DOCSLIB.ORG

Salvia Divinorum – Active Ingredient Salvinorin a • Agonist to Κ Opiod Receptor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salvia Divinorum – Active Ingredient Salvinorin a • Agonist to Κ Opiod Receptor A Review of the Methods of Determination and Quantification of Salvinorin A within Biological Fluids Karyn Crawford The Plan • My first introduction to Salvia • Actual background information • The methods • Compare and contrast! My First Introduction • Random sketchy head shop in San Luis Obispo in CA • No idea what Salvia was – “It’s a legal way to get high!” • My friends were too nervous to ask for it outright so we wandered around like the awkward high schoolers we were • One finally manned up enough to ask, got a look but was offered a price • He was broke so he couldn’t buy any anyway Actual Background Information • Salvia Divinorum – Active ingredient Salvinorin A • Agonist to κ opiod receptor – Rather than affecting the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors like classic hallucinogens (LSD) – Only known non-nitrogenous opiod agonist – Full metabolism is not known More Actual Background Information • Historically used by Mazatec peoples – Ska pastora – Ska Maria pastora • Street names: Magic mint, Diviner’s sage, or Salvia • Then: Chewed or brewed into a tea – Now: dried to smoke or chew Legislation • Not federally controlled – Attempt made in 2002 to make it schedule I but it did not go through • States have made legislation against it – Illegal in: Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Texas and more! – Other states were not successful in getting it passed • Controlled in some manner: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Sweden Legal and ‘natural’ ≠ Safe • Symptoms – Loss of contact with reality, short-term loss of consciousness, panic crisis, hearing voices, nausea, unrealistic visions, sense of death, potential self-injuries without pain – No deaths linked to overdoses recorded • Growing concern – Need robust, reliable methods of detection Experiment 1 • 2005, Schmidt et al – SPE followed by HPLC – First study to detect Salvinorin A within biological fluids • Human and rhesus monkey plasma, rhesus monkey cerebrospinal fluid, and human urine • Sal. A was extracted from Salvia Div. to >98% purity • Samples were then spiked Experiment 2 • Later in 2005, Pichini et al – Quantification of Sal. A in biological fluids using LLE then GC-MS • Urine, serum, saliva and sweat from a sweat patch • Serum was not able to be tested as planned – Using samples from volunteers who smoked a controlled amount of Salvia • ~0.58 mg of Sal. A smoked between the two (7.7mg/g dry leaves) • Some could have been lost through vaporization Experiment 3 • 2008, McDonough et al – Wanted to detect and quantify Sal. A using SPE and LC-MS – Sal. A purchased in crystalline form (>98% purity) – Spiked urine and blood with the Sal. A Experiment 4 • 2012 – Barnes et al – Analyze the Sal. A content in different parts of the plants, water, and urine using SPE and LLE and two dimensional GC-time of flight MS – Sal. A stock was purchased, but extractions of S. divinorum leaves, stems and roots were performed separately • Quantitation of Sal. A in each part of the plant was performed Experiment 5 • 2013 – Margalho et al – Detection and quantification in pericardial fluid, vitreous humor, whole blood and plasma using SPE and GC-MS – Sal. A standards purchased and used to spike the blood, plasma, vitreous humor, and pericardial fluid. – To help if Sal. A was part of the reason a person could have died MS of Salvinorin A LOD and LOQ Author and Instrument Method Matrix LOD (ng/mL) LOQ (ng/mL) Schmidt et al (LC-MS) SPE Plasma 2 n/a Pichini et al (GC-MS) LLE Plasma 5 15 LLE Urine 5 15 LLE Saliva 5 15 LLE Sweat 5 10 McDonough et al (LC-MS) SPE Urine 2.5 2 Barnes et al (GCxGC-MS) LLE Water 230 n/a SPE Water 6 n/a LLE Urine 200 n/a SPE Urine 4 n/a Margalho et al (GC-MS) SPE Vitreous Humor 5 n/a SPE Pericardial Fluid 5 n/a SPE Blood 5 n/a SPE Plasma 5 n/a Linear Range Author Method Linear Range Schmidt et al LC-MS 2 – 1000 ng/mL Pichini et al GC-MS 15 – 5000 ng/mL McDonough et al LC-MS 5 – 100 ng/mL Barnes et al GCxGC-MS 8 – 500 ng/mL Margalho et al GC-MS 5 – 100 ng/mL Plant Extraction • Has been well established • Barnes et al focused on extraction from separate parts of the plant – Leaves have the highest amount of Sal. A • Approximately 60 ng/g of dry leaves • Typical Euphoric dose is between 200 and 500 µg • Suggested that cultivation practices in their lab were not optimized in any way – Stems had a detectable amount – Roots did not have a detectable amount Where to go from here • Quantification of Sal. A – In a few of the studies, the amount of Sal. A increased after extraction – Over 100% yields • Degradation studies • Sampling time studies References 1. Mark S. Schmidt, Thomas E. Prisinzano, Kevin Tidgewell, Wayne Harding, et al. Determination of Salvinorin A in Body Fluids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. J. of Chrom B. 818: 221-225 (2005) 2. Simona Pinchini, Sergio Abanades, Magi Farre, Manuela Pelligrini, et al. Quantification of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Conventional and Non-Conventional Biological Fluids by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry after Salvia divinorum Smoking. Rapid Commun. Mass Spect. 19: 1649-1656 (2005) 3. Pamela C. McDonough, Justin M. Holler, Shawn P. Vorce, et al. The Detection and Quantitative Analysis of the Psychoactive Component of Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, in Human Biological Fluids Using Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry. J. of Analytical Tox. 32: 417-421 (2008) 4. Matthew W. Johnson, Katherine A. MacLean, Chad J. Reissig, et al. Human Psychopharmacology and Dose-Effects of Salvinorin A, a Kappa Opiod Agonist Hallucinogen Present in the Plant Salvia divinorum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 115: 150-155 (2011) 5. Brian B. Barnes, Nicholas H. Snow. Analysis of Salvinorin A in Plants, Water, and Urine using Solid- Phase Microextraction-Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. J. of Chrom A. 1226: 110-115 (2012) 6. Claudia Margalho, Eugenia Gallardo, Alice Castanheira, Duarte Nuno Vieira, et al. A Validated Procedure for Detection and Quantitation of Salvinorin A in Pericardial Fluid, Vitreous Humor, Whole Blood and Plasma using Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. of Chrom A. 1304: 203-210 (2013) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hallucinogens
    Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab.
    [Show full text]
  • SENATE BILL No. 52
    As Amended by Senate Committee Session of 2017 SENATE BILL No. 52 By Committee on Public Health and Welfare 1-20 1 AN ACT concerning the uniform controlled substances act; relating to 2 substances included in schedules I, II and V; amending K.S.A. 2016 3 Supp. 65-4105, 65-4107 and 65-4113 and repealing the existing 4 sections. 5 6 Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Kansas: 7 Section 1. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 65-4105 is hereby amended to read as 8 follows: 65-4105. (a) The controlled substances listed in this section are 9 included in schedule I and the number set forth opposite each drug or 10 substance is the DEA controlled substances code which has been assigned 11 to it. 12 (b) Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, 13 ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, unless specifically 14 excepted, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts 15 is possible within the specific chemical designation: 16 (1) Acetyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)- 17 N-phenylacetamide)......................................................................9821 18 (2) Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(1-methyl-2-phenethyl)-4- 19 piperidinyl]-N-phenylacetamide)..................................................9815 20 (3) Acetylmethadol.............................................................................9601 21 (4) AH-7921 (3.4-dichloro-N-[(1- 22 dimethylaminocyclohexylmethyl]benzamide)...............................9551 23 (4)(5) Allylprodine...........................................................................9602
    [Show full text]
  • Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca Analogues from the Late Bronze Age
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3(2), pp. 104–116 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.013 First published online July 25, 2019 Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca analogues from the Late Bronze Age MATTHEW CLARK* School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Department of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, University of London, London, UK (Received: October 19, 2018; accepted: March 14, 2019) In this article, the origins of the cult of the ritual drink known as soma/haoma are explored. Various shortcomings of the main botanical candidates that have so far been proposed for this so-called “nectar of immortality” are assessed. Attention is brought to a variety of plants identified as soma/haoma in ancient Asian literature. Some of these plants are included in complex formulas and are sources of dimethyl tryptamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other psychedelic substances. It is suggested that through trial and error the same kinds of formulas that are used to make ayahuasca in South America were developed in antiquity in Central Asia and that the knowledge of the psychoactive properties of certain plants spreads through migrants from Central Asia to Persia and India. This article summarizes the main arguments for the botanical identity of soma/haoma, which is presented in my book, The Tawny One: Soma, Haoma and Ayahuasca (Muswell Hill Press, London/New York). However, in this article, all the topics dealt with in that publication, such as the possible ingredients of the potion used in Greek mystery rites, an extensive discussion of cannabis, or criteria that we might use to demarcate non-ordinary states of consciousness, have not been elaborated.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvia Divinorum: Clinical and Research Potential
    18 m a p s • v o l u m e x i i i n u m b e r 1 • s p r i n g 2 0 0 3 Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Research Potential Karl R. Hanes, Ph.D. ([email protected]), Cognitive- Behavioural Treatment Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Salvia divinorum is a perennial Mexican herb from the labiate (mint) family (Epling & Jativa, 1962) that has a history of use chiefly for the initiation and facilitation of shamanic practice among such peoples as the Mazatec Indians of the Sierra Mazateca region of Oaxaca, Mexico, and possibly by earlier human civilizations (Johnson, 1939; Wasson, 1962; Ott, 1995). In its capacity as a tool of divination, the predomi- nant known use of this plant (aside from general problem solving, such as finding lost objects) occurred in the context of healing ceremonies, for the treatment of disease. Typically, these healing rituals involved the oral consumption of large doses (50-100 leaves) of the plant in order to induce altered states of consciousness that fostered the detection of specific ailments. Significantly, the means of such identification of a specific condition Salvia divinorum was often through self-report. The Mazatec Indians, who referred to this herb by a number of names, most commonly ‘ska Maria pastora’ (‘leaves of the Virgin Mary, the Shepherdess’), also employed this plant medicinally for the management of such conditions as headache, diarrhoea, rheumatism and anaemia (Valdez, Diaz & Paul, 1983). Recent investigations have isolated the neoclerodane diterpenes Salvinorin A, B and C as the main constituents (Ortega, Blount & Manchand, 1982; Valdez et al., 2001; Roth et al., 2002), and the psychoactivity of this herb, identified by earlier investigators (Wasson, 1962), has been clearly delineated only recently (Siebert, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • SALVIA DIVINORUM and SALVINORIN a (Street Names: Maria Pastora, Sage of the Seers, Diviner’S Sage, Salvia, Sally-D, Magic Mint) March 2020
    Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section SALVIA DIVINORUM AND SALVINORIN A (Street Names: Maria Pastora, Sage of the Seers, Diviner’s Sage, Salvia, Sally-D, Magic Mint) March 2020 Introduction: from Mexico and Central and South America. The Internet Salvia divinorum is a perennial herb in the mint family is used for the promotion and distribution of Salvia divinorum. native to certain areas of the Sierra Mazateca region of It is sold as seeds, plant cuttings, whole plants, fresh and Oaxaca, Mexico. The plant, which can grow to over three dried leaves, extract-enhanced leaves of various strengths feet in height, has large green leaves, hollow square stems (e.g., 5x, 10x, 20x, 30x), and liquid extracts purported to and white flowers with purple calyces, can also be grown contain salvinorin A. These products are also sold at local successfully outside of this region. Salvia divinorum has shops (e.g., head shops and tobacco shops). been used by the Mazatec Indians for its ritual divination and healing. The active constituent of Salvia divinorum has been User Population: identified as salvinorin A. Currently, neither Salvia divinorum According to the National Survey on Drug Use and nor any of its constituents, including salvinorin A, are Health (NSDUH), published by SAMHSA, it is estimated that controlled under the federal Controlled Substances Act 5.3 million persons, aged 12 or older, used Salvia divinorum (CSA). in their lifetime in 2016 in comparison to 5.1 million persons a year ago in 2015 and 1.8 million persons a decade ago in Licit Uses: 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs of Abuseon September Archived 13-10048 No
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION WWW.DEA.GOV 9, 2014 on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited Drugs of2011 Abuse EDITION A DEA RESOURCE GUIDE V. Narcotics WHAT ARE NARCOTICS? Also known as “opioids,” the term "narcotic" comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as “narcot- ics,” today “narcotic” refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is “opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin®, Vicodin®, codeine, morphine, methadone and fentanyl. WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? The poppy papaver somniferum is the source for all natural opioids, whereas synthetic opioids are made entirely in a lab and include meperidine, fentanyl, and methadone. Semi-synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone. Teens can obtain narcotics from friends, family members, medicine cabinets, pharmacies, nursing 2014 homes, hospitals, hospices, doctors, and the Internet. 9, on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited What are common street names? Street names for various narcotics/opioids include: ➔ Hillbilly Heroin, Lean or Purple Drank, OC, Ox, Oxy, Oxycotton, Sippin Syrup What are their forms? Narcotics/opioids come in various forms including: ➔ T ablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, lollipops How are they abused? ➔ Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected.
    [Show full text]
  • DXM Fast Facts
    What is DXM? doses—usually at least half an 8-ounce ketamine. While under the influence of bottle—by drinking the liquid very the drug, which can last for as long as DXM (dextromethorphan) is a quickly. (Consumption of large quanti- 6 hours, DXM abusers risk injuring cough suppressant available in a ties of cough syrup induces vomiting. themselves and others because of the variety of over-the-counter cough and Thus, to achieve the desired effects, drug’s effects on visual perception and cold medications. DXM is abused abusers must drink the product quickly cognitive processes. because, when taken in doses that enough to allow the body to absorb the In addition, individuals who ingest dramatically exceed those recom- DXM before vomiting occurs.) mended by physicians and pharma- high doses of DXM risk hyperthermia cists, it produces hallucinations and The availability of powdered extrac- (exceptionally high fever), particularly if a sense of dissociation. tions of DXM has resulted in abusers they use the drug in a hot environment either inhaling the powder (snorting) or or while physically exerting themselves— What does DXM look like? repackaging it in capsules, which are such as at a rave or dance club. Other then swallowed. risks associated with DXM abuse As an over-the-counter medication, include nausea, abdominal pain, vomit- DXM is available in various forms Who abuses DXM? ing, irregular heartbeat, high blood including liquids, lozenges, tablets, pressure, headache, numbness of capsules, and gel caps. In addition, DXM It is difficult to gauge the extent of fingers and toes, loss of consciousness, powder—prepared by extracting the drug DXM abuse in the United States seizures, brain damage, and death.
    [Show full text]
  • A Content Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Use on Youtube
    The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 6 January 2013 A Content Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Use on YouTube Brent A. Paterline North Georgia College & State University, [email protected] Maria J. Albo North Georgia College & State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps Recommended Citation Paterline, Brent A. and Albo, Maria J. (2013) "A Content Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Use on YouTube," The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol5/iss1/6 This Refereed Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Content Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Use on YouTube Introduction Drug and alcohol use has been strongly linked to peer group associations. Adolescents and adults whose friends use drugs are far more likely to use drugs and share similar attitudes towards drug taking behavior (Piquero et al., 2005; Lee, Akers, & Borg, 2004; Monroe, 2004; Marshal & Chassin, 2000; Dinges & Getting, 1993). While peer groups remain the primary agent of socialization in terms of learning how to use drugs, researchers have recognized that channels of mass communication (e.g. movies, television, the Internet) may also play an important role. For the last several decades, studies have demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between mass media use and drug use.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping Youth Drug Free PDF 3.87 MB
    Keeping Youth DRUG FREE Keeping Youth DRUG FREE U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Acknowledgments Electronic Access and Copies of Publication This publication was prepared for the Substance This publication may be downloaded or ordered at Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://store.samhsa.gov. Or call SAMHSA’s Store (SAMHSA) by the Center for Substance Abuse at 1-877-SAMHSA-7 (1-877-726-4727) Prevention (CSAP) under contract number (English and Español). HHSS277201600001C, with SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Recommended Citation David Lamont Wilson served as the Government Project Officer. Keeping Youth Drug Free. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17-3772. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disclaimer Services Administration, 2017. The views, opinions, and content of this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect Originating Office the views, opinions, or policies of SAMHSA or HHS. SAMHSA complies with applicable Federal civil rights Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. SAMHSA 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. cumple con las leyes federales de derechos civiles HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17-3772. aplicables y no discrimina por motivos de raza, color, First printed 2002. Revised 2017. nacionalidad, edad, discapacidad o sexo. Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA.
    [Show full text]
  • ERMA200009 Salvia Decision Vfinal
    DETERMINATION ON WHETHER A SUBSTANCE IS A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE PURSUANT TO SECTION 26 OF THE HSNO ACT 29 October 2009 Application Code ERMA200009 Application Type To determine whether a substance is hazardous under Section 26 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 (“the Act”). Applicant Ministry of Health Date Application Received 24 July 2009 Consideration Date 29 October 2009 Considered by A Committee of the Authority (“the Committee”) Purpose of the Application To determine whether preparations of Salvia Divinorum are hazardous. 1 Application process 1.1 The Agency received an application requesting a formal determination on whether preparations of Salvia Divinorum are hazardous substances under section 26 of the HSNO Act. 1.2 The application was formally received on 24 July 2009. 1.3 The evaluation of the application was undertaken by the ERMA New Zealand project team (“the Agency”) which comprised the following staff members: Matthew Allen Advisor (Hazardous Substances) Tonderai Kaitano Advisor (Hazardous Substances) 1.4 The report was reviewed and signed out by: Lynne Waterson Applications Manager (Hazardous Substances). 1.5 No external experts were used in the consideration of this application. 1.6 The following members of the Authority considered the application: Helen Atkins (Chair) and Shaun Ogilvie. 1.7 The information available to the Committee comprised: the application; and this report. 2 Background to the application Purpose of the application 2.1 To determine whether preparations of Salvia Divinorum (i.e. preparations of Salvia Divinorum that contain the substance salvinorin-A) are hazardous. Identification of Salvinorin-A 2.2 Salvia Divinorum is a perennial herb of the mint family native to Mexico which is now also grown in many countries (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs
    Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens See page 5. from the director: Research Report Series Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs— which have street names like acid, angel dust, and vitamin K—distort the way a user perceives time, motion, colors, sounds, and self. These drugs can disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate rationally, or even to recognize reality, sometimes resulting in bizarre or dangerous behavior. Hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin cause emotions to swing wildly and HALLUCINOGENS AND real-world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening. Dissociative drugs like PCP, ketamine, DXM, and Salvia DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS divinorum may make a user feel out of control and disconnected from their body Including LSD, PCP, Ketamine, Psilocybin, and environment. Salvia, Peyote, and Dextromethorphan In addition to their short-term effects on perception and mood, hallucinogenic What Are drugs are associated with psychotic- Hallucinogens and like episodes that can occur long after a person has taken the drug, and Dissociative Drugs? dissociative drugs can cause respiratory depression, heart rate abnormalities, and allucinogens are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations—profound a withdrawal syndrome. The good news is distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality. Hallucinogens can be found in that use of hallucinogenic and dissociative Hsome plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) or can be man-made, and they drugs among U.S. high school students, are commonly divided into two broad categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) in general, has remained relatively low in and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). When under the influence of either type of drug, recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvia Divinorum: a Psychopharmacological Riddle and a Mind-Body Prospect José-Luis Díaz*
    Send Orders of Reprints at [email protected] Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 2013, 6, 43-53 43 Salvia divinorum: A Psychopharmacological Riddle and a Mind-Body Prospect José-Luis Díaz* Department of History and Philosophy of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México Abstract: The multidisciplinary research on Salvia divinorum and its chemical principles is analyzed concerning whether the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, mental effects, and neuropharmacology of this sacred psychoactive plant and main principle clarify its experienced effects and divinatory uses. The scientific pursuit spans from the traditional practices, continues with the botanical identification, isolation of active molecules, characterization of mental and neural effects, possible therapeutic applications, and impinges upon the mind-body problem. The departure point is ethnopharmacology and therefore the traditional beliefs, ritual uses, and mental effects of this Mazatec sacred mint recorded during a 1973- 1983 field research project are described. A water potion of crushed leaves produced short-lasting light-headedness, dysphoria, tactile and proprioceptive sensations, a sense of depersonalization, amplified sound perception, and an increase visual and auditory imagery, but not actual hallucinations. Similar effects were described using questionnaires and are attributable to salvinorin A, but cannot be explained solely by its specific and potent brain kappa-opioid receptor agonist activity. Some requirements for a feasible
    [Show full text]