Copyright by Justin Daniel McIntosh 2015 The Dissertation Committee for Justin Daniel McIntosh certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Aspects of Phonology and Morphology of Teotepec Eastern Chatino Committee: Anthony C. Woodbury, Supervisor Nora C. England, Co-Supervisor Patience L. Epps Stephen M. Wechsler Je↵rey W. Rasch Daniel Suslak Aspects of Phonology and Morphology of Teotepec Eastern Chatino by Justin Daniel McIntosh, B.A., M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN May 2015 To my mother and father Sue and Mike McIntosh “Los Chatinos de mi edad tenemos una gran responsabilidad con nuestra gente, pues puede decirse que somos la generaci´ondel cambio, la que tiene que encargar los cambios. Nuestros padres fueron, en general, la ´ultima generaci´onque no asisti´oa la escuela y nue- stros hijos son la primera generaci´onque saldr´amasivamente escolarizada. La escuela es el principal lugar donde se ense˜na que nuestras verdades son falsas, y nuestros conocimientos son rid´ıculos ante la “ciencia”, y los ni˜nos que aprenden esto, abandonan y menosprecian nuestros rituales, comportamientos y sabidur´ıa, que ahora conciben como irracionales, su- persticiosos, absurdos, falsos. La verdad es ahora la verdad occidental, ya no la verdad Chatina, aunque esta verdad nuestra nos haya permitido vivir durante siglos.” Tom´asCruz Lorenzo San Juan Quiahije Medio Milenio, 1989 † ⇠ Acknowledgments The work involved in the production of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support and engagement of many people. I would like to thank those who have supported me during the pursuit of my doctoral degree and who have helped make this dissertation possible. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the community of jyche˛A jyPyaC jPoE - Santa Luc´ıa Teotepec. I would like to thank the Quintas Figueroa family of Eugenia (Luc´ıa) Figueroa and Rufino Quintas L´opez, with whom I lived during the course of all my fieldwork after the first year. Their kind hospitality and lovely extended family always made me feel at home and very welcome in Teotepec. I deeply thank the many people who worked with me con- tributing their words and personal stories for the documentation of Teotepec Chatino. This includes the eldest Elder of the community, T´ıo Zenaido Flores Velasco, Josefa L´opez Sali- nas, Remigio L´opez Quintas, Guadalupe Carmona Salinas, Apalonia Moreno, Paulino Quin- tas, Leandro Reyes Quintas, Rufino Quintas L´opez, Juana Quintas L´opez, Ar´on(Fausto) Joaqu´ın Velasco Flores, Rutilio Santos Velasco, Maximino (Wilebaldo) Velasco Mendoza, Lucio Z´arate Velasco, Margarita Matus Salinas, Hilaria Reyes Matus, Alfredo Cortez Ma- tus, Sixto Quintas Sierra, Gilberto Z´arate Cortez, Marcelino Cruz Jim´enez, Fidel Figueroa V´asquez, Rufino Reyes Salinas, Lorenza Quintas L´opez, Silverio Velasco Matus, Marcelino Reyes, Leandro Reyes Quintas, Juan Velasco, Sirenia Sierra, Benito Robles Z´arate, Ciriaco Vasquez, Gilberto Z´arate Cort´ez, Andr´es Sierra Salinas, and Marcelino Z´arate Flores. I also would like to acknowledge the collaboration of the community youth who were active in the project. In particular, Reginaldo Quintas Figueroa and Hugo Reyes vi Velasco. These two young men worked very closely with me and the many speakers whose language we documented. Reginaldo and Hugo Reyes have both become close friends of mine and I cannot express the depth of gratitude I have to them for their friendship and the work they have conducted on this project. I also had the honor to work with Mois´es Reyes Quintas, Adelina Quintas Figueroa, Gabriel Cruz Flores, Laura Diana Flores Cruz, Marcelino Cruz Jim´enez, Nicol´asZ´arate Garc´ıa, Reina Santiago Z´arate, Rosibel Reyes Matus, Reina Santiago Z´arate, and Juan Manuel Ayuzo Reyes. I am solely responsible for any errors that may remain in this work. I would like to thank Anthony Woodbury, for his advising and his mentorship in the field, particularly as I began my fieldwork. I would like to thank Nora C. England for her support and advice. I would like to thank my committee members, Patience L. Epps, Stephen M. Wechsler, Je↵ery W. Rasch, and Daniel Suslak for their comments and insights on the development of this text. I also thank the Linguistics Department Chair Richard Meir and my colleagues in the department of Linguisitcs at the University of Texas at Austin. I would like to thank Joel Sherzer, Susan Smythe Kung and Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA). I would like to thank Roberto Zavala and B’alam Mateo from CIESAS-Sureste Chiapas, Mexico. I would like to thank my close friends Eric Campbell, Emiliana Cruz, Hilaria Cruz, St´ephanie Villard, Ryan Sullivant, Lynn Hou and Kate Mesh of the Chatino Language Documentation Project. I extend a special thanks to Emiliana and Hilaria Cruz for inviting me to be on the Chatino Language Documentation project. Without their support I would have never realized this work. I would like to especially thank my uncle Larry Kistler for reading, commenting on and editing an early version of this entire draft. I also thank my uncles Scott Patterson and Kelly Patterson for all their love and support during the time I have been in graduate school. I thank Frida Cruz for her patience and love throughout the time I have been pursuing this degree; it made all the di↵erence. I would like to thank my friends who have vii supported and given me strength during the time of writing and throughout the many field trips: Patrick A. Piazza, Justin Pratcher, Vivian Newdick, Gabriela Garc´ıa Salido, Stacy Po Ting, Telma Kaan, Niamh Kelly, Dana K. Nelson, The Applegate family, and Christofer J. Humiston. And a special thanks to Claudia Ch´avez Arg¨uelles for her deep support over the last two years as I worked at the writing of this document while living both in the US and Mexico. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents Mike and Sue McIntosh. Because of their love and support I have been able to complete much of the work that it took to write this dissertation. Financial support instrumental in the documentation and description of Teotepec Chatino and the writing of this dissertation consisted of grants MDP0153 and IGS0098 o↵ered by the Hans Rausing Endangered Language Project at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the Endangered Language Documentation Programme awarded to the University of Texas at Austin. Additionally, a large portion of the writing of this dissertation was conducted while being a guest student at CIESAS-Sureste, supported by a grant of excellence awarded by the Government of Mexico, through the Ministry of Foreign A↵airs.1 1La redacci´on de esta disertaci´on se ha realizado con una beca de excelencia otorgada por el Gobierno de M´exico, a trav´es de la Secretar´ıa de Relaciones Exteriores. viii Aspects of Phonology and Morphology of Teotepec Eastern Chatino Publication No. Justin Daniel McIntosh, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2015 Supervisors: Anthony C. Woodbury Nora C. England This dissertation is a description of aspects of the phonetics, phonology and mor- phology of Teotepec Chatino (ISO 639-3 identifier: cya; here abbreviated as TEO), an indigenous language spoken by approximately 3800 people in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. This work presents a synchronic description of the language based on data collected in the field over the course of six field trips totaling eighteen months. This investigation is based on a corpus of thirty hours of transcribed and analyzed texts of naturally occurring speech, narratives, data gathered during elicitation sessions, and an expansion of my earlier grammatical sketch (2011). The final result is a description of the phonology and phonetics of tone and some of the morphological processes that exist in the grammar. The focus of this work is to describe the structure of the language produced by native Teotepec speakers and how it is used in an array of contexts. This is reflected in a rich body of procedural texts, conversations, speeches, rants, polemics, prayers, and narratives. These texts are the basis for the descrip- tion of how the language encodes speakers’ knowledge about the world and their greater context. ix This work arrives at a description of the details of the language while also making broader generalizations about these details. It is not possible that this work cover all as- pects of the phonology, phonetics, morphology and so part of the focus has been to capture particular facets of the language and explain them in a way that is detailed while broad enough to be useful to as many as audiences as possible. This includes scholars interested in typology, tone languages, historical linguistics of Otomanguean, linguistic anthropology, anthropology, and the history and culture of the Chatinos, southern Oaxaca and Mesoamer- ica. The dissertation is written in English; however, I often create grammatical write-ups and practical pedagogical materials for a Spanish literate audience. Materials for TEO have been and will continue to be made available to Spanish and English speakers in order to reach an audience that includes, but is not limited to, members of the community, local and regional educators and literacy e↵orts, and scholars engaged in the study of Chatino language and linguistics. The approach to this work is data-driven and text-based. It is written in basic descriptive terms, as outlined in Payne (1997); Shopen (2007); Dixon (2010), and Haspel- math (2010).