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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Agronomía UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA TESIS MORFOGÉNESIS in vitro EN LAS ORQUÍDEAS Phalaenopsis spp. (Blume) Y Cattleya sp. (Lindley) PRESENTA QBP KARLA ANDREA FRAUSTO JAIME PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA SEPTIEMBRE, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA TESIS MORFOGÉNESIS in vitro EN LAS ORQUÍDEAS Phalaenopsis spp. (Blume) Y Cattleya sp. (Lindley) PRESENTA QBP KARLA ANDREA FRAUSTO JAIME PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA GENERAL ESCOBEDO, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO SEPTIEMBRE, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA TESIS MORFOGÉNESIS in vitro EN LAS ORQUÍDEAS Phalaenopsis spp. (Blume) Y Cattleya sp. (Lindley) PRESENTA QBP KARLA ANDREA FRAUSTO JAIME PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA GENERAL ESCOBEDO, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO SEPTIEMBRE, 2017 ESTA TESIS FUE REVISADA Y APROBADA POR EL COMITÉ PARTICULAR COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA COMITÉ PARTICULAR ______________________________ Dra. Ma. Del Carmen Ojeda Zacarías Director ______________________________ M.C. Eduardo A. García Zambrano Co-Director ______________________________ Dr. Omar G. Alvarado Gómez Asesor ______________________________ Dra. Adriana Gutiérrez Díez Subdirectora de Estudios de Posgrado DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo y con mucho cariño a mi familia quienes siempre me han apoyado, ellos son el motor que me impulsa a seguir adelante. También se lo dedico a todos aquellos en quienes surja el interés por el cultivo de orquídeas, porque la belleza de sus flores es un reflejo de su largo camino en la lucha por subsistir, y no debe pasar desapercibido. “No os dejéis corromper por un escepticismo estéril y deprimente; no os desalentéis ante la tristeza de ciertas horas que pasan sobre las naciones. Vivid en la serena paz de los laboratorios y de las bibliotecas. Preguntaos primero ¿ Qué he hecho por instruirme? Y después, a medida que vayáis progresando: ¿Qué he hecho por mi patria? Hasta que llegue el día en que podáis tener la íntima satisfacción de pensar en que habéis contribuido de alguna manera al progreso y al bienestar de la humanidad ” Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco principalmente a mi esposo Martín Reyna Zúñiga, porque su crítica objetiva y apoyo incondicional me ayuda a mejorar siempre en todos los aspectos. Agradezco también a todos mis maestros y compañeros de posgrado por compartirme su experiencia en el área agronómica. Debo dar las gracias al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca para la manutención durante mis estudios de posgrado. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ..................................................................................... ix ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ....................................................................................... xi NOMENCLATURAS ........................................................................................ xv RESUMEN .................................................................................................... xviii SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... xx 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hipótesis ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Hipótesis específicas .................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Objetivo General .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................................................. 3 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ........................................................................ 5 2.1 Generalidades de las Orquídeas .................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Historia y Origen ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Distribución Geográfica y Hábitat ............................................................................................. 10 2.1.3 Clasificación Taxonómica y Evolución ...................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Descripción Botánica ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.5 Usos e Importancia Económica ................................................................................................ 27 2.2 Propagación Tradicional de Orquídeas ....................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Condiciones Generales de Cultivo ............................................................................................ 33 2.2.2 Propagación de Phalaenopsis .................................................................................................. 34 2.2.3 Propagación de Cattleya ........................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales ........................................................................................................ 37 2.3.1 Antecedentes Históricos ........................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Descripción de la Técnica ......................................................................................................... 39 2.3.3 Condiciones de Cultivo ............................................................................................................. 40 2.3.4 Micropropagación ..................................................................................................................... 43 2.4 Micropropagación de Orquídeas .................................................................................................. 46 2.4.1 El Cultivo in vitro de Phalaenopsis ............................................................................................ 46 2.4.2 El Cultivo in vitro de Cattleya .................................................................................................... 47 2.5 Diseño Experimental en la Experimentación In Vitro ................................................................ 48 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ....................................................................... 50 3.1 Ubicación Geográfica .................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Material de Estudio ........................................................................................................................ 51 3.3 Estudio Phalaenopsis .................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.1 Obtención de Explantes ............................................................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Establecimiento Aséptico .......................................................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Medio de Cultivo. ...................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.4 Diseño Estadístico. ................................................................................................................... 58 3.4 Estudio Cattleya ............................................................................................................................. 59 3.4.1 Obtención de Explantes ............................................................................................................ 59 3.4.2 Establecimiento In Vitro ............................................................................................................ 59 3.4.3 Medio de Cultivo ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.4.4 Diseño Estadístico .................................................................................................................... 60 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .................................................................... 62 4.1 Estudio Phalaenopsis .................................................................................................................... 62 4.1.1 Experimento de Sales Minerales .............................................................................................. 62 4.1.2 Experimento de Organogénesis ............................................................................................... 67 4.2 Estudio Cattleya ............................................................................................................................. 71 4.2.1 Oxidación .................................................................................................................................. 71 4.2.2 Morfogénesis ............................................................................................................................ 75 5. CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................
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