTON, Janet M. (2007). Understanding the secondary functions of packaging : UK domestic reuse. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom).. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk I Sheffield SI 1WB 101 876 063 6 Return to Learning Centre of issue Fines are charged at 50p per hour 1 2 MAR 2008 3>Pi REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10701005 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10701005 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Understanding the Secondary Functions of Packaging: UK Domestic Reuse Janet Margaret Shipton Ph.D. Sheffield Hallam University 2007 Abstract This thesis describes a programme of research that provides an understanding of the effect of time and space on the processing and reuse of packaging by consumers. It seeks through ethnographic research techniques and design evaluation to propose a conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of packaging reuse in the UK. The study recognises that many consumers creatively ‘misuse’ packaging without ‘explicit persuasion or reward’ and aims to gain a greater understanding of the way consumers take meanings from objects and find secondary uses for them to suit their own needs whether born out of necessity or playfulness. While much research investigates consumers' attitudes to branding strategy and packaging design to increase product sales, there is little evidence of work carried out that looks into the post-purchase issues of how consumers interact, reuse and dispose of packaging within their domestic environment. The study takes the constructionist perspective that meaning of objects is created through interaction and use. It is also broadly phenomenological in its approach, with the objective to leave behind, or escape, the conventional mind-set of design - where designers are accustomed to commanding and specifying the form of the material world. This research requires the prosaic processes of consumption to be witnessed, but from a design perspective, bringing with it an understanding of the effect of changes to the form and function of objects. The study is based on a user-centred design approach and is interested in the way consumers behave with packaging, in order to provide effective approaches for designing for consumer interaction and reuse. Evaluation of existing and new designs was appropriate to this study and allowed frequent testing and analysis of the findings from the various research exercises. The designs were represented in 2D and 3D pack formats and evaluated using observation and semi-structured interviews. The study builds on a broad range of literature and develops themes particular to packaging in the areas of consumption, material values, the functions of objects, consumer types and ultimately presents theories regarding consumer behaviour when using and processing products and packaging within the home. The contribution of this study is an understanding of how three main elements affect packaging reuse: the design of the object, the context/ environment the object is within, and the consumer type. Through evaluation of the research data, a scheme is presented that provides new knowledge as to the spatial and temporal aspects of packaging reuse. It presents the types of further functions UK consumers can recognise in packaging once its primary function is over, and how designers can build opportunities for reuse into packaging design. The findings are useful to those interested in packaging design strategy, sociological researchers interested in aspects of consumption, and researchers from wider disciplines. The thesis also provides insights into consumer behaviour, their attitudes to material objects and acceptance of waste that are relevant to those interested in sustainable design, however the principal outcomes of this study are new insights into consumer practices, that may influence design decisions in the packaging industry and more widely. Understanding the secondary functions of packaging: UK domestic reuse. 1 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who have contributed and assisted in developing this research. I wish to thank my supervisory team at Sheffield Hallam University for the support, guidance and patience, Doctor Tom Fisher and Professor Chris Rust who have provided me with professional knowledge and the encouragement to keep going. I would also like to thank my other professional colleagues in Design Futures, who indulged my need for time to do the work, and for their encouragement throughout this study. I would like to thank my husband and my family and friends for having faith in me and providing me with love and support. Finally I would like to dedicate this to my Mum. Understanding the secondary functions of packaging: UK domestic reuse. Contents Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................2 Contents............................................................................................................................3 Table of figures..................................................................................................................7 Chapter one: Introduction.................................................................................................10 Why this study?............................................................................................................10 What is meant by the term packaging reuse?..............................................................11 Why reuse is significant?..............................................................................................13 What is the theoretical framework for this study?.........................................................15 What the thesis contains..............................................................................................15 What are the main contributions from this study?.........................................................17 Chapter two: Literature and contextual review................................................................. 18 Introduction..................................................................................................................18 Who are the interested parties?................................................................................... 18 The wider literature, beyond design and industry.........................................................25 Categorisation and sorting of the object....................................................................... 26 Transformation of the object........................................................................................ 28 Material Values............................................................................................................31 Attachment...................................................................................................................33 The functions of packaging...........................................................................................36 Symbols of identity.......................................................................................................39 Consumers’ motivations.............................................................................................. 40 The spatial context for reuse....................................................................................... 44 Conclusions from the wider literature........................................................................... 46 The industry literature and contextual review................................................................... 48 Introduction..................................................................................................................48 The packaging industry and related parties.................................................................. 48 Relevant Industry literature...........................................................................................50 Design Practice Review and Literature............................................................................ 56 The Consumer as the Designer................................................................................... 58 Design Literature Conclusions..................................................................................... 60 Literature Review Summary and Conclusions.............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Moisture on the Biaxial Strength of Wood-Based Composites
    EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON THE BIAXIAL STRENGTH OF WOOD-BASEDCOMPOSITES J. C. Suhling* J.M. Considine ** K. C. Yeh* * Department of Mechanical Engineering Auburn University Auburn, AL36849-5341 ** U.S.D.A. Forest Products Laboratory One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison,WI 53705-2398 ABSTRACT applications such as corrugated containers where it is subjected to complicated biaxial stress states, In the present work, the effects of moisture on including shear. At present, lack of accurate the biaxial strength of wood-based composite materials constitutive relations and reliable strength has been examined. Experiments have been performed on predictions under biaxial loading and variable paperboard to measure the uniaxial and biaxial input environments hampers analysis of such problems. parameters of the tensor polynomial criterion at Therefore, it has been common practice in the paper several levels of relative humidity. With these data, industry to use trial and error, and empirical the dependence of the zero shear biaxial failure approaches for optimizing the designs of paperboard envelope on humidity level has been predicted and products. The current lack of technology limits trends have been observed. creative design improvements which could curtail the excess use of materials and energy. Accurate predictions of material strength under 1. INTRODUCTION general biaxial normal loading plus shear are needed by the design engineer when considering typical Unlike laminated fiber-reinforced composite structural applications of paperboard. Examples of materials, paper (paperboard) is a multiphase important current applications where biaxial stress composite composed of moisture, fibers, voids, and states exist in paperboard include the quality control possibly chemical additives. The fibers in paperboard burst test (bulged plate), material handling are typically organic with cellulose fibers from wood operations during the papermaking process, and stacked being the chief material.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardboard and Brown Paper Bags Office Paper, Newspaper, Junk Mail, Magazines, and Catalogs
    Recycling Center 801 Diamond Valley Drive Open: Daily to the public during daylight hours This guide will help you properly prepare your recyclable materials for drop-off at the Town of Windsor Recycle Center. This is a drop-off facility. It does not have a buy-back option and is for use by residents and small businesses. Following this information will help maintain the facility and the recycling program for the benefit of the community. IMPORTANT… • Do not leave your recyclables in plastic bags. Plastic bags are NOT recyclable! • The plastic item must be a BOTTLE or JAR. with a #1 or #2 on the bottom. • 99 percent of these will have a screw-on plastic lid (which isn’t recyclable). • Plastic containers with a #3 - #7 on the bottom are NOT acceptable. • Tubs, buckets, deli plates, microwave/fast food trays, wrappers, Styrofoam, toys, patio furniture, etc. are NOT acceptable. • Plastic bottles larger than 2.5 gallons are NOT acceptable. • Syringes and other medical supplies are NOT acceptable. Cardboard and Brown Paper Bags Corrugated cardboard is easy to recognize. It is made of paper and has an arched layer called “fluting” between smooth sheets called “liners”. The drop-off site has two 40-yard hydraulic compactor units for collecting corrugated cardboard and brown paper bags. The compaction system is self-activated by depositing the prepared materials into a six-inch tall slot. Flatten boxes. Cut or tear large boxes into sections no larger than 4 feet by 4 feet to prevent jamming the machine. No wet, waxed-coated or food-contaminated boxes.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Kit List for the Expedition to Romania
    Personal kit list for the expedition to Romania General The purchase of equipment for your expedition can be tricky and you should take extra care when putting together your personal expedition kit. Where possible keep the cost sensible and try to borrow any items that you can from your friends, the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award department or Combined Cadet Force (CCF) if you have them at your school/college. Do not spend money on kit unless you really need to. Also please be cautious when seeking advice, especially from people that may not have been to Romania. Advice gleaned from other parties may be inaccurate for the season and the type of expedition that you are going to undertake. The list below is your official expedition equipment list and should be strictly adhered to. If you are in any doubt then please contact either World Challenge or Cotswold Outdoor. Below is some general advice on equipment requirements and their necessity on your expedition to Romania. What to expect from the climate in Romania and top tips for kit: Romania has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. Summers can be hot from July to August. Summer temperatures are usually pleasantly warm but there can be occasional rainstorms, particularly in July. Temperatures can drop significantly at night in the hills so you will need to be well prepared for cold nights and a warm sleeping bag is therefore recommended (please refer to the sleeping bag section below for more detail). Rucksacks These can vary enormously in price and specifications. When choosing a rucksack remember that, when loaded, an uncomfortable rucksack can give you a very hard time and it can be very bad for your back so try on several models in the shop.
    [Show full text]
  • The EMA Guide to Envelopes and Mailing
    The EMA Guide to Envelopes & Mailing 1 Table of Contents I. History of the Envelope An Overview of Envelope Beginnings II. Introduction to the Envelope Envelope Construction and Types III. Standard Sizes and How They Originated The Beginning of Size Standardization IV. Envelope Construction, Seams and Flaps 1. Seam Construction 2. Glues and Flaps V. Selecting the Right Materials 1. Paper & Other Substrates 2. Window Film 3. Gums/Adhesives 4. Inks 5. Envelope Storage 6. Envelope Materials and the Environment 7. The Paper Industry and the Environment VI. Talking with an Envelope Manufacturer How to Get the Best Finished Product VII. Working with the Postal Service Finding the Information You Need VIII. Final Thoughts IX. Glossary of Terms 2 Forward – The EMA Guide to Envelopes & Mailing The envelope is only a folded piece of paper yet it is an important part of our national communications system. The power of the envelope is the power to touch someone else in a very personal way. The envelope has been used to convey important messages of national interest or just to say “hello.” It may contain a greeting card sent to a friend or relative, a bill or other important notice. The envelope never bothers you during the dinner hour nor does it shout at you in the middle of a television program. The envelope is a silent messenger – a very personal way to tell someone you care or get them interested in your product or service. Many people purchase envelopes over the counter and have never stopped to think about everything that goes into the production of an envelope.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ About Recycling Cartons
    FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT CARTONS WHAT IS A CARTON? » Cartons are a type of packaging for food and beverage products you can purchase at the store. They are easy to recognize and are available in two types—shelf-stable and refrigerated. Shelf-stable cartons (types of products) Refrigerated (types of products) » Juice » Milk » Milk » Juice » Soy Milk » Cream » Soup and broth » Egg substitutes » Wine You will find these You will find these products in the chilled products on the shelves sections of grocery stores. in grocery stores. WHAT ARE CARTONS MADE FROM? » Cartons are mainly made from paper in the form of paperboard, as well as thin layers of polyethylene (plastic) and/or aluminum. Shelf-stable cartons contain on average 74% paper, 22% polyethylene and 4% aluminum. Refrigerated cartons contain about 80% paper and 20% polyethylene. ARE CARTONS RECYCLABLE? » Yes! Cartons are recyclable. In fact, the paper fiber contained in cartons is extremely valuable and useful to make new products. WHERE CAN I RECYCLE CARTONS? » To learn if your community accepts cartons for recycling, please visit RecycleCartons.com or check with your local recycling program. HOW DO I RECYCLE CARTONS? » Simply place the cartons in your recycle bin. If your recycling program collects materials as “single- stream,” you may place your cartons in your bin with all the other recyclables. If your recycling program collects materials as “dual-stream” (paper items together and plastic, metal and glass together), please place cartons with your plastic, metal and glass containers. WAIT, YOU JUST SAID CARTONS ARE MADE MAINLY FROM PAPER. Don’t I WANT TO PUT THEM WITH OTHER PAPER RECYCLABLES? » Good question.
    [Show full text]
  • • Lightweight Walking Trousers X 1 • Shorts (Lightweight/Trekking) • Socks and Underwear (Sufficient for 10 Days
    Advanced Wilderness Life Support Course (Mexico) – Gear List • Lightweight walking trousers x 1 • Shorts (lightweight/trekking) • Socks and underwear (sufficient for 10 days. There will be no laundry facilities outside of Mexico City (first and last days) • Base layer, wicking T shirts • Lightweight/expedition weight, long sleeve jungle shirt (such as North Face, Crag Hopper, Columbia etc.) for town and lower altitude scenarios • Lightweight fleece/warm top • Long sleeved thermal base layer (Helly Hansen, North Face etc) • Waterproof jacket • Warm jacket for summit day (May or may not be worn on the climb, depending upon prevailing conditions) • Sandals/flip flops for evenings in lodge • Casual clothing for dinner at the hotels in Mexico City and Tlachichula (Temperatures can range from 10-25 degrees Celsius) • Lightweight comfortable shoes (Trail shoes, trainers or summer walking shoes/boots) for approach hikes and classroom based activities • Sun hat • Sun glasses • Watch • 10 metres of paracord/utility cord • 1 x screwgate carabineer • Head torch and spare batteries. Essential for the climb through the Labyrinth on summit day • Compass/GPS (Optional) • Map of Orizaba (Optional) • Spanish phrase book (Optional) • Chargers for all electronic equipment (and adaptor for Mexico) • Ear plugs • Sleeping bag liner • Pocket knife/multi tool • Walking poles • Walking Axe • Climbing harness • B2/3 winter mountaineering boots (broken in) • C2/3 crampons (compatible and tried with your boots) • Crampon tool/repair kit • Woolen hat and buff or balaclava
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Green Home Eco-Guide.Pdf
    clean green home ECO-GUIDE a user friendly, one stop resource to help individuals reduce their dependence on single-use plastic, and save time and money in the process! by jessie franklin Copyright © 2018 by Jessie Franklin. All rights reserved. www.eco-fundraiser.com Table of Contents Introduction and how single-use plastic impacts our environment 1 - three easy steps to reduce single-use plastic dependence, NEEDS, and 7 R’s ​ ​ ​ 2 - online shopping and shipping 3 - grocery shopping and eating out 4 - lunches and post game snacks 5 - kitchen, bath, cleaning products, laundry & other household items 6 - toiletries, self care products, makeup, and sunscreen 7 - parties 8 - children’s toys and crafts 9 - cloth diapers 10- shoes, clothes, donation suggestions and other 11- what else can I do? 12- letters Introduction Welcome to Clean Green Home — an Eco-guide created to help simplify the process ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of reducing single-use plastic by making it simple, accessible, and affordable! My name is Jessie Franklin, the founder of Eco-Fundraiser.com - a zero waste school ​ ​ fundraiser - and author of Clean Green Home. Three years ago, I decided to eliminate ​ ​ unnecessary toxins from my home because I began to realize that many ingredients used in household and beauty products, even the so called “green” ones, are chemicals that can be harmful to our health. My research led me to see how the ingredients in every product we use, and it’s packaging - especially single-use and disposable plastic - also impacts the health of our environment. I always thought that plastics would forever have use if properly recycled, but as I learned more, I discovered that recycling them is not the eco-friendly solution that I had believed it to be.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lifestyle Collection
    THE LIFESTYLE COLLECTION THE LIFESTYLE COLLECTION LIVE ALL TERRAIN Whether you’re escaping the city or exploring it, the Land Rover collection is at home in every terrain. Distinctive and well crafted, it’s a range of apparel and accessories designed for life, wherever it’s lived. 2 3 MEN’S APPAREL MEN’S APPAREL The all-terrain spirit of Land Rover continues in our new menswear collection. Instilled with the same unrivalled versatility, it’s ready for anywhere. MEN’S HOODED RAIN JACKET Take shelter seriously with this water-resistant jacket. Lined with breathable mesh, it features an adjustable hood and Land Rover perforation detailing and chamfering throughout. Finished with taped seams and Durable Water Repellent (DWR®) coating. Navy - MSRP $143.75 XS 51LGJM452NVB XL 51LGJM452NVF S 51LGJM452NVC XXL 51LGJM452NVG M 51LGJM452NVD XXXL 51LGJM452NVH L 51LGJM452NVE XXXXL 51LGJM452NV3 Clothing products are offered in UK sizing. Please refer to the sizing guide on page 36. 4 5 MEN’S APPAREL MEN’S APPAREL MEN’S MODERN DRIVER’S JACKET Be ready for every kind of road. This contemporary driver’s jacket offers incredible versatility. Features quilted shoulders, branded poppers to the cuffs and a brushed-metal effect wordmark tag. Water-resistant zips and DWR® coating. Black - MSRP $118.76 XS 51LGJM450BKB XL 51LGJM450BKF S 51LGJM450BKC XXL 51LGJM450BKG M 51LGJM450BKD XXXL 51LGJM450BKH L 51LGJM450BKE XXXXL 51LGJM450BK3 Clothing products are offered in UK sizing. Please refer to the sizing guide on page 36. 6 7 MEN’S APPAREL MEN’S QUILTED JACKET Embrace the elements with this all-weather quilted jacket. Constructed with thermal insulation, heat-welded panels, high neck and side pockets.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper and Board Packaging Recyclability Guidelines
    FOR THE FU IGN TU ES R D E PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING RECYCLABILITY GUIDELINES PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING RECYCLABILITY GUIDELINES Helping retailers and brands specify and design packaging that can be reprocessed in paper mills 2 PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING RECYCLABILITY GUIDELINES 3 CONTENTS PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING RECYCLABILITY GUIDELINES Paper is a sustainable, renewable and ecologically sound choice for packaging DE because almost all paper and board is recyclable. In practice, the recyclability of 4 Plastic SIG packaging products will be determined by composition and design, and the way N they are collected and presented for reprocessing. The vast majority of paper- based products are easily recyclable. 8 Coatings FO R Paper recycling in the UK is a success story, with over 80% of paper and board 9 Peelable Solutions T packaging recovered for recycling. Paper for Recycling (PfR) is collected primarily H for use in manufacturing processes and is used as an alternative to virgin materials e.g. wood pulp. When presented it should therefore be of adequate quality and 10 Varnishes and Curable Varnishes E Recyclability of paper-based packaging economically viable to use. F As society evolves, different applications are found for paper and board which 11 Adhesives U sometimes require changes to its functionality. This is often achieved by combining 11 Alternative Barriers T the fibre substrate with another material to form a composite multi-layer laminate, U providing properties such as water resistance or a gas barrier to extend product life. These changes provide challenges for recycling, and in many instances can R 97% 12 Paper Products 3% increase the costs of reprocessing and of waste disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Bags Can Be Customised to Your Liking and Are Produced with Quality, Competitively
    PAPER PACKAGING 31 [email protected] Confectionery Kraft Bags Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 60 x 40 x 170mm Product Code: 6040170200002 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 60 x 50 x 200mm Product Code: 6050200200001 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 80 x 50 x 280mm Product Code: 8050280200005 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 100 x 60 x 300mm Product Code: 1006030020000 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 120 x 70 x 370mm Product Code: 1207037020004 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: BOPP Kraft Bags 160 x 90 x 360mm Product Code: 1609036020007 Qty Per Box: 50 pcs Description: Kraft Standup Pouch 130+32x210mm Product Code: 3660538015531 Qty Per Box: 200 pcs Description: Kraft Standup Pouch 160+37x240mm Product Code: 3660538015494 Qty Per Box: 200 pcs Description: Kraft Standup Pouch 190+84x280mm Product Code: 3660538015555 Qty Per Box: 200 pcs 32 [email protected] Paper Carrier Bags* *Sizes are approx. +/- 10% Description: Paper Carrier Bag 175 x 90 x 230mm Description: Paper Carrier Bag 175 x 90 x 230mm Product Code: TR SMALL Product Code: SMALL WHITE Qty Per Box: 250 bags Qty Per Box: 250 bags Description: Paper Carrier Bag 220 x 110 x 250mm Description: Paper Carrier Bag 220 x 110 x 250mm Product Code: TR MEDIUM Product Code: MEDIUM WHITE Qty Per Box: 250 bags Qty Per Box: 250 bags Description: Paper Carrier Bag 250 x 140 x 300mm Description: Paper Carrier Bag 250 x 140 x 300mm Product Code: TR LARGE Product Code: LARGE WHITE Qty Per Box: 250 bags Qty Per Box: 250 bags Description:
    [Show full text]
  • Milk and Milk Processing 5 Best Practices for Managing Awassi Sheep 5-Milking and Milk Processing
    Best Practices for Managing Awassi Sheep Milk and milk processing 5 Best Practices for Managing Awassi Sheep 5-Milking and Milk Processing The information in this booklet was compiled by: Muhi El-Dine Hilali and Adnan Termanini. English Version by: Muhi El-Dine Hilali Illustration, layout and design by: Fahed Hariri, English version by: Muhi El-Dine Hilali Photography by: Adnan Termanini For more information please contact: Dr. Barbara Rischkowsky [email protected] ICARDA, C/O ILRI , P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone: +251 11 617 2283 Fax: +251 11 617 2001 Electronic copy can be found on: www.icarda.org Milk and milk processing 5 Contents Good quality milk .................................................................6 Evaluation of milk quality .....................................................7 Milk contamination ...............................................................8 Dealing with milk and milk tools ...........................................9 Milking.................................................................................10 Factors affecting quality ......................................................11 Processing of dairy products ...............................................12 Cream .................................................................................13 Butter ..................................................................................14 Butter oil (Ghee) ..................................................................15 Labneh................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing the Distribution of Single-Use Shopping Bags: a Resource Guide for BC Retailers
    Reducing the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags: A Resource Guide for BC Retailers Reducing the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags: A Resource Guide for BC Retailers Table of Contents Why Reduce the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags? 1 Reducing the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags 2 Introduce a Fee 2 Offer a Resuable Bag 2 Provide In-store Recycling 3 Develop a Communications Strategy 3 Develop a Training Program 3 Develop a Green Program 3 Creating a Single-use Bag Reduction Program 4 Staff Training 5 Sourcing a Good Reusable Bag 6 Promoting Proper Bag Recycling 7 Appendix A - Single-use Bag Reduction Plans 8 Single-use Bag Reduction Plan 8 Single-use Bag Elimination Plan 9 Appendix B – Templates for Signage and Till Stickers 10 Appendix C – Sample Scripts for Training Staff on Customer Interaction 11-12 Appendix D - Endnotes 13 Reducing the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags: A Resource Guide for BC Retailers i Why Reduce the Distribution of Single-use Shopping Bags? Canadians use somewhere between nine billion and 15 billion plastic bags every year, enough to circle the Earth more than 55 times if 1 tied together . Over two million plastic shopping bags are disposed of in the garbage every week in the City of Vancouver, with 63% of 2 them having been re-used for garbage and pet waste . The manufacture and transportation of plastic bags consume significant amounts of non-renewable resources and they are not bio-degradable. We do not know for sure how long plastic bags will take to break down.
    [Show full text]