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The Cult of Ideal Friendship in Three Elizabethan Novels Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1972 The ultC of Ideal Friendship in Three Elizabethan Novels. James Arthur Marino Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Marino, James Arthur, "The ultC of Ideal Friendship in Three Elizabethan Novels." (1972). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2350. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2350 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. 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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73-13,674 MARINO, James Arthur, 1940- THE CULT OF IDEAL FRIENDSHIP IN THREE ELIZABETHAN NOVELS. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1972 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (g) 1973 J/u>LhS A u i'H U ii wAiUiSO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE CULT OF IDEAL FRIENDSHIP IN THREE ELIZABETHAN NOVELS A Dissertation Submittefd to the Graduate Faculty of the Loiiisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The. Department of English by James Arthur Marino B.A., Duquesne University, 1962 A.M., The University of Chicago, 1963 December, 19 72 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have i nd i St i ''ct print. FIImed as received. U n iv e r s it y M ic r o film s , A Xerox E d u catio n Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I v/ould like to taank Dr. Law r e n c e A. Sasek not only for directing this dissertation, but also for his inspira­ tion as teacher and scholar. I am pleased to have this opportunity to acknowledge a similar and long-standing indebtedness to Dr. Fabian Gudas. I am also grateful to Dr. William John Olive for his careful reading of the dis­ sertation and for his helpful suggestions. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................. Ü TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................i ü ABSTRACT ........................................................ CHAPTER I. The Elizabethans and the Tradition of Friendship ..................................... 1 II. John Lyly's Euphues; The Anatomy of Wit . 35 III. John Lyly's Euphues and His England ............... 76 IV. Sir P hilip Sidney's A r cadia ...................... 120 V. C o n c l u s i o n ........................................... 199 LIST OF WORKS C I T E D ........................................... 213 VITA 218 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Friendship provided Elizabethan writers with a human relationship that answered man's highest spiritual and intel­ lectual aspirations. In Western literature, romantic love was usually portrayed as a passionate attraction that was based on shaky moral and psychological grounds. Friendship, on the other hand, as it appeared in a tradition of classi­ cal writings made popular by Renaissance humanists, was based on virtue and reason. A cult of ideal friendship de­ veloped and found widespread expression in Elizabethan lit­ erature. In particular, friendship is extensively cind typi­ cally used in three Elizabethan novels : John Lyly's Euphues; Tne Anatomy of Wit and Euphues and His England and Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. Both Lyly and Sidney use friendship in a major way for narrative content, thematic unity, and charac­ ter development. In Euphues; The Anatomy of Wit and Euphues and His England, the awareness of the true nature of friendship which Euphues and Philautus exhibit at any point in the nar­ rative reflects their moral growth. At the beginning of The Anatomy of Wit, Euphues hastily enters into a league of friendship with Philautus, but soon he betrays his friend by stealing nis fiancée. The demands of passionate love con­ flict with those of virtuous friendship, and Euphues suffers spiritual and psychological disorders. Eventually he comes Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to recognize the superiority of his relationship with his faithful friend to that with his fickle mistress. He re­ pledges his friendship with Philautus in terms that indicate a new understanding of its basically rational and spiritual nature. His disillusionment with love, however, causes him to turn misogynist, and he abandons society to pursue his s t u d i e s . In Euphues and His England, Lyly arrives at a more balanced response to the conflict between friendship and passionate love. Philautus undergoes a spiritual and intel­ lectual education similar to that of Euphues in The Anatomy of Wit, but, unlike Euphues, Philautus does not renounce women altogether. He learns of a higher form of love that resembles friendship in its rational and virtuous bases. Tne book ends with Philautus' marriage and Euphues' return to his scholarly pursuits. Their friendship remains intact, but it is lessened in intensity because of the different ways of life each friend has chosen. Like Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in the Arcadia uses friendship as a measure of character. In addition, friend­ ship becomes the goad to heroic action and a major factor in achieving social and political stability. Prompted by their league of ideal friendship, Pyrocles and Musidorus engage in lives of heroic action. When they fall in love, they aban­ don their civic commitments to languish in the melancholy poses of romantic lovers. Sidney emphasizes the disparity between tlieir actions as friends and their actions as lovers Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. by his narrative structure that reveals their heroic ex­ ploits when they are no longer able to act heroically and by the demeaning disguises which the heroes adopt. Eventually both of Sidney's heroes come to view love as a virtuous rela­ tionship with marriage as its proper end. Sidney also makes the heroines of his book friends. In this way marriage does not diminish friendship. To the selfless, heroic asexual love of friends is added the virtuous sexual love of hus­ bands for wives. At the close of the Arcadia, all four characters, sustained intellectually and emotionally by both friendship and love, are prepared to accept the responsibili­ ties of an active life. Sidney extends the value of friend­ ship beyond the personal level to make it an essential force in the body politic. Thus, as the Arcadia so well demon­ strates, the cult of ideal friendship provided the Eliza­ bethans with one way of measuring man's potential for per­ sonal, social, and political perfection. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C H A P T E R I THE ELIZABETHANS
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