BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 2, February 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 510-525 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200230

Medicinal used by the Batak Toba Tribe in Peadundung Village, North Sumatra,

MARINA SILALAHI1,♥, NISYAWATI2, DINGSE PANDIANGAN3 1Departement of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Kristen Indonesia. Jl. Mayjen Sutoyo No.3, Cawang, Jakarta 13510, Indonesia, Tel./fax. +62-21-8009190, ♥email: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia. Jl. Lingkar UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia 3Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Jl. Kleak-Bahu, Manado 95115, North , Indonesia

Manuscript received: 14 November 2018. Revision accepted: 28 January 2019.

Abstract. Silalahi M, Nisyawati, Pandiangan D. 2019. Medicinal plants used by the Batak Toba Tribe in Peadundung Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 510-525. Research of the medicinal plants by the Toba Batak ethnic has limited, even though the globalization and modernization resulted to degradation of the local knowledge. The objectives of this study were (i) documentation of medicinal plants used in the traditional therapies by the Batak Toba tribe of Peadundung Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and (ii) analysing the data by quantitative ethnobotanical tools such as use value (UV), cultural significance index (CSI), relative frequency of citation (RCF) and informant consensus factor (ICF) to determine the cultural importance of medicinal plants in order to develop a tool for their conservation. Semi-structured interviews with 41 identified respondents was the methodology employed for qualitative data collection. A total of 149 medicinal of plants, belonging to 131 genera and 55 families, were recorded in the study which are used in the treatment of 21 categories of ailments. Plants with the highest UV were Eurycoma longifolia (UV=3.44), Curcuma longa (UV=2.67) and Zingiber officinale (UV=2.60). Eight species, namely Curcuma longa, Eurycoma longifolia, Allium cepa, Psidium guajava, Aleurites moluccanus, Piper betle, Citrus hystrix and gambir were found to be having the highest RCF value of 1.00. Eurycoma longifolia (CSI=126), Curcuma longa (CSI=112) and Zingiber officinale (CSI = 105) emerged as the culturally most significant medicinal plants. Thrush and aphrodisiac use categories received the highest ICF of 1.00 each because the informants agreed of using only a single species for each of these category. Eurycoma longifolia was used as an aphrodisiac whereas Averrhoa carambola was used against thrush. All these important and significant plants suffer the greatest harvesting pressure, hence their conservation should be given priority.

Keywords: Batak Toba, Cultural Significance Index, Eurycoma longifolia, Informant Consensus Factor, Relative frequency of citation, Traditional medicinal plants, Use Value

INTRODUCTION practices and products, such as oukup (traditional steam bath) (Nasution 2009), kuning and parem (powder or liquid Research on medicinal plants used by indigenous ethnic used for traditional massage) (Silalahi 2014), minak alun groups is very interesting and useful because it has led to (oil for traditional massage) (Purba et al. 2016), tinuktuk the development of many important modern drugs (Cox (traditional concotion for maintaining good stamina) 2000). The current modern pharmacopoeias contain about (Sujarwo et al 2014), etc. Some of the notable medicinal 25% of the drugs derived from plants while many others plants that have been used by the Batak include Eurycoma are synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds logifolia Jack., Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M.Sm, isolated from plants (Fabricant and Farnsworth 2001).The L., and Curcuma longa L. (Nasution 2009; Silalahi Batak is an indigenous ethnic group of Sumatra Island, et al. 2015; Sujarwo et al. 2014). Some researchers found comprising of five tribes often referred to as Batak Karo, that elderly people possess more detailed knowledge of Batak Pakpak, Batak Simalungun, Batak Toba and Batak medicinal plants than the young people (Silalahi et al. Angkola-Mandailing (Bangun 2010). The Batak Toba is 2015; Begossi et al. 2002). The existence of medicinal the largest tribe with maximum population widely plants in nature and the life-long maintenance of local distributed in the highland of Toba District, Samosir in the knowledge point to the necessity of conservation of both Toba Lake region, North Tapanuli, and Humbang plants and culture. (Sujarwo et al. 2014; Menendez-Baceta Hasundutan. The Batak people use plants as staple foods, et al. 2015). However, most of the traditional knowledge vegetables, , construction materials, , colouring about plants and their uses is fast disappearing owing to substances and medicine. various factors like socioeconomic and land use changes Since ancient times, the Batak tribes have been using (Segorini et al. 2009; Homerverge et al. 2014), increasing plants for the treatment of various ailments or in their use of modern pharmaceuticals (Caniago et al. 2008) and traditional therapies. They possess basic knowledge about increasing access to and use of biomedical health care the use of medicinal plants in traditional health-related (Ragupathy et al. 2008). Besides the loss of traditional SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 511 knowledge about medicinal plants, the loss of traditional inhabited by 888 people belonging to 204 households of ecological knowledge is considered as a major threat to the the Batak Toba. They were the descendants of the Proto success of conservation of biological diversity (Keller et al. Malay, and have been living there since about 100-200 2005; Ju et al. 2013; Xavier et al. 2014; Sujarwo et al. years ago (personal communitation of the chief of village). 2016). About 99% of the population in this village are farmers, Various authors have conducted studies on medicinal practicing rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) agroforestry. plants used by various ethnic groups in Sumatra, including Peadundung village has a tropical climate with bimodal the Minangkabau (Ardan 2000), Rejang (Darnaedi 1999), seasonality of dry season from April to July and rainy Malay (Mahyar et al. 1991; Grosvenor et al. 1995; Rahayu season from Agustus to April. The average annual et al. 2000), Lahat (Harmida and Yuni 2010), Serampas temperature varies from 25 to 30C. (Hariyadi and Ticktin 2010), Batak Karo (Silalahi et al. 2013; Purba et al. 2016) and Batak Simalungun (Silalahi et Data colection al. 2015). But, no such studies have been conducted on the Information on traditional uses of plants was gathered Batak Toba tribe. In addition, there are no quantitative from a total of 41 informants, consisting of 9 key ethnobotanical studies on the rich ethnomedicinal and informants and 32 general respondents, ranging in age from cultural diversity of Sumatra. Such quantitative 31-80 years. These respondents were selected with ethnobotanical studies have been used to compare the uses purposive snowball sampling methods. Key informants and the cultural importance of different plant taxa in local consist of folk healers (4 persons), midwifes (2 persons), communities (Albuquerque et al. 2006; Camou-Guerrero et chief of village (1 person) and head of customs (2 persons). al. 2008; Guimbo et al. 2011), to evaluate which are the The head of custom is a ceremonial leader who comes from most important plants within a culture and to determine the royal line, but the chief of village is the village leader in conservation requirements (Homerverge et al. 2014; state administration. Information on uses and diversity of Albuquerque et al. 2006; Guimbo et al. 2011; Torre- medicinal plants was obtained from interviews using the Cuadros et al. 2003) and immaterial cultural heritage semi-structured, in-depth and participative observation (Camou-Guerrero et al. 2008; Sujarwo and Caneva 2016). methods, following the existing ethnobotanical guidelines In particular, quantitative indices, such as use value or UV (Martin 1995; Alexiades and Sheldon 1996; Silalahi et al. (Prance et al. 1987; Phillips and Gentry 1993; Albuquerque 2015a ). et al. 2006; Camou-Guerrero et al. 2008; Guimbo et al. Voucher specimens of traditionally used medicinal 2011), relative frequency of citation or RFC (Camou- plants were collected by way of exploration in the yards, Guerrero et al. 2008; Tardío and Pardo-de-Santayana 2008; agroforests, gardens, secondary forests and primary forests. Homerverge et al. 2014) index of cultural significance or and supplied with notes on life forms (tree, shrubs, herbs, CSI (Camou-Guerrero et al. 2008; Helida et al. 2015; ), local names, parts used, treatment and drug Sujarwo and Caneva 2016; Silalahi and Nisyawati 2018) preparation methods. The initial identification of voucher and informant consensus factor or ICF (Homerverge et al. specimens undertaken in the field and was later confirmed 2014; Xavier et al. 2014; Sujarwo and Caneva 2016) are by taxonomists at the University of Indonesia Herbarium, highly relevant in quantitative ethnobotanical study. They Depok and the Herbarium Bogoriense of the Indonesian provide comprehensive and comparable information about Institute of Sciences (LIPI) at Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia. the use of medicinal plants including their uses, The scientific names of the medicinal plants were verified conservation and cultural value (Guimbo et al. 2011; online with www.the plantlist, 2017 (The Plantlist 2017). Helida et al. 2015; Sujarwo and Caneva 2016). The present study aims at (i) documenting medicinal Data analysis plant uses in the traditional therapies practiced by the Batak Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative Toba tribe, and (ii) employing the quantitative methods (Alexiades, 1996). Qualitative analysis used the ethnobotanical parameters, such as UV, CSI, RCF, and descriptive statistics by grouping plants based upon usage ICF, to determine the cultural importance of category. In the present study, we compared the importance ethnobotanically valuable plants in order to develop a tool of each species using the following four indices: use value for their conservation. (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), cultural significance index (CSI) and informant consensus factor (ICF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Use Value (UV) Study area The relative importance of each plant species known The ethnobotanical research and collection of botanical locally to be used as herbal remedy was expressed as the samples was conducted between August and December use value (UV), which was calculated using the following 2015 in Peadundung Village, Humbang District, North formula (Phillips 1996). Sumatra, Indonesia (Figure 1). The Pedundung village lies at 02o07’62’’ N latitude and 098o31’69’’ E longitude, at an altitude of 400-645 m above the sea level, about 332 km

from Medan, the capital of North Sumatra. The total area of the Peadundung village is 15,2 km2 (1.527 ha) and is

512 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (2): 510-525, February 2019

Figure 1. Peadundung village, North Sumatra, Indonesia (Map was reproduced from ArGIS 10.3)

The value of a species is UV, whereas the number of The values of CSI is from 1 to n, with n representing use-report cited by each informant is U, and the total the last use described; the subscript k represents the value 1 number of informants interviewed for a given plant is n. through n, consecutively. For each use given, q = quality value, i = intensity value, e = exclusivity value (Turner Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) 1988). RFC is value of the a species by local communities (Tardío and Pardo-de-Santayana 2008). Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant consensus factor (IFC) was used to see if there was agreement in the use of plants in the ailment categories between the plant users in the study area. The

IFC was calculated by the following formula (Heinrich et Fc= the number of informants mentioning the use of the al. 1998). species N= informants N The value of RFC varies is 0-1, if the value 0 mean nobody known of the use of plant, if the value 1 mean Nur is the number of use-reports for a particular ailment everybody know it uses. category and Nt is the number of taxa used for a particular ailment category by all informants. Cultural Significance Index (CSI) CSI is calculated using the through by Turner (1988) following formula: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Medicinal plants characteristics The present study documented the uses of 149 medicinal plant species belonging to 131 genera and 60 families for 21 different ailments. Among them, three

SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 513 species used were pterydophytes (Angiopteris avecta, A total of 93 species (55%) of the medicinal plants Platycerium coronarium, Pteridium aquilinum). A total of cited by 20 respondents (50%) were easily found in the 79 species (53%) belong to 12 families, i.e., Asteraceae (10 habitats around the village (Acorus calamus L. Centella species), Poaceae (10), Fabaceae (7), Solanaceae (7), asiatica (L.) Urb. and L.) or they were Arecaceae (6), Myrtaceae (6), Zingiberaceae (6), frequently used by the local communities (Blumea Cucurbitaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae (5), Malvaceae (5), balsamifera (L.) DC., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Lansium (4), Araceae (4) and Lamiaceae (4) (Table 1). domesticum Corrê and Melastoma malabathricum L.). A Out of 149 species recorded, the highest uses were total of 43 species were cited only by eight respondents recorded for abdominal pain (54), fever (45), injury (39) (20%) and they were Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn., and fractures (19). The most common methods of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Paspalum conjugatum preparation included boiling or soaking the plant parts in P.J.Bergius, Physalis angulata L. and Platycerium water, drying and grinding while the preferred route of coronarium (Mull.) Desv. Most of the local communities administration was oral. recognized Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. and The medicinal plants, utilized for relieving abdominal Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius as invaders or exotic pain and curing diarrhea, fever and malaria contain bitter plants. substances, such as Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb, Lansium Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants domesticum Corrêa, L., Dryobalanops Some the analytical tools can be used for a quantitative aromatica C.F. Gaertn. and Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. assessment of the cultural importance of individual About 15 species of medicinal plants were also consumed medicinal plant species for Batak Toba community and as vegetables, 18 species as fruits, 14 as spices and 5 as also the degree of agreement among healers regarding the staple foods. The species that were used as vegetables are use of plants for specific disease categories. In this study, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., Cucumis sativus L., we compared the importance of each species using the Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Parkia speciosa Hassk. and following three indices: use value (UV), relative frequency Solanum melongena L. (Shrub). The carbohidrate resources of citation (RFC) and cultural significance index (CSI). such as: Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don, Colocasia esculenta Table 2 shows the top 20 plant species for each such index (L.) Schott., Melastoma malabathricum L. Pachyrhizus studied. The table shows a high variation among species erosus (L.) Urb, Physalis angulata L. are used as wild emerging as important across the studied indices. fruits. A total of 33 species, belonging to 31 genera and 20 Analysis of medicinal plants based on their parts used families, share the top 20 positions of important medicinal as medicinal revealed that are the highly used part plants based on their higher CSI, UV and RCF values.. (in 92 species), fruits are used in 20 species, stems or barks They included 17 cultivated species, 12 wild species and 4 in 18 species and in 6 species (Figure 2). In cases ruderal species. The wild and ruderal species should be of some of the following species, more than one part may given a priority in conservation, because they are more be used as medicine: Eurycoma longifolia Jack (leaves, vulnerable and over-exploitated. They included Eurycoma stems, ), Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M.Sm (stems and longifolia Jack. glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley, leaves) and Alpinia galanga L. (rhizomes and leaves). The Rhodamnia sp., Styrax Dryand. and Timonius species whose stems are used as medicinal materials sericeus (Desf.) K.Schum. The local communities used included Lansium domesticum Corrêa, Artocarpus them also as other economically useful commodities heterophyllus Lam, Durio zibethinus L. and Vatica (Styrax benzoin Dryand), building materials (Melicope pauciflora Blume. The species whose roots were used as glabra (Blume) TG, Styrax benzoin Dry and Timonius medicinal materials are Eurycoma longifolia Jack, and sericeus (Desf.) K.Schum., Hartley) and firewood Curculigo latifolia Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton. (Rhodamnia sp). Styrax benzoin Dryand has a distinctive The life forms of medicinal plants used by the Batak aroma that can have a relaxing effect and has been traded Toba consisted of herbs (72 species), trees (46 species), by the public as a medicinal ingredient hundreds of years shurb (24 species) and climbers (7 species). The ago. herbaceous species used by the Batak Toba included Blumea chinensis (L.) DC., Centella asiatica (L.), Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC., and Eryngium foetidum L.,). Notable examples for shrubs are Clibadium surinamense L., Sida rhombifolia L, Urena lobata L. and Melastoma malabathricum L. The recorded medicinal herbs were found mainly in disturbed plant communities while shrubs were found in advanced successional communities. In the present study, the medicinal plants were found in a wide range of habitats including home gardens, yards, fields, agroforests and forests. The majority of the plants were growing in wild (53% species) and cultivated (35%). 39 species of wild medicinal plants were otherwise considered Figure 2. Medicinally useful parts and number of species in the as weedswhereas 40 are forest plants. medicinal practice of Batak Toba in North Sumatra, Indonesia.

BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 2, February 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 510-525 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200230

Table 1. The diversity of medicinal plants and their uses by the Batak Toba Tribe in Peadundung village, North Sumatra, Indonesia, along with quantitative values (UV, RCF and CSI)

Mode of Cultivation and Life-form Local name Uses Part used UV RFC CSI application status Acanthaceae Justicia gendarussa Burm.F. Herb Sipilit Supranatural ailment, fever Oral Ruderal Leaves 1.30 0.59 30 Strobilanthes crispa Bl. Shrub Tepuringring Abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 0.54 0.24 3 Stobilanthes sp. Shurb Pijor holing Abdominal pain, injury, fever Oral Wild Leaves 1.91 0.29 75 Amaranthaceae Celosia cristata L. Herb Banda ulu Fever Oral Ruderal Leaves 0.77 0.61 12 Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum L. Herb Ompu-ompu Fractures Ruderal Bulbs 1.00 0.68 30 Curculigo latifolia Dryand. Ex W.T.Aiton Herb Sukkit Eye infection, headache Oral Wild Roots 0.53 0.22 6 Anacardiaceae Gluta renghas L. Tree Sipajal/sitorgom Diabetes mellitus Oral Wild Leaves 0.30 0.20 3 Mangifera odorata Griff Ambasang Diabetes mellitus, itch, diarrhea Oral Cultivated Barks 1.37 0.15 21 Annonaceae Anona muricata L. Tree Tarutung bulanda Abdominal pain Oral Cultivated Barks, leaves 0.54 0.20 3 Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Herb Ampapaga Fever, injury, abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 1.60 0.71 21 Eryngium foetidum L. Herb Inggu Partum, headache, supranatural disease Inhalation Wild Leaves 1.06 0.46 15 Apocynaceae Alstonia pneumatophora Baker ex Den Berger Tree Goti Ulcer, abdominal pain Oral Wild Fruits 1.07 0.22 36 Aquifoliaceae Ilex odorata Buch.Ham. ex D.Don. Shurb Pandappol siburuk Fractures Massage Wild Leaves 0.84 0.17 30 Araceae Acorus calamus L. Herb Jarango Malnutrition, fever, headache, Inhalation, massage Ruderal Stem 1.77 0.76 75 supranatural disease Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.don Herb Lambuk Itch Massage Wild Stem 0.30 0.15 4,5 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Herb Suhat Itch Massage Cultivated Stem 0.38 0.17 3 Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth Langge Fever, abdominal pain Massage, oral Wild Stem 0.53 0.17 4,5 Rhaphidophora nicolsonii P.C.Boyce Liana Gaol-gaol Ulcer, fever Massage, oral Wild Leaves 1.30 0.41 48 Araliaceae Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & De Vriese) Tree Hau obang Kidney disease Oral Wild Leaves 0.38 0.51 24 Miq. Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume Tree Sipiturut Abdominal pain Oral Wild Stem 0.38 0.20 3 Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Tree Pining Diabetes mellitus, abdominal pain, Oral, massage Cultivated Roots, fruits 1.53 0.61 48 headache, fractures Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Tree Pola Cough, fractures, diarrhea Oral, massage Ruderal Roots, 1.21 0.39 9 Calamus caesius Blume Liana Mallo Fractures Massage Wild Roots 0.38 0.27 4,5 Daemonorops crinita Blume Liana Hotang Fractures Massage Wild Roots 0.38 0.15 12 SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 515 Cocos nucifera L. Tree Harambir Injury, headache, chiken pox Massage, oral Cultivated Fruits, roots 1.60 0.41 63 Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Tree Salak Diarrhea, fractures Oral, massage Cultivated Sap 1.67 0.15 30 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Herb Sibau-bau Ulcer, fever, injury, diarrhea Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.99 0.78 52 Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC Herb Langgumgum Diarrhea, headache Oral Wild Leaves 1.53 0.78 49 Blumea chinensis (L.) DC. Herb Sirungkas Fever, supranatural disease Oral Wild Leaves 0.60 0.44 9 Chromolaena odorata (l.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Shrub Hau toba nalamis Injury, abdominal pain, diarrhea Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.61 0.90 60 Clibadium surinamense L. Shrub Hau toba marrogon Injury, abdominal pain, fever Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.77 0.97 48 Emilia sonchifolia (l.) Dc. Ex dc. Herb Alum-alum Itch, abdominal pain Oral, massage Wild Leaves 0.92 0.73 9 Gynura crepidioides Benth. Herb Nande rumah Injury, headache, abdominal pain Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.83 0.66 72 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Herb Anddor gila Injury, abdominal pain, fever Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.53 0.46 45 Vernonia arborea Welw. ex. O.Hoff. Tree Drasi Fever Oral Wild Leaves 0.61 0.51 4,5 Vernonia sp. Tree Saur marnaik Malnutrition Steam-bath Wild Leaves 0.38 0.29 4,5 Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook.F. Herb Bunga pancur Chiken pox, fever Steam-bath Wild Leaves 1.30 0.71 18 Blechnaceae Blechnum orientale L. Herb Padung-padung Ulcer, fever, malnutrition Oral, steam-bath Wild Leaves 0.75 0.51 9 Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Tree Ponji Fever, abdominal pain, malnutrition Oral, steam-bath Ruderal Leaves 1.38 0.39 39 Durio zibethinus L. Tree Tarutung Fever, abdominal pain, malaria Oral Cultivated Barks, leaves 1.53 0.88 33 Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Herb Honas Cough Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.69 0.12 15 Burseraceae Canarium pilosum A.W.Benn. Herb Damar-damar Itch Massage Wild Leaves 0.69 0.15 9 Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Herb Botik Injury, abdominal pain, fever, Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves, fruits 2.12 0.90 60 malaria Caryophillaceae Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. Herb Hatiddi Fever, headache Oral Wild Leaves 1.07 0.83 39 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Herb Gadong julur Ulcer, fever Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves 1.38 0.32 36 Costaceae Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. Herb Tabar-tabar Cough Oral Ruderal 0.38 0.15 3 Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Herb Hapal-hapal Chiken pox, fever Massage Ruderal Leaves 0.83 0.51 36 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Herb Gundur Cough Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.46 0.30 18 Cucumis sativus L. Herb Ancimun Chiken pox, fever Massage Cultivated Fruits 0.77 0.54 4,5 Cucurbita moschata Duchesne Herb Jelok Abdominal pain Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.45 0.20 4,5 Momordica charantia L. Herb Pare Hipertensi Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.62 0.29 4,5 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Herb Jipang Hipertensi Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.46 0.54 4,5 Cyatheaceae Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel. Tree Tandiang Ulcer, fever Massage Wild Leaves 1.06 0.88 30 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Herb Sitomu dalan Fractures Massage Wild Leaves 0.46 0.20 3

516 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (2): 510-525, February 2019 Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Herb Arsam Fever, malnutrition Massage, steam- Wild Leaves 1.15 0.39 18 bath Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Liana Andilo Malnutrition, eye infection Steam-bath, drop Wild Leaves 0.38 0.78 12 Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn. Tree Hau hapur Injury, malaria, abdominal pain Massage, oral Wild Sap, leaves 1.38 0.17 21 Vatica pauciflora Blume Tree Raru Abdominal pain Oral Wild Barks 0.53 0.37 3 Euphorbiaceae Aglaia argentea Blume Tree Sibalik angin Abdominal pain, supranatural Oral, massage Wild Leaves 0.22 0.22 9 disease Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. Tree Gambiri Diarrhea, ulcer, abdominal pain, Oral, massage Cultivated Sap 2.52 1.00 90 fever, itch Manihot utilissima Pohl Shrub Gadong hau Injury Massage Cultivated Leaves 0.53 0.17 12 Ricinus communis L. Shrub Dulang bajora Fever, abdominal pain Massage, oral Ruderal Leaves 0.68 0.78 27 Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Herb Nasi-nasi Partum, headache Oral Rderal Leaves 0.92 0.29 30 Fabaceae Cassia alata L. Shrub Galinggang Itch Oral Wild Leaves 1.00 0.43 30 Mimosa pudica L. Herb Podom-podom Eye infection, kidney disease Oral, drop Wild Roots 1.30 0.17 12 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Herb Bangkuang Hipertensi Oral Cultivated Tuber 0.61 0.20 12 Parkia speciosa Hassk. Tree Parira Chiken pox dan itch Massage Cultivated Fruits, leaves 0.99 0.27 15 Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen Tree Joring Injury, abdominal pain Massage, oral Cultivated Leaves, fruits 1.30 0.46 46.5 Sp1. Liana Soit Malnutrition Wild Fruits 0.53 0.41 9 Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hausskn. Herb Dali tanduk Cough, injury Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves 0.92 0.17 12 Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia linearis (Burm. F.) C.B. Clarke Herb Sampilpil Fever, injury Massage Wild Leaves 1.38 0.56 33 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb Shrub Sarang banua Injury, diarrhea, abdominal pain Massage, oral Wild Leaves 1.83 0.56 21 Coleus amboinicus Lour. Herb Bangun-bangun Fever, injury Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves 1.06 0.20 24 Ocimum americanum L. Herb Bane-bane Fever, abdominal pain, supranatural Oral, massage, Ruderal Leaves 1.54 0.41 39 disease inhalation Pogostemon cablin Blanco (Benth) Herb Nilam Injury, abdominal pain Massage, oral Ruderal Leaves 1.30 0.27 36 Lauraceae Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl Tree Sitolu garis Diarrhea, abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 0.68 0.21 6 Persea gratissima C.F.Gaertn. Tree Pokkat Kidney disease Oral Cultivated Leaves 0.54 0.15 6 Liliaceae Allium cepa L. Herb Bawang merah Fever, injury, abdominal pain Oral, massage Cultivated Bulbs 2.14 1.00 57 Allium sativum L. Herb Bawang putih Hipertensi, injury, abdominal pain Oral, massage Cultivated Bulbs 1.91 0.76 24 fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Herb Silinjuang Supranatural disease, fever Oral, massage Ruderal Leaves 1.06 0.37 39 Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Shrub Purbajolma Fractures, fever Massage Wild Leaves 1.07 0.46 45 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Shrub Barbarsoma Fever, chiken pox, malaria Oral, massage Leaves 2.30 0.90 57 Hibiscus sp. Shrub Ancilmong Abdominal pain Wild Leaves 0.54 0.22 9 Sida rhombifolia L. Shrub Sibagure Injury, fractures Massage Wild Roots 1.45 0.44 42 Urena lobata L. Shrub Sampelulut Fever, fractures Massage Wild Roots, 1.38 0.41 36

SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 517 Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. Tree Ingel-ingel Ulcer, fever Massage Wild Leaves, fruits 0.46 0.49 12 Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Shrub Sanduduk Injury, partum Oral, massage, Wild Leaves 1.53 0.95 48 steam-bath Melastoma malabathricum L. Shrub Harimonting Injury, abdominal pain Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.53 0.37 45 Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume Herb Timba laut Supranatural disease Massage Wild Leaves 0.69 0.32 9 Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Corrêa Tree Latsat Abdominal pain, diarrhea Oral Cultivated Barks 1.30 0.80 60 Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. Ex Blume Tree Torop Abdominal pain, malaria, diarrhea Oral Wild Barks 0.76 0.17 15 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Pinasa Cough, abdominal pain Oral Cultivated Fruits, leaves 0.84 0.20 30 sp. Tree Simarlayang-layang Injury, diarrhea Oral Wild Leaves 0.45 0.15 6 Musaceae Musa × paradisiaca L. Herb Pisang sitabar Injury, fractures Massage Cultivated Roots, buds, sap 1.38 0.66 36 Myrtaceae Eugenia polyantha Barb. Rord. Tree Lomas Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever Oral Ruderal Leaves 1.30 0.95 52 Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. Tree Eucaliptus Injury, abdominal pain Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves 0.68 0.34 12 Psidium guajava L. Tree Attaboang Abdominal pain Oral Cultivated Leaves 1.00 1.00 15 Rhodamnia sp. Tree Baja Injury, toothaache abdominal pain Oral, massage Wild Leaves, sap 1.83 0.98 45 Syzygium sp. Tree Anggolam Malnutrition Steam-bath Wild Barks 0.92 0.73 15 Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril & L.M. Tree Cengkeh Cough Oral Cultivated flower, leaves 1.14 0.93 24 Perry Nepentheceae Nepenthes ampullaria Jack Herb Tahur-tahur tapongan Injury Massage Wild Leaves 1.00 0.29 12 Nepenthes gracilis Korth. Herb Tahur-tahur manuk Injury, eye infection, abdominal pain Massage, drop, oral Wild Leaves 1.60 0.34 36 Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola L. Tree Balimbing Thrush Massage Cultivated Flower 0.77 0.17 15 Pandanaceae Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Herb Pandan Partum Oral Cultivated Leaves 0.61 0.37 12 Piperaceae Piper betle L. Herb Napuran Injury, partum, eye infection Massage, drop, oral Ruderal Leaves 1.91 1.00 75 Piper crocatum Ruiz. & Pav. (Herb) Herb Napuran harangan Fever, itch, malnutrition Massage, drop, oral Wild Leaves 0.52 0.20 45 Piper nigrum L. Herb Lada Headache, fractures Cultivated Seeds 1.38 0.63 42 Poaceae Andropogon nardus L. Herb Sangge-sangge holing Malnutrition Steam-bath Cultivated Whole 0.99 0.46 18 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Tree Bulu Malnutrition Steam-bath Wild Roots, leaves 1.15 0.41 3 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staft. Herb Sangge-sangge Malnutrition Steam-bath Cultivated Whole 1.44 0.51 33 Eleusine indica Herb Padang-padang Chiken pox Steam-bath Wild Roots 0.53 0.20 12 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Herb Rih Cough, abdominal pain Oral Wild Roots 0.53 0.12 3 Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius Herb Duhut jau Injury Massage Wild Leaves 0.77 0,12 12 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Herb Sanggar Fractures Massage Wild Roots 0.46 0.12 3 Saccharum officinarum L. Herb Tobu tawar Injury, fractures Massage Cultivated Stem 0.76 0.12 21 Saccharum spontaneum L. Herb Tolong Fractures Massage Wild Roots 0.38 0.17 3 Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Herb Hapias Abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 0.54 0.20 4,5

518 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (2): 510-525, February 2019 Polypodiaceae Platycerium coronarium (Mull.) Desv. Herb Pollang raja Abdominal pain, itch Oral, massage Wild Whole 0.38 0.12 9 Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus Auct. Shrub Sihupi Injury, diarrhea Oral, massage Wild Leaves 1.45 0.88 42 Rubiaceae Coffea arabica L. Tree Kopi Itch Massage Cultivated Seeds 0.46 0.12 6 Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack Herb Pollang asar porgis Itch, diabetes mellitus Oral, massage Wild Stem 0.15 0.07 3 Timonius sericeus (Desf.) K.Schum. Tree Simarbosi-bosi Kidney disease, diarrhea Oral Wild Leaves 1.91 0.88 48 (Hunter) Roxb. Shrub Gambir Abdominal pain Oral Ruderal Sap 1.00 1.00 30 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Tree Utte bunga Cough, itch Oral, massage Cultivated Fruits, leaves 0.99 0.88 27 Citrus hystrix DC. Tree Utte pangir Fever, supranatural disease, Oral, inhalation, Cultivated Fruits, leaves 1.99 1.00 60 malnutrition steam-bath Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley Tree Situkkol Injury, abdominal pain, malaria, Massage, oral Wild Leaves 1.91 0.59 69 fever Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum L. Tree Rambutan Abdominal pain, chiken pox, fever Oral, steam-bath Cultivated Leaves, barks 1.82 0.83 72 Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Herb Lasina Eye infection, ulcer Massage Cultivated Leaves 1.06 0.41 27 Physalis angulata L. Herb Pultak-pultak Chiken pox, fever, hypertention Steam-bath, oral Wild Whole 1.53 0.17 57 Solanum melongena L. Shrub Torung Hypertention Oral Cultivated Fruits 0.62 0.24 4,5 Nicotiana tabacum L. Shrub Timbaho Abdominal pain, injury Oral, massage Cultivated Leaves 0.93 0.27 15 Solanum nigrum L. Shrub Inggir-ingir Hipertensi, headache Oral Wild Fruits 0.77 0.22 15 Solanum schiffnerianum Witasek Herb Inddot Fractures Massage Wild Leaves 0.53 0.10 12 Solanum torvum Sw. Shrub Rimbang Eye infection, fever, ulcer Oral, massage Ruderal Leaves, fruits 1.45 0.17 36 Sterculiaceae Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. Liana Andor laut Malaria, abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 0.54 0.22 12 Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack Tree Tengku ali Fever, malaria, diarrhea, abdominal Oral Wild Roots, stem, 3.44 1.00 126 pain, approdisiac leaves, seeds Styracaceae Styrax benzoin Dryand. Tree Haminjon Supranatural disease, injury, Oral, massage Cultivated Sap, leaves 1.69 0.80 57 fractures, fever Thymeleaceae Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Tree Alim Abdominal pain Oral Wild Sap 0.77 0.10 4,5 Urticaceae Leucosyke sp. Herb Hambing-hambing Abdominal pain, eye infection Oral, drop Wild Leaves 0.92 0.15 12 Laportea decumana (roxb.) Wedd. Shrub Latong Itch Massage Wild Roots 0.21 0.05 4,5 Leucosyke capitellata Wedd. Herb Simarihan-ihan Malnutrition, eye infection Steam-bath Wild Leaves 0.93 0.37 30 Verbenaceae Callicarpa sp. Tree Rittua Fever, abdominal pain Oral Wild Leaves 0.91 0,20 6 Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga L. Willd. Herb Halaos Itch, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus Oral, steam-bath, Cultivated Rhizome, 1.29 0.71 27 massage leaves Curcuma longa L. Herb Hunik Cough, injury, itch, diarrhea, Oral, steam-bath, Cultivated Rhizome 2.67 1.00 112

SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 519 abdominal pain massage Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M.Sm Herb Sihala dairi Ulcer, fever, malnutrition, injury Oral, steam-bath, Ruderal Stem, leaves 1.99 0.39 93 massage Hornstedtia leonurus (J.Koenig) Retz. Herb Sihala sisik Malnutrition Steam-bath Wild Stem, leaves 1.00 0.39 30 Kaempferia galanga L. Herb Hasihor Injury, malaria, supranatural Oral, steam-bath, Cultivated Rhizome 2.21 0.93 67 disease, partum massage Zingiber purpureum Rosc. Herb Hunik burley Diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache Oral Cultivated Rhizome 1.0 0.76 63 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Herb Pege Cough, diabetes mellitus, injury, Oral, steam-bath, Cultivated Rhizome 2.60 0.90 105 gastrointestinal disoldel massage

BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 2, February 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 510-525 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200230 Table 2. List of top 20 important medicinal plant species for the Batak Toba community, based on each of the three studied quantitative measures of relative importance (UV, RFC and CSI)

Use Value (UV) Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) Cultural Significance Index (CSI) Eurycoma longifolia Jack (3.44) Eurycoma longifolia Jack (1.00) Eurycoma longifolia Jack (126)

Curcuma longa L. (2.67) Curcuma longa L. (1.00) Curcuma longa L. (112) Zingiber officinale Rosc. (2.60) Piper betle L. (1.00) Zingiber officinale Rosc. (105) Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (2.52) Allium cepa L. (1.00) Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (90) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (2.30) Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (1.00) Piper betle L. (75) Kaempferia galanga L. (2.21) Citrus hystrix DC. (1.00) Gynura crepidioides Benth. (72) Allium cepa L. (2.14) Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. (1.00) Nephelium lappaceum L. (72) Carica papaya L. (2.12) Rhodamnia sp. (0.98) Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley (69) Citrus hystrix DC. (1.99) Clibadium surinamense L. (0.97) Kaempferia galanga L. (67) Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M.Sm (1.99) Eugenia polyantha Barb. Rord (0.95) Zingiber purpureum Rosc. (63) Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (1.99) Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don (0.95) Carica papaya L. (60) Piper betle L. (1.91) Kaempferia galanga L. (0.93) Citrus hystrix DC. (60) Allium sativum L. (1.91) Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril & L.M. Lansium domesticum Corrêa (60) (0.93) Strobilanthes sp. (1.91) Zingiber officinale Rosc. (0.90) Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (60) Timonius sericeus (Desf.) K.Schum. (1.91) Carica papaya L. (0.90) Allium cepa L. (57) Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (0.90) Physalis angulata L. (57) (1.91) Gynura crepidioides Benth. (1.83) Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (57) Rob. (0.90) Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb Durio zibethinus L. (0.88) Styrax benzoin Dryand. (57) (1.83) Rhodamnia sp. (1.83) Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel. Eugenia polyantha Barb. Rord. (52) (0.88) Nephelium lappaceum L. (1.82) Nephelium lappaceum L. (0.83) Clibadium surinamense L. (48)

Use Value (UV) very low significance (CSI < 5) (Pieroni 2001). In the The range of UV was between 0.15 - 3.44 with the present study, the highest, the highest CSI value obtained mean value of 1.08 (±0.59). A higher UV indicated species was 126 and the lowest was 3. Accordingly, there were no that were considered most important by the Batak Toba, as species of very high cultural significance in the present shown by their number of use-reports in Table 1. Three of study. 3 species were of high significance, 75 species were the plants with the highest UV were Eurycoma longifolia of moderate significance, 46 species were of low Jack. (UV=3.44) having 5 use reports, Curcuma longa L. significance and 26 species were of very low significance (UV=2.67) also having 5 use reports and Zingiber (Figure 3). Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Curcuma longa L. officinale Rosc. (UV=2.60) used in 4 disease categories. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. were the top three species Eurycoma longifolia has been used to cure fever, malaria, with high significance, whereas Cyperus rotundus L. (3), diarrhea, abdominal pain, approdisiac, where some Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch (3), Cucumis sativus L. respondents only mention 3-4 benefits of them, so that the (4,5), and Laportea decumana (4,5) (Roxb.) Wedd. were UV value is lower than 5. The respondent's knowledge examples for low significance species. about the use of medicinal plants is strongly influenced by age and ease of access to medicinal plants. However, Relative frequency of citation (RFC) 65.77% of all the recorded plants had more than one use The RFC based grouping of medicinal plants used by report. For instance, Curcuma longa L. has been used to the Batak Toba is shown in Figure 4. The following eight cure five of ailments (diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, species found to be having highest RCF (1.00 or 100%): itch, injury). Such multiple uses demonstrated the Allium cepa L., Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd., Citrus importance of these plants as a part of the local cultural hystrix DC., Curcuma longa L. , Eurycoma longifolia Jack, heritage. Piper betle L., Psidium guajava L. and Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. Most of these plants were used in the Cultural Significance Index (CSI) treatment of abdominal pain (Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Based on the CSI value, medicinal plant species may be Willd., Allium cepa L., Curcuma longa L., Eurycoma classified into five groups, as follows: species of very high longifolia Jack, Psidium guajava L. and Uncaria gambir significance (CSI> 200), species of high significance (CSI= (Hunter) Roxb.), for curing fever and supranatural purposes 100-199), species of moderate significance (CSI= 20-99), (Citrus hystrix DC. and Piper betle L.), and as aphrodisiacs species of low significance (CSI= 5-19), and species of (Eurycoma longifolia Jack). SILALAHI et al. - Medicinal plants by Batak Toba Ethnic, Indonesia 521

Table 3. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) for different medicinal plant use categories

Ailment Frequently Used Nur Nt* ICF Category Species Thrush 2 1 1.000 Averrhoa carambola L. Aphrodisiac 5 1 1.000 Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Toothache 5 2 0.750 Rhodamnia sp. Malaria 31 9 0.733 Eurycoma longifolia Jack Diabetes 17 6 0.688 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Mellitus Diarrhea 54 19 0.660 Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb.) Figure 3. Categorisation of medicinal plant species used by Batak Ulcer 30 11 0.655 Rhaphidophora Toba, North Sumatra Indonesia, according to their CSI values. nicolsonii P.C.Boyce Headache 32 12 0.645 Cocos nucifera L. Partus 15 6 0.643 Acorus calamus L. Injury 106 39 0.638 Melastoma malabathricum L. Supranatural 29 11 0.634 Styrax benzoin Dryand. Ailment Fever 119 45 0.627 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Eye 17 7 0.625 Piper Betle L. Infection Abdominal 134 54 0.602 Uncaria gambir Pain (Hunter) Roxb.) Chicken Pox 21 9 0,600 Physalis angulata L Cough 21 11 0.565 Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril & L.M. Perry Figure 4. RFC value based grouping of medicinal plants used by Hypertension 10 5 0.556 Allium sativum L. Batak Toba of North Sumatra, Indonesia Itches 32 18 0.528 Cassia alata L. Malnutrition 32 16 0.516 Acorus calamus L. Fractures 33 18 0.469 Sida rhombifolia L. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) Kidney 6 4 0.400 Aralidium pinnatifidum The Batak Toba traditional healers generally used two Disorder (Jungh. & De Vriese) or three plant parts for the preparation of medicines used in Miq. the treatment of single or multiple ailments. Use categories Total 751 304 namely Thrush and aprodisiac have the highest ICF of Note: *A taxon may be reported in more than one use category. 1.00, but these categories ranked the lowest in the number Nur: Number of Use-Reports, Nt: Number of Taxa, ICF: Informant Consensus Factor of use reports (2 and 5 respectively) and number of species used (1 species, in each category). The use categories with more than 20 use reports were abdominal pain (134 use reports, 54 species), malaria (31 use reports, 9 species) and Menendez-Baceta et al. 2015) and enviromental diversity diabetes mellitus (17 use reports, 6 species) (Table. 3). The (Eyssartier et al. 2008). The language is one of the frontiers least agreement between the informants was observed in that hinder the diffusion of local knowledge across kidney disorders as indicated by the lowest ICF value of linguistically distinct areas (Perales et al. 2005). 0.400, followed by fractures with a ICF of 0.469. Thus, this This study documented 149 medicinal plant species study indicated that the degree of knowledge sharing by the belonging to 56 families which are used for the treatment users in the study area regarding the use of medicinal plants of 21 disease/use categories. The higher number of in the treatment of various ailments is low. medicinal plant species documented in the current study when compared with an earlier study with another related Discussion tribe called Batak Phakpak (Silalahi 2006) shows that the The use of medicinal plants by local communities is Batak Toba has a richer tradition of medicinal plant use and influenced by various factors, such as pharmacological therapy.But, the medicinal plant knowledge of Batak Toba effectiveness, ecological availability and cultural factors is poorer in comparison to the Batak Karo tribe which uses (Menendez-Baceta et al. 2015). The cultural factors can 156 species (Silalahi et al. 2013) and Batak Simalungun shape the uneven distribution of medicinal knowledge tribe that uses 239 species (Silalahi et al. 2015). Despite the across biogeographically similar regions and some such fact that all the three are named Batak tribes (Karo, factors are language, social networks, meaning response Simalungun and Batak Toba) and they inhabit North (Vandebroek et al. 2004; Cocks an d Dold 2006; Sumatra, they language and cultural differences. Some of

522 BIODIVERSITAS 20 (2): 510-525, February 2019 the medicinal plants used by Batak Toba tribe are also used research showed that Curcuma longa L., Eurycoma by the other Batak tribes residing in other sections of North longifolia Jack. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. has high Sumatra. They include Acorus calamus L., Ageratum cultural significance in the Batak Toba tribe, on the basis of conyzoides (L.) L., Citrus hystrix DC., Etlingera elatior their CSI values. (Jack.) R.M.Sm., Eurycoma longifolia Jack and Zingiber In the present study, plants used as aphrodisiac and in officinale Rosc. (Silalahi et al. 2015; Silalahi et al. 2013). the treatment of thrush had the highest ICF of 1 each. A However, some of the medicinal plants recorded in this high value ICF indicates the agreement of selection of taxa study such as Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley between informants, whereas a low value indicates (situkkol), Timonius sericeus (Desf.) K.Schum (Simarbosi- disagreement (Ragupathy et al. 2008; Xavier et al. 2014). bosi), Rhodamnia sp. (Baja) and Vatica pauciflora (Raru) ICF can thus be used to pinpoint particularly interesting are new reports with regard to healing of diarrhea and species for the search of bioactive compounds (Canales et abdominal pain. The difference of species CSI is al. 2005). Thrush and aprodisiac have the highest ICF of influenced by the level of knowledge, the particular 1.00 each because the informants agreed of using only a cultural settings and the local conditions (Turner 1988; Pei single species for each category. Eurycoma longifolia Jack et al. 2009; Helida et al. 2015). is used as aphrodisiac, whereas Averrhoa carambola L. is In this research, quantitative ethnobotanical tools such used against thrush. High ICF values were also observed as CSI, UV, RFC and the ICF were used to make the for use categories related to toothache, fever, malaria, results more comprehensive to prioritize conservation of diarrhea, diabetes, abdominal pain gastrointestinal disorder, medicinal plants (Byg and Baslev 2001; Kvist et al. 2001; etc. This finding suggested that there is a well-defined plant Dalle et al. 2004) and also to facilitate bioprospecting selection criterion for these use categories (Srithi et al. (Xavier et al. 2014; Silalahi et al. 2015). The values of 2009; Silva et al. 2005). Cultural importance indices make RFC, UV and ICF are quantitave indicators that measure it possible to quantify the role that a given plant plays the cultural significance and importance of traditional within a particular culture, and CSI is used to evaluate and medicinal plants (Thomas et al. 2009; Ong and Kim 2014; classify these plants according to their respective cultural Menendez-Baceta et al. 2015; Sujarwo and Caneva 2015). significance (Pieroni 2001). The values of RFC, UV, and ICF are based on the This study identified Eurycoma longifolia Jack., respondents knowledge (Silva et al. 2006) whereas CSI is Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn, Vatica pauciflora based on the analisys of researchers (Turner 1988; Blume and Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley as Hoffman and Timothy 2007). having high overall use value, but according to our field Phillips and Gentry (1993) have develoved quantitative data these plant species have a restricted distribution and a measure to know the species relative importance, which low abundance. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. has been know as UV. UV has also been associated with issues of phytochemically investigated by many researchers (Ang et conservation, based on the idea that the most important al. 2000; Kuo et al. 2003; Chan et al. 2004; Farouk et al. species will suffer the greatest harvesting pressure 2007; Achmad et al. 2008; Talbott et al. 2013), but such (Albuquerque et al. 2006). Eurycoma longifolia Jack. studies are yet to be undertaken with Dryobalanops (UV=3.44), Curcuma longa L. (UV=2.67, and Zingiber aromatica C.F.Gaertn, Vatica pauciflora Blume and officinale Rosc. (UV=2.60) are the plants with the highest Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley. of UV in this study which indicates that these plants are Styrax benzoin Dryand is included in the 20 plants with considered most important as medicines by the Batak Toba the highest CSI but it is rarely found in the environment tribe. UVs are high when there are many use-reports for a around. Styrax benzoin Dryand is indigenous in Sumatra plant, implying that the plant is important, and low when island especially in Humbang and Tapanuli District there are few use-reports (Ong and Kim 2014). There are (Kashio and Johnson 2001; Langenheim 2003; Lopez and factors influencing the respondents knowledge of plants, Shanley 2004; Kusters and Belcher 2008), has been used important among others are age (Voeks 2007; Quinlan and by local communities in North Sumatra as an export Quinlan 2007; Guimbo et al. 2011), gender (Quinlan and commodity since the 8th century (Backer and Bakhuizen Quinlan 2007; Camou-Guerrero et al. 2008; Guimbo et al. van den Brink 1965; Boer and Ella 2001) is called Sumatra 2011), formal education (Voeks 2007; Quinlan and Quinlan benzoin (Boer and Ella 2001; Kashio and Johnson 2001). 2007; Giovannini et al. 2011), use of biomedicines of Styrax benzoin Dryand in North Sumatera (Backer (Vandebroek et al. 2004), occupation (Quinlan and Quinlan and Bakhuizen van den Brink 1965; Boer and Ella 2001), 2007) and village level (Sujarwo et al. 2014). The level of at the beginning taken by the local community from wild formal education (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007; Giovannini plants in forest (Kusters and Belcher 2008), and has been et al. 2011; Sujarwo et al. 2014) and use of biomedicines cultivated by the Batak ethnic since 200 years ago (Lopez (Vandebroek et al. 2004; Giovannini et al. 2011) have a and Shanley 2004). negative correlation with the level of local knowledge; but It was summarized that the local communities of Batak age has a positive correlation with level local knowledge Toba in Peadungdung village uses 149 medicinal plants (Silalahi et al. 2015a). Number of medicinal plants known belonging in 131 genera of 55 families to cure 21 type of by women is generally higher than men (Camou-Guerrero ailment. A total number of the species having highest CSI, et al. 2008; Guimbo et al. 2011). The CSI value depends on UV, and RCF in top 20 plant species ranking was 33 quality, intensity and exclusivity of species of the species, belonging to 31 genera and 20 families. Medicinal medicinal plants (Turner 1988; Silalahi et al. 2015a). This plants with the highest recorded UV, CSI, RFC, and IFC

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