326 Jejak Leluhur Dari Fu Jian Sampai Ke Tanah

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326 Jejak Leluhur Dari Fu Jian Sampai Ke Tanah JEJAK LELUHUR DARI FU JIAN SAMPAI KE TANAH PARAHYANGAN Tan Soey Beng Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Maranatha Bandung [email protected] ABSTRAK Gang Sim Cong dikenal masyarakat daerah Citepus begitu juga SR/SDN Sim Cong. Asal-usul leluhurnya, Tan Sim Tjong dapat ditelusuri sampai ke Kampung Nan Jing di Provinsi Fu Jian. Leluhurnya berpindah ke Asia Tenggara. Tan Hwie Tjeng adalah salah satu leluhur yang tercatat menetap di Batang, pesisir utara Jawa Tengah untuk beberapa generasi lalu berpindah ke Cirebon dan Jamblang. Di sana mereka berkembang menjadi pedagang dan pemimpin masyarakat Tionghoa Cirebon. Tan Sim Tjong dan Tan Sim Sioe pindah ke Bandung dengan dibangunnya ”Groote Postweg” dan sukses sebagai pengusaha. Keturunan mereka berpindah ke arah timur d a n bermukim di Kota Garut, Tasikmalaya, dan Ciamis juga Cimahi, Bandung, Cirebon, Tegal, Pekalongan, dan Jakarta. Sebuah novel yang ditulis pada tahun 1917 menggambarkan situasi masyarakat Tionghoa Bandung saat itu. Depresi ekonomi global tahun 1929 disusul Perang Dunia Kedua dan Perang Kemerdekaan menghancurkan sebagian besar kekayaannya sedangkan kerusuhan masa republik mendorong terjadinya diaspora di antara keturunan mereka. Kata kunci: tionghoa, depresi, Cirebon, batan ABSTRACT Sim Cong alley and Sim Cong primary school are well known among the people in Citepus area. The origin of the ancestor, Tan Sim Tjong, could be traced back to as far as Nan Jing village in Fu Jian province before he migrated to Southeast Asia. Tan Hwie Tjeng is recorded as one of the first known ancestors that settled down in Batang, Central Java for several generations before moving westward to Cirebon and Jamblang; his descendants became prominent businessmen and leaders of Cirebon Chinese communities in that area and gained a substantial wealth. Tan Sim Tjong and Tan Sim Sioe moved from Cirebon to Bandung and settled down in Citepus following the construction of “the Groote Postweg” or the Great Post Way and became successful businessmen. Their descendants moved eastward to settle down in eastern Priangan areas such as Garut, Tasikmalaya and Ciamis and also to other cities such as Cimahi, Bandung, Cirebon, Tegal, Pekalongan and Jakarta. A novel written in 1917 describes the social condition of the Chinese people in Bandung in that era. The great global economic depression in 1929 followed by the Second World War and the Indonesia independent war have wiped out most of their wealth. Several riots, on the other hand, have been followed by the increase of diaspora among their descendants. Keywords: Chinese, depression, Cirebon, Batang. PENDAHULUAN Rakyat Sim Cong walaupun namanya Kustedja (2012) dalam tulisan- telah diganti menjadi Gang Adibrata. nya Jejak Komunitas Tionghoa dan Masyarakat Tionghoa memi- Perkembangan Kota Bandung, meng- liki peranan signifikan dalam per- gambarkan Gang Sim Tjong dimulai dari kembangan sejarah Kota Bandung. Jalan Raya Barat memotong Gang Kebon Berbagai artefak kebudayaan, tekno- Tangkil, Jalan Saritem, keluar di Jalan logi, hingga ekonomi mewarnai Kebon Jati. Sampai sekarang masyarakat perkembangan Kota Bandung hingga Citepus mengetahui bahwa ada Gang saat ini. Namun, dalam beberapa Sim Tjong (Sim Cong) dan Sekolah hal sejarah masyarakat Tionghoa ini 326 Tan Soey Beng | Jejak Leluhur..... 327 kurang mendapat apresiasi bahkan dan Jiangxi dengan Meixian (sekarang cenderung hilang seperti kisah sejarah disebut Meizhou) sebagai pusatnya. masyarakat Tionghoa yang muncul Di buku Baijiaxing (ratusan di wilayah Citepus. Ada beberapa marga) ditulis tempat yang disebut pertanyaan yang memerlukan jawab- Qunwang, yaitu tempat marga tersebut an, misalnya apakah ada orang berkembang. Di sana ada kelenteng yang sengaja berusaha menghapus leluhur mereka, tetapi bukan tempat- jejak sejarah wijkmeester Citepus marga itu lahir. Seseorang dapat karena dianggap ada peristiwa yang menelusuri asal pusat leluhur jika dia menimbulkan aib keluarga? Bagai- mempunyai data turunan, silsilah, atau mana kondisi kehidupan leluhur rumah abu di tempat leluhur terdekat yang Tionghoa? Bagaimana sistem kultur masih datang dari Tiongkok. Kadang- masyarakat Tionghoa zaman dulu? kadang marga tercantum di belakang Adakah simbol-simbol kebudayaan papan nama leluhur (sinci) yang biasa yang terdapat dalam arsitektur peru- diletakkan di meja sembahyang untuk mahan atau permakaman? Hal ini peringatan leluhur atau pada nisan makam penting diklarifikasi karena me- leluhurnya yang sekarang. Keturunan nyangkut warisan sejarah Kota yang masih bergabung dengan yayasan Bandung baik sebagai artefak kota keluarga Tan dapat mencari silsilah maupun urban heritage. leluhurnya di kelenteng atau di rumah abu tempat terakhir di Tiongkok sebelum Diaspora penduduk Fu Jian ke Asia leluhur tersebut datang ke Indonesia. Tenggara Pelayaran niaga antara Fujian Secara umum telah diketahui dengan Asia Tenggara sudah ada sejak bahwa migrasi penduduk dari Tiongkok abad ke-14 menggunakan perahu Junk ke Pulau Jawa sudah terjadi sejak lama dan digambarkan lebih terinci oleh dari Fu Jian ke Asia Tenggara secara Kustedja (2012). Di Jawa Barat pintu bergelombang. Tempat asal imigran kedatangan orang Tionghoa adalah mayoritas dari tiga provinsi (Hian, Batavia dan Cirebon lalu menyebar ke 2012) yaitu orang Hokkian dari Provinsi kota di sekitarnya. Dengan demikian, Fujian Selatan, disebut juga Minnan. di daerah sekitar Cirebon terbentuk Orang Hokchia dan Hokciu, dari Fujian pecinan di Jamblang karena terletak Utara tinggal di sepanjang pantai. Orang di pinggir sungai. Di Kelenteng Jam- Hinghua, dari Fujian Tengah tepi pantai blang tercatat pada tahun 1889 terjadi sekarang Kota Putian Orang Tiociu, banjir besar dari Kali Jamblang dan sebetulnya adalah orang Hokkian sebelumnya pernah terjadi tiga kali yang tinggal di bagian timur Provinsi wabah kolera dan paceklik selama tiga Guangdong terutama tepi pantai. Orang tahun. Jamblang juga dilalui jalan pos Hainan sebetulnya adalah orang Hokkian Cirebon ke Bandung (Rusyanti, 2012). yang bertransmigrasi ke Pulau Hainan. Orang Hakka atau Khe menyebar di METODE beberapa Provinsi Fujian, Guangdong, Tulisan ini berada dalam ra- Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, dan Sichuan. nah kajian historis deskriptif, yaitu Mayoritas berasal dari wilayah per- pemaparan data-data sejarah untuk dila- batasan Provinsi Fujian, Guangdong, ku kan analisis serta menarik simpulan 328 Jurnal Sosioteknologi | Vol. 14, No 3, Desember 2015 atas data tersebut. Penelitian ini akan abad ke-19. Pengolahan data dilakukan mengungkapkan hubungan nama Sim melalui diskusi dan berbagi informasi Tjong di daerah Citepus dengan sejarah untuk menghasilkan simpulan baik orang Tiong Hoa peranakan. Sim melalui email maupun tatap muka. Tjong adalah nama seorang marga Tan yang tinggal dan mempunyai rumah HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN menghadap Groote Postweg (sekarang Pengumpulan data silsilah dila- jalan Jenderal Sudirman). Batas kukan sejak 1970 melalui wawancara baratnya adalah gang yang belakangan dengan anggota keluarga senior yang diberi nama Gang Sim Tjong dengan mengetahui dan bersedia berbagi batas timur Sungai Citepus. Daerah informasi. Beberapa orang dari generasi itu dikenal sebagai daerah Citepus dan lebih muda yang juga berminat berhasil dijadikan daerah pecinan kedua setelah membentuk kelompok melalui media pecinan Suniaraja pada abad ke-19. sosial dalam jaringan internet sehingga Sebuah novel yang ditulis Chabanneau memudahkan berbagi informasi. dengan jelas menggambarkan situa- Rumah bekas tempat tinggal si Kota Bandung pada sekitar tahun Tan Sim Tjong dan Tan Sim Sioe di 1915 dapat mengungkapkan hubungan daerah Citepus di Jalan Sudirman 242 tersebut. Pengungkapan asal-usul seja- (dulu adalah Groote Postweg) berhasil rahnya akan menambah informasi ditemukan pada tahun 1992. Saat itu publik tentang warisan budaya, bahan rumah tersebut dihuni oleh Tan Tek Kwie, informasi pariwisata, dan sejarah cucu Tan Sim Sioe. Rumah induknya saat perkembangan Kota Bandung. Peneli- itu sudah tidak tampak lagi dari pinggir tian dilakukan kepada para keturunan jalan karena di depan halaman sudah Tan Sim Sioe dan Tan Sim Tjong yang berderet beberapa toko spare-part mobil. berminat dengan didampingi Sugiri Tanah milik Tan Sim Tjong tersebut Kustedja dari Komunitas Bandung berbatasan dengan Gang Sim Tjong Heritage. (sekarang R Adibrata) di sebelah barat Penelitian ini diawali dengan dan utara dan Sungai Citepus di sebelah mengumpulkan data silsilah keturunan timur. Luas tanahnya diperkirakan 4000 Tan Sim Sioe dan Tan Sim Tjong serta m2. Ketika dikunjungi kembali pada mencari keturunan yang masih hidup tahun 2015 rumah tersebut sudah dijual melalui hubungan keluarga. Beberapa dan bukan milik keturunannya lagi. keturunannya dapat dikumpulkan untuk bertatap muka. Selain itu, dilakukan pencarian data fisik lapangan berupa rumah bekas tempat tinggal leluhur, makam, foto, atau informasi lama yang dapat menunjang pembuktian. Data fisik di lapangan dikunjungi sesuai dengan informasi yang didapat dan dibuatkan foto dokumentasi. Jejak hasil karya yang berhubungan dengan Tan Sim Tjong, Tan Sim Sioe, dan keturunannya di masyarakat ditemukan pada awal Tan Soey Beng | Jejak Leluhur..... 329 Foto lama yang berhasil didapatkan adalah berikut ini 1. Tan Sim Tjong Tan Sim Tjong diperkirakan berpindah dari Cirebon ke Bandung tahun 1880-an bersama Tan Sim Sioe. Sayang foto Tan Sim Sioe tidak ditemukan. Foto disediakan oleh Bambang Tjahjadi. Foto 2. Di dalam rumah bekas tempat tinggal Tan Sim Tjong. Duduk dari kiri ke kanan Oey See Djie, Tan Eng Nio, istri Tan Tek
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