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TAXON:Cordyline Fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. SCORE:4.0 RATING:Evaluate

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TAXON:Cordyline Fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. SCORE:4.0 RATING:Evaluate TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Taxon: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Family: Asparagaceae Common Name(s): red ti Synonym(s): Asparagus terminalis L. Cordyline terminalis Kunth Dracaena terminalis Lam. Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Apr 2018 WRA Score: 4.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Shrub, Ornamental, Seed-Producing, Bird-Dispersed, Spreads Vegetatively Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 25 Apr 2018 (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Page 1 of 14 Chev.) TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 Apr 2018 (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Page 2 of 14 Chev.) TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "The species is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea, but was carried throughout much of the Pacific Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal by early Polynesians. It is now widely cultivated and sometimes Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, naturalised in these areas including northeastern Australia, New Dordrecht Zealand and the Pacific Islands." [General description for Cordyline fruticosa] [Red ti not domesticated] "Red ti is native to Malaysia, Indonesia, and other tropical South Pacific islands. It is almost identical with Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: green ti (also classified as Cordyline terminalis), except for the Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI notable face that it has kept the ability to produce seeds, whereas the green ti has lost this ability." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: "Red ti is native to Malaysia, Indonesia, and other tropical South Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI Pacific islands." 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal "Being a tropical species, the plant thrives in a warm and humid Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, environment from the lowlands to the mountainous areas with Dordrecht mean annual temperatures of ϭϴʹϯϬ°C." "Very adaptable; will grow in almost any place that is protected from Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: heavy winds. Grows best in cool, moist, wind-free locations, in soil Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI rich in humus and with constant water supply." Creation Date: 25 Apr 2018 (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Page 3 of 14 Chev.) TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Qsn # Question Answer [Ti naturalized at elevations below 1000 m] "in Hawai'i a Polynesian Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of introduction, extensively cultivated and occurring widely in hala the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University forest, mesic valleys, and mesic forest, 5-610 m, on all of the main of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. islands except Kaho'olawe" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: "Red ti is native to Malaysia, Indonesia, and other tropical South Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI Pacific islands." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal "It is now widely cultivated and sometimes naturalised in these Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, areas including northeastern Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Dordrecht Islands." Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "widely spread by early human migrations; in Hawai'i a Polynesian the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University introduction, extensively cultivated" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. [Cultivated in Hawaiian Islands] "Many Hawaiians believe that a red Clay, H.F. & Hubbard, J.C. 1987. The Hawaii Garden: ti grown near the home is an open invitation to misfortune. Malays Tropical Exotics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI believe the opposite: to them, a red-leafed ti dispels evil spirits." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "widely spread by early human migrations; in Hawai'i a Polynesian Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of introduction, extensively cultivated and occurring widely in hala the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University forest, mesic valleys, and mesic forest, 5-610 m, on all of the main of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. islands except Kaho'olawe" [Cordyline fruticosa has naturalized] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Source(s) Notes "C. fruticosa is an evergreen flowering plant that has become essentially pantropical. It is widespread in the Pacific Islands, Australia and tropical Asia (Little and Skolmen, 2003). Usually it is closely associated with settlements and occurs in gardens and CABI. 2018. Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford , hedges, but sometimes it has become naturalized in wild areas, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc spreading by seed and cuttings of stems or rhizomes. It is a common houseplant and this leads to dispersal in warm temperate areas when discarded. There are no reports that it damages native vegetation." Cordyline fruticosa, Cordyline rubra, Cordyline stricta, & Cordyline Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd terminalis listed as naturalized and/or weeds, but impacts are Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall minimal or unspecified Creation Date: 25 Apr 2018 (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Page 4 of 14 Chev.) TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Qsn # Question Answer 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of impacts to agriculture] "C.
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