The ARM Architecture
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Java (Programming Langua a (Programming Language)
Java (programming language) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedialopedia "Java language" redirects here. For the natural language from the Indonesian island of Java, see Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java multi-paradigm: object-oriented, structured, imperative, Paradigm(s) functional, generic, reflective, concurrent James Gosling and Designed by Sun Microsystems Developer Oracle Corporation Appeared in 1995[1] Java Standard Edition 8 Update Stable release 5 (1.8.0_5) / April 15, 2014; 2 months ago Static, strong, safe, nominative, Typing discipline manifest Major OpenJDK, many others implementations Dialects Generic Java, Pizza Ada 83, C++, C#,[2] Eiffel,[3] Generic Java, Mesa,[4] Modula- Influenced by 3,[5] Oberon,[6] Objective-C,[7] UCSD Pascal,[8][9] Smalltalk Ada 2005, BeanShell, C#, Clojure, D, ECMAScript, Influenced Groovy, J#, JavaScript, Kotlin, PHP, Python, Scala, Seed7, Vala Implementation C and C++ language OS Cross-platform (multi-platform) GNU General Public License, License Java CommuniCommunity Process Filename .java , .class, .jar extension(s) Website For Java Developers Java Programming at Wikibooks Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few impimplementation dependencies as possible.ble. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run ananywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to rurun on another. Java applications ns are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on anany Java virtual machine (JVM)) regardless of computer architecture. Java is, as of 2014, one of tthe most popular programming ng languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, witwith a reported 9 million developers.[10][11] Java was originallyy developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems'Micros Java platform. -
Real-Time Java for Embedded Devices: the Javamen Project*
REAL-TIME JAVA FOR EMBEDDED DEVICES: THE JAVAMEN PROJECT* A. Borg, N. Audsley, A. Wellings The University of York, UK ABSTRACT: Hardware Java-specific processors have been shown to provide the performance benefits over their software counterparts that make Java a feasible environment for executing even the most computationally expensive systems. In most cases, the core of these processors is a simple stack machine on which stack operations and logic and arithmetic operations are carried out. More complex bytecodes are implemented either in microcode through a sequence of stack and memory operations or in Java and therefore through a set of bytecodes. This paper investigates the Figure 1: Three alternatives for executing Java code (take from (6)) state-of-the-art in Java processors and identifies two areas of improvement for specialising these processors timeliness as a key issue. The language therefore fails to for real-time applications. This is achieved through a allow more advanced temporal requirements of threads combination of the implementation of real-time Java to be expressed and virtual machine implementations components in hardware and by using application- may behave unpredictably in this context. For example, specific characteristics expressed at the Java level to whereas a basic thread priority can be specified, it is not drive a co-design strategy. An implementation of these required to be observed by a virtual machine and there propositions will provide a flexible Ravenscar- is no guarantee that the highest priority thread will compliant virtual machine that provides better preempt lower priority threads. In order to address this performance while still guaranteeing real-time shortcoming, two competing specifications have been requirements. -
Simple Computer Example Register Structure
Simple Computer Example Register Structure Read pp. 27-85 Simple Computer • To illustrate how a computer operates, let us look at the design of a very simple computer • Specifications 1. Memory words are 16 bits in length 2. 2 12 = 4 K words of memory 3. Memory can be accessed in one clock cycle 4. Single Accumulator for ALU (AC) 5. Registers are fully connected Simple Computer Continued 4K x 16 Memory MAR 12 MDR 16 X PC 12 ALU IR 16 AC Simple Computer Specifications (continued) 6. Control signals • INCPC – causes PC to increment on clock edge - [PC] +1 PC •ACin - causes output of ALU to be stored in AC • GMDR2X – get memory data register to X - [MDR] X • Read (Write) – Read (Write) contents of memory location whose address is in MAR To implement instructions, control unit must break down the instruction into a series of register transfers (just like a complier must break down C program into a series of machine level instructions) Simple Computer (continued) • Typical microinstruction for reading memory State Register Transfer Control Line(s) Next State 1 [[MAR]] MDR Read 2 • Timing State 1 State 2 During State 1, Read set by control unit CLK - Data is read from memory - MDR changes at the Read beginning of State 2 - Read is completed in one clock cycle MDR Simple Computer (continued) • Study: how to write the microinstructions to implement 3 instructions • ADD address • ADD (address) • JMP address ADD address: add using direct addressing 0000 address [AC] + [address] AC ADD (address): add using indirect addressing 0001 address [AC] + [[address]] AC JMP address 0010 address address PC Instruction Format for Simple Computer IR OP 4 AD 12 AD = address - Two phases to implement instructions: 1. -
MIPS IV Instruction Set
MIPS IV Instruction Set Revision 3.2 September, 1995 Charles Price MIPS Technologies, Inc. All Right Reserved RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013 and / or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United States. Contractor / manufacturer is MIPS Technologies, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd., Mountain View, CA 94039-7311. R2000, R3000, R6000, R4000, R4400, R4200, R8000, R4300 and R10000 are trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. MIPS and R3000 are registered trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. The information in this document is preliminary and subject to change without notice. MIPS Technologies, Inc. (MTI) reserves the right to change any portion of the product described herein to improve function or design. MTI does not assume liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein. Information on MIPS products is available electronically: (a) Through the World Wide Web. Point your WWW client to: http://www.mips.com (b) Through ftp from the internet site “sgigate.sgi.com”. Login as “ftp” or “anonymous” and then cd to the directory “pub/doc”. (c) Through an automated FAX service: Inside the USA toll free: (800) 446-6477 (800-IGO-MIPS) Outside the USA: (415) 688-4321 (call from a FAX machine) MIPS Technologies, Inc. -
S32 Design Studio for S32 Platform 3.4 Installation Guide
S32 Design Studio for S32 Platform 3.4 Installation Guide Document Number: S32DSIG Rev. 1.0, 12/2020 Contents System Requirements......................................................................................................................3 Installation prerequisites for Linux platforms.............................................................................5 Downloading S32DS 3.4................................................................................................................12 Downloading the S32DS 3.4 installer................................................................................................................12 Obtaining the activation code.............................................................................................................................12 Installing S32DS 3.4......................................................................................................................14 Debian 8 post-installation settings..................................................................................................................... 20 Installing product updates and packages................................................................................... 23 Installing Synopsys tools...............................................................................................................25 Installing VP Explorer........................................................................................................................................25 Post-installation settings.................................................................................................................................... -
Advanced Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture MTIT C 103 MIPS ISA and Processor Compiled By Afaq Alam Khan Introduction The MIPS architecture is one example of a RISC architecture The MIPS architecture is a register architecture. All arithmetic and logical operations involve only registers (or constants that are stored as part of the instructions). The MIPS architecture also includes several simple instructions for loading data from memory into registers and storing data from registers in memory; for this reason, the MIPS architecture is called a load/store architecture Register ◦ MIPS has 32 integer registers ($0, $1, ....... $30, $31) and 32 floating point registers ($f0, $f1, ....... $f30, $f31) ◦ Size of each register is 32 bits The $k0, $K1, $at, and $gp registers are reserved for os, assembler and global data And are not used by the programmer Miscellaneous Registers ◦ $PC: The $pc or program counter register points to the next instruction to be executed and is automatically updated by the CPU after instruction are executed. This register is not typically accessed directly by user programs ◦ $Status: The $status or status register is the processor status register and is updated after each instruction by the CPU. This register is not typically directly accessed by user programs. ◦ $cause: The $cause or exception cause register is used by the CPU in the event of an exception or unexpected interruption in program control flow. Examples of exceptions include division by 0, attempting to access in illegal memory address, or attempting to execute an invalid instruction (e.g., trying to execute a data item instead of code). ◦ $hi / $lo : The $hi and $lo registers are used by some specialized multiply and divide instructions. -
Optimizing for Jazelle DBX and Java Hotspot™ Technology Case Study
Optimizing Midlets for Size and Performance Simon Robinson Innaworks www.innaworks.com TS-5109 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | Goal of This Talk Pushing the size and performance of Java™ Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME platform) applications on today’s handsets 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 2 Agenda Why size and performance matters Under the bonnet of a Java ME Platform MIDlet Optimization strategy Optimization techniques Optimizing for Jazelle DBX and Java HotSpot™ technology Case study 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 3 Agenda Why size and performance matters Under the bonnet of a Java ME Platform MIDlet Optimization strategy Optimization techniques Optimizing for Jazelle DBX and Java HotSpot™ technology Case study 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 4 Why Size and Performance Matters Adoption = Potential market size × How much fun ×Marketing 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 5 Why Size and Performance Matters Adoption = Potential market size × How much fun ×Marketing Handset coverage matters 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 6 Why Size and Performance Matters Adoption = Potential market size × How much fun ×Marketing How fun is your game? Perceived quality matters 2007 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-5109 | 7 Constraints of Consumer Handsets JAR size Heap memory Nokia S40 v1 (3300, etc.) 64 kB 370 kB Nokia S40 v2 (6230, etc.) 128 kB 512 kB Sharp GX22 100 kB 512 kB DoJa 2.5 (m420i) 30 B 1.5 MB 15% game sales for handsets < 64 kB Java Archive (JAR) file size -
Itanium-Based Solutions by Hp
Itanium-based solutions by hp an overview of the Itanium™-based hp rx4610 server a white paper from hewlett-packard june 2001 table of contents table of contents 2 executive summary 3 why Itanium is the future of computing 3 rx4610 at a glance 3 rx4610 product specifications 4 rx4610 physical and environmental specifications 4 the rx4610 and the hp server lineup 5 rx4610 architecture 6 64-bit address space and memory capacity 6 I/O subsystem design 7 special features of the rx4610 server 8 multiple upgrade and migration paths for investment protection 8 high availability and manageability 8 advanced error detection, correction, and containment 8 baseboard management controller (BMC) 8 redundant, hot-swap power supplies 9 redundant, hot-swap cooling 9 hot-plug disk drives 9 hot-plug PCI I/O slots 9 internal removable media 10 system control panel 10 ASCII console for hp-ux 10 space-saving rack density 10 complementary design and packaging 10 how hp makes the Itanium transition easy 11 binary compatibility 11 hp-ux operating system 11 seamless transition—even for home-grown applications 12 transition help from hp 12 Itanium quick start service 12 partner technology access centers 12 upgrades and financial incentives 12 conclusion 13 for more information 13 appendix: Itanium advantages in your computing future 14 hp’s CPU roadmap 14 Itanium processor architecture 15 predication enhances parallelism 15 speculation minimizes the effect of memory latency 15 inherent scalability delivers easy expansion 16 what this means in a server 16 2 executive The Itanium™ Processor Family is the next great stride in computing--and it’s here today. -
Arduino and AVR
Arduino and AVR Ke vin J Dola n a nd Eric Te ve lson Agenda • History of Arduino • Comparison to Other Platforms • Arduino Uno - Hardware • ATmega328P Peripherals • Instruction Set • Processor Components • Pipe lining • Programming • Applica tions • Future of Arduino History of Arduino • Fa mily of Microcontrolle rs cre a te d a s a ma ste rs the sis proje ct • intended for use by a non-technical audience of artists, designers, etc. • Made for accessibility and ease of use. • Programming made easy for the audience • Ability to program board via USB • Inexpensive price point • Expanded for other types and configurations • Example: Arduino Lilypad for wearable technologies • Popularity has expanded functionality including “shields” and Bluetooth. Comparison to Other Platforms • Raspberry Pi • Raspberry Pi is a full computer that can run and support an OS, and has built in graphics. • Porta bility is a n issue , since a n e xte rna l supply is ne e de d. • Network needs more setup on an Arduino • Raspberry Pi does not support analog sensors as well • Teensy • Less expensive • Compatible with Arduino “sketches” and “shields” • Be tte r ADC sa mpling, sa me functiona lity, be tte r re solution • Sma lle r physica l boa rd size Arduino Uno - Hardware • ATmega328P Microcontroller • 3 2 KB Fla s h Me m o ry (2 KB S RAM, 1 KB EEP RO M) • 16 MH z C lo c k • 14 Digita l I/O Pins • 6 PWM Digita l I/O Pins • 6 Analog Input Pins • Up to 20mA DC Current per I/O Pin up to 300mA total across all pins • 50mA DC Current on 3.3V Pin Arduino Uno - Hardware ATmega328P Peripherals • Total of 6 accessible A/D Pins on Port C • 14 GPIO (7 Pins each from PORT B & D) • UART (Se ria l) • SPI Support • Watchdog timer to reset CPU Instruction Set • Harvard Architecture, which is non-von Neumann memory, but still a von Neumann architecture. -
The Central Processor Unit
Systems Architecture The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit – p. 1/11 The Computer System Application High-level Language Operating System Assembly Language Machine level Microprogram Digital logic Hardware / Software Interface The Central Processing Unit – p. 2/11 CPU Structure External Memory MAR: Memory MBR: Memory Address Register Buffer Register Address Incrementer R15 / PC R11 R7 R3 R14 / LR R10 R6 R2 R13 / SP R9 R5 R1 R12 R8 R4 R0 User Registers Booth’s Multiplier Barrel IR Shifter Control Unit CPSR 32-Bit ALU The Central Processing Unit – p. 3/11 CPU Registers Internal Registers Condition Flags PC Program Counter C Carry IR Instruction Register Z Zero MAR Memory Address Register N Negative MBR Memory Buffer Register V Overflow CPSR Current Processor Status Register Internal Devices User Registers ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Rn Register n CU Control Unit n = 0 . 15 M Memory Store SP Stack Pointer MMU Mem Management Unit LR Link Register Note that each CPU has a different set of User Registers The Central Processing Unit – p. 4/11 Current Process Status Register • Holds a number of status flags: N True if result of last operation is Negative Z True if result of last operation was Zero or equal C True if an unsigned borrow (Carry over) occurred Value of last bit shifted V True if a signed borrow (oVerflow) occurred • Current execution mode: User Normal “user” program execution mode System Privileged operating system tasks Some operations can only be preformed in a System mode The Central Processing Unit – p. 5/11 Register Transfer Language NAME Value of register or unit ← Transfer of data MAR ← PC x: Guard, only if x true hcci: MAR ← PC (field) Specific field of unit ALU(C) ← 1 (name), bit (n) or range (n:m) R0 ← MBR(0:7) Rn User Register n R0 ← MBR num Decimal number R0 ← 128 2_num Binary number R1 ← 2_0100 0001 0xnum Hexadecimal number R2 ← 0x40 M(addr) Memory Access (addr) MBR ← M(MAR) IR(field) Specified field of IR CU ← IR(op-code) ALU(field) Specified field of the ALU(C) ← 1 Arithmetic and Logic Unit The Central Processing Unit – p. -
The Interrupt Program Status Register (IPSR) Contains the Exception Type Number of the Current ISR
Lab #4: POLLING & INTERRUPTS CENG 255 - iHaz - 2016 Lab4 Objectives Recognize different kinds of exceptions. Understand the behavior of interrupts. Realize the advantages and disadvantages of interrupts relative to polling. Explain what polling is and write code for it. Explain what an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is and write code for it. Must be Done Individually Before the Lab. Pre-Lab4 Questions Describe the major difference between polling 1 and interrupt. 2 Explain what APSR, IPSR and EPSR are. 3 Explain how PRIMASK is used. 4 Explain what an exception vector table is. 5 Explain what PORT Control registers are. Must be Done Individually Before the Lab. Polling vs. Interrupt Describe the major difference between polling and interrupt. Polling Interrupt • In polling, the processor continuously • An interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor polls or tests a given device as to whether from a device that requires attention. Upon it requires attention. The polling is receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller carried out by a polling program that interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the shares processing time with the currently device. The program which is associated with the running task. A device indicates it interrupt is called the interrupt service routine requires attention by setting a bit in its (ISR) or interrupt handler. device status register. • When ISR is done, the microprocessor continues • Polling the device usually means reading with its original task as if it had never been its status register every so often until the interrupted. This is achieved by pushing the device's status changes to indicate that it contents of all of its internal registers on the has completed the request. -
Java in Embedded Linux Systems
Java in Embedded Linux Systems Java in Embedded Linux Systems Thomas Petazzoni / Michael Opdenacker Free Electrons http://free-electrons.com/ Created with OpenOffice.org 2.x Java in Embedded Linux Systems © Copyright 2004-2007, Free Electrons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 license http://free-electrons.com Sep 15, 2009 1 Rights to copy Attribution ± ShareAlike 2.5 © Copyright 2004-2008 You are free Free Electrons to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work [email protected] to make derivative works to make commercial use of the work Document sources, updates and translations: Under the following conditions http://free-electrons.com/articles/java Attribution. You must give the original author credit. Corrections, suggestions, contributions and Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license translations are welcome! identical to this one. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. License text: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode Java in Embedded Linux Systems © Copyright 2004-2007, Free Electrons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 license http://free-electrons.com Sep 15, 2009 2 Best viewed with... This document is best viewed with a recent PDF reader or with OpenOffice.org itself! Take advantage of internal