Survival without Russian gas: Ukraine's likely allies 1914-2014: mission possible in the new geopolitical realm The role of Ukrainians in WWI

№ 11 (77) August 2014 A life in war

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|contents BRIEFING Between Munich-2 and the Truman Doctrine: Both strategies tReasonable Doubts: The Parliament inherited from Yanukovych were tested in the 20th century. Which one will the world choose holds an imminent threat to Ukraine, yet the recent breakup of to deal with the Russian aggressor today? pro-European coalition could be equally dangerous 24

4 ECONOMICS POLITICS An Economy Under Fire: How the war in Eastern Ukraine affects Survival Without the national economy and the Donbas Russian Gas: Ukraine 28 can stand its ground De inations for Ukrainian exporters Seeking Their Place in Ukraine earns the mo in foreign currency on the markets of the Mediterranean in a gas war, even if and the Indian Ocean

the Sun: How Ukraine The highe trade deficit Belarus Czech Republic it continues for years. Russia Poland

Bosnia Lithuania Kyrgyz an Ukraine has diversified its export and Herzegovina Qatar Uzbeki an does Greece Sri-Lanka Turkmeni an not trade/ Macedonia Indonesia Tajiki an barely The biggest threat Romania Malaysia Afghani an trades Serbia Vietnam Paki an with the Slovenia China India countries markets and what more Au ria Hong Kong Bangladesh The highe in blue Belgium Taiwan Province trade surplus Morocco is to get hooked on Denmark South Korea Myanmar Niger Iceland Japan Latvia Cyprus Thailand Nigeria Ireland Ghana E onia Lebanon Singapore Equatorial Guinea can be done Great Britain Guinea Slovakia Israel Philippines South Africa Luxembourg Côte d’Ivoire Hungary Pale ine Mongolia Senegal Russian gas again Malta Argentina Moldova Jordan North Korea Ethiopia Sudan The Netherlands Brazil Bulgaria Saudi Arabia Yemen Democratic Repub- Egypt Tanzania Columbia Finland Ecuador Croatia Kuwait Iraq lic of the Congo Cameroon Togo Cuba Sweden Canada Montenegro Bahrain Syria Algeria Kenya Tunisia Mexico Norway Co a Rica Albania UAE Turkey Angola Congo Uganda Panama in exchange for France Puerto Rico Spain Oman Georgia Benin Liberia Chad Peru Switzerland USA Portugal Iran Armenia Burkina Faso Libya Haiti El Salvador 30 Germany Au ralia Italy Kazakh an Azerbaijan Djibouti Mauritania Guatemala Dominical Republic a discount from Gazprom SOCIETY 6 The Big Illusion of “Little Russians”: Why Ukrainians still view Lawyer and energy expert Alan Riley: “Ukraine has enough aggressors as “friends” and “brothers” potential to turn itself into the center of gas trading for Central 34 Eastern Europe and Baltic States” KonstantinB orovoy, the leader of the Russian pro-Western 10 opposition, talks about the inevitable breakup of Russia under Chairman of the post-Maidan Lustration the current system, imperial ambitions and ideological special Committee Yehor Sobolev on lustration, operations from the Kremlin the government’s tricks to block it, the 36 Kremlin’s agents and the need to rebuild The Splendour of Money and the government agencies from scratch Misery of Philosophy Bribing 12 Western intellectuals and exporting Yuriy Makarov about the heroes born Russia’s ideology have long been a from the present-day Ukraine favourite diversion of Russian rulers 15 38 HISTORY NEIGHBOURS Between HostileN eighbours: The role of Ukrainians in World European MP Rebecca Harms: War “European leaders and US President Obama have to be clear that they do 40 not accept the zigzag policy of Mr. “For the Freedom of the Putin” Ukrainian Nation, For the Peace of Europe”: 16 Château de Dinteville FOCUS preserves memory of Cossack Hetman Pylyp Collateral Damage: The shooting down of an airliner shows how Orlyk, and his son Hryhir, reckless Vladimir Putin’s sponsorship of Ukrainian rebels has been a French diplomat and 18 a tireless promoter of independence for the Leonidas Donskis on moral blindness and Ukrainian lessons Cossack nation 21 44 The Comic War of Rinat 19th-century Ukraine: Between Conservatism, Liberalism and Akhmetov: Who spoiled his Socialism hopes to keep Donetsk under Ukrainian sociopolitical movement between the mid-19th total control and early 20th century: intelligentsia and the potential of newly- 22 freed peasants 46

E-mail [email protected] www.ukrainianweek.com Tel. (044) 351-13-87 The Ukrainian Week № 11 (77) August 2014 Editors address 37 Mashynobudivna str., Kyiv, 03067, Ukraine Founder ECEM Media GmbH. Publisher ECEM Media GmbH Print run 15 000. Free distribution Address Austria, Am Gestade,1, 1010 Vienna Our partner State registration certificate КВ № 19823-9623ПР 19.03.2013 Chief Editor Alla Lazareva Editors Anna Korbut, Natalia Romaneс, Shaun Williams № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|3 briefing|parliament On one hand, the postpone- ment of the parliamentary election tReasonable Doubts campaign until the spring of 2015, let alone the autumn of 2015 opens the door for reactionary forces to strike back, much like in the post- The Parliament inherited from Yanukovych holds Orange Revolution 2006, or for re- an imminent threat to Ukraine, yet the breakup of forming the majority around the ambiguously titled parliamentary pro-European coalition is potentially as dangerous group For Peace and Stability, which, according to reports in the Author: n July 24, parliamentary month-long countdown to the day media, is funded by the exiled for- Oles factions Vitaliy Klitschko’s the president receives the right to mer president Viktor Yanukovych Oleksiyenko UDAR and Oleh Tyahny- dismiss the parliament and to an- and his associates. The latter sce- Obok-led Svoboda (Free- nounce early elections. Such a move nario would result in worsening so- dom) later joined by the group prompted strong reaction from the cial and economic situation in the called Economic Development, rest of Batkivshchyna faction, country, dramatic drop of the qual- mostly composed of former or pres- whose MPs had hoped to safeguard ity of life, unforeseeable problems ent Party of Regions MPs and led by this coalition and the parliament during the winter heating season, newly ex-Party of Regions MP Ana- until the very last moment. Equally weariness of the war in society, toliy Kinakh, and a number of Yulia displeased was Prime Minister Ar- growing disenchantment of the Tymoshenko-led Batkivshchyna seniy Yatseniuk, who on that very public with the lack of drastic (Fatherland) MPs who aligned day counted on the Rada to approve changes after the victory of the themselves with President Petro Po- a number of important bills to do Maidan, and business conflicts roshenko announced their exit from with financing state expenditure within the coalition's two parlia- the ruling coalition of the Verk- and modernization of the gas trans- mentary groups made up primarily hovna Rada. This launched the portation system. of representatives of the former Ya- nukovych's majority. To picture this An equation with multiple unknowns entire situation one has to look no The support of many political parties found in the late opinion polls may have little further than the winter of 2006. resemblance to the ultimate results of the parliamentary race. The majority of respon- dents are either yet to make their choice or feel that they are likely to reconsider. More Also when it comes to the risks than 40% in Ea ern Ukraine claim they are not planning to vote at all, but under certain conditions may change their mind at a later date. of putting back the elections, The UkrainianWeek previously noted % of those who are going to vote, by Rating that Batkivshchyna’s expectation that the disappointed Poroshenko's voters would somehow come back to the ranks of its supporters is nei- ther backed by opinion polls, nor the logic of Ukrainian political pro- cesses of the last couple of decades: in fact the voters disappointed in their idols never come back to them even after getting disappointed in 23.3 16.2 13.0 11.1 7.3 4.9 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.2 2.8 the new ones, instead they tend to seek newer ones still. In this context Solidarni Undecided Radykalna Batkivshchyna UDAR Hromadianska Svoboda CPU (Communi Sylna Ukrayina Party of Front Zmin (Solidarity, Partia (Fatherland, (Vitaliy Pozytsia (Freedom, Party of Ukraine, (Strong Ukraine, Regions (Front of Change, the most recent sociology results, Petro Poroshenko) (Radical Party, Yulia Klitschko) (Civil Position, Oleh Petro Serhiy Tihipko) (Mykhailo Arseniy Oleh Liashko Tymoshenko) Anatoliy Hrytsenko) Tyahnybok) Symonenko) Dobkin) Yatseniuk) where the figurehead of Poroshen- Source: Research by the Rating Group Ukraine over June 28 – July 10, 2014 ko's political project Solidarnist % of those who are going to vote, by KIIS (Solidarity) is named, for example, Yuriy Lutsenko, is very telling. This has a simple explanation: Bat- kivshchyna is associated with the government and its unpopular moves at least as much, if not more than Poroshenko. Should they postpone the parlia- mentary campaign, pro-European politicians would also risk facing growing passivity among their sup- porters as a result of general disap- pointment about “nothing changing after the revolution”. At the same 23.1 12.4 12.3 9.3 6.4 5.6 3.5 3.1 time it would give time and opportu- Undecided Radykalna Solidarni Batkivshchyna Hromadianska UDAR Svoboda Sylna Ukrayina Partia (Solidarity, (Fatherland, Pozytsia (Vitaliy (Freedom, (Strong Ukraine, nity for purely technical or disguised (Radical Party, Petro Poroshenko) Yulia (Civil Position, Klitschko) Oleh Serhiy Tihipko) Oleh Liashko Tymoshenko) Anatoliy Hrytsenko) Tyahnybok) pro-Russian political projects to

Source: Research by Kyiv International In itute of Sociology (KIIS) over July 16 – 23, 2014 gather pace and mobilize the former supporters of the Party of Regions 4|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 parliament|briefing and the Communist Party of ones that find such scenario unreal- However, when applied in the Ukraine. The current ratings of pub- istic should once again look back at parliamentary republic, the first- lic support that show overwhelming the events of 2006. Back then the past-the-post electoral system may dominance of pro-European forces idea of a ruling coalition without the lead to unforeseeable political con- do not account for the voters of the Viktor Yushchenko-led Nasha figurations, thriving political cor- South-Eastern Ukraine, who at this Ukraina and the Block of Yulia Ty- ruption and the lack of a stable ma- point are either undecided or claim moshenko seemed utterly outland- jority in parliament. And after all, that they are not going to vote (they ish. But while the two forces were 225 first-past-the-post MPs make make 60-70% in the abovemen- engaged in a political tug of war, an fertile ground for putting together tioned area). Their participation in alternative coalition emerged, com- 225 an anti-Ukrainian coalition fueled the elections in conjunction with posed of the Party of Regions, the first-past-the-post by Russian money delivered via other previously mentioned factors communists and the Socialist Party MPs make fertile third party middle-men, of whom would dramatically increase the of Ukraine. ground for putting there may be plenty. In fact the exis- together an anti- threat of revenge from the reaction- Today the opportunities to form Ukrainian coalition tence of multiple middle-men, all ary pro-Russian forces, which would a corrupt parliamentary majority fueled by Russian interacting between groups in the money delivered via be very much in-line with the dy- are aplenty. Such a situation can third party middle- Ukrainian parliament and the namics of political pendulum. cause another Maidan or cause men, of whom there Kremlin as the core link in the Petro Poroshenko to dismiss the may be plenty. In chain, would only strengthen Pu- The pendulum effect is typical fact the existence of of all democratic systems, particu- parliament in a much tougher man- multiple middle- tin’s position in the Verkhovna larly in the countries of Central and ner (he would have a hard time men, all interacting Rada and in Ukraine overall. This between groups in Eastern Europe that underwent finding the legal pretext). But all of the Ukrainian would give him the tools to conquer similar transformations after the this will spell another escalation of parliament and the Ukraine from within. Kremlin as the core fall of communist dictatorships in political conflict in the country, link in the chain, There is little reason to expect the late 1980s and early 1990s. while Russia will get an extra oppor- would only that MPs nominated for the parlia- Their experience vividly demon- tunity to question the legitimacy of strengthen Putin’s ment with the support of Presiden- position in the strated that success came to those another change of government, ap- Verkhovna Rada and tial Administration would remain that reelected their parliaments im- pealing this time not only to “formal in Ukraine overall faithful to the head of state through- mediately after dethroning the dic- legitimacy until March 2015” of ex- out their term in the Rada. It was tator, despite the fact that in many president Yanukovych, but also a under the 1996 edition of the Con- cases the former communists also "Constitutional coalition in the stitution the president could domi- tried to frantically adapt and pledge Verkhovna Rada". Such a scenario nate over first-past-the-post MPs allegiance to the new course of their could cause a great deal of trouble and effectively keep the parliament country, which is essentially what and the pro-European forces would under his control. The currently ef- happened in Ukraine after the have no one else to blame, as it was fective 2004 Constitution leaves no Maidan. It was the acquired them who broke up the original co- such opportunity to Petro Porosh- strength in depth that allowed irre- alition, albeit with good intentions. enko. In fact, he has fewer tools to versible reforms in those countries, Hopefully, they have double- control the Rada than even Viktor which the communists that re- checked to make sure that there are Yushchenko had while dealing with turned to parliaments in the mid- not enough potential votes to form a convocation elected fully under 1990s failed to negate. Meanwhile such a reactionary coalition in the the proportional electoral system. Ukraine has already stepped on the current parliament, because once Plus, it is yet unknown who exactly same rake twice, as by not reelecting formed it will be very difficult to op- will nominate and supervise “his the parliament in 1992 and 2005 it pose. people” in the regions. Thus, the opened the doors for the revenge of Another risk is in having elec- reactionary forces in the elections of tions under the electoral system 1994 and 2006 and thus missed its stipulated by the current law, which The No.1 threat is that by opportunities for change. presents a 50/50 mix of majoritar- the Independence Day The breakup of the current co- ian and proportional representa- alition poses considerable risks, tion. The current convocation of a pro-Russian majority however. The No.1 threat is that by Rada is unlikely to pass the law im- "For Peace and Stability" the Independence Day (August 24) plementing fully proportional elec- a pro-Russian majority For Peace toral system. First of all this is not in may be formed and Stability may be formed, that the best interest of the first-past- will vote against the continuation of the-post-elected MPs and Party of president’s team may end up in- the anti-terrorist operation in the Regions members that, when put fested with Moscow’s agents ready East, for the "normalization of rela- together, represent the majority of to come into play upon Putin’s com- tionships" with Russia based on the the current parliament. Secondly, mand when right the moment ar- recognition of Russian control over the motives of President Porosh- rives. Crimea and, quite possibly, for a enko are not completely clear. He Which is why it is extremely im- Transnistria-like status for the Don- may be tempted to take advantage portant that the forthcoming elec- bas, the pullout of Ukraine’s armed of the first-past-the-post system in tions take place under the propor- forces from the area, coupled with order to form a solid majority out of tional electoral system, ideally the putting aside the Association Agree- the traditionally conformist majori- open-list version of it. The latter ment with the EU or indefinite post- tarian MPs, instead of relying on part is unlikely to be in the best in- ponement of its ratification and the unstable allies among other parlia- terest of the main political players, curtailing of cooperation with mentary political forces elected but the return to some kind of pro- NATO and the United States. The through the proportional system. portional system is a vital step. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|5 Politics|Gas Mission Possible: Survival Without Russian Gas Ukraine is able to stand its ground in a gas war, even if it continues for years. The biggest threat, though, to get hooked on Russian gas once again in exchange for a discount from Gazprom

Author: n 16 June 2014, Gazprom priced Russian gas. Naftohaz tion expected this year, Ukraine’s Oleksandr discontinued gas deliver- wants Gazprom to cut the price of domestic extraction could well Kramar ies to Naftohaz, and both gas and compensate for the extra meet its need for natural gas Ocompanies sued each money paid over the past years by through September. Gas received other in the Stockholm Court of reducing what Gazprom describes through reverse deliveries from Arbitration. The Russian monop- as Ukraine’s debt for gas. Given Europe can be pumped into un- olist demands the payment of the volumes of gas extraction and derground storage facilities “debts” accumulated through pre- consumption in Ukraine in 2013, (USF) which already contain over vious purchases of highly over- as adjusted for lower consump- 14bn cu m.

6|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Gas|Politics However, another gas row with Monthly gas extra ion and consumption in Ukraine

Russia could last for no-one knows in 2013-2014, mn cu m 30.1 how long, so the Ukrainian gov- ernment has started preparing for Consumption Extra ion

the heating season without waiting 38.1 for Russian gas. On 4 July, parlia- ment passed in the first reading the Cabinet-sponsored law “On the Special Period in the Heating and

Energy Complex” which envisages .6 7

a series of measures to be taken if .0 .2 2.0 the government calls a state of 47 60 6439.0 3634.5 2199.7 1866.2 1881.0 1854.5 214 3936.3 4611.1 6399.9 70 5992.8 4962.0 2926.7 1783.8 emergency in the energy sector. 1545.9 17 1694.6 1750.1 1681.3 1701.4 170 1662.4 1729.7 1690.9 1755.5 1688.0 1528.0 1689.0 1631.0 1677 These include possible cutoff or re- February March April May June July Augu September O ober November December January February March April May striction of energy and gas supply Source: State Statiics Committee 2013 2014 to various categories of consumers and mandatory sale of natural gas ment a gas replacement strategy cu m of gas in its USFs available to district heating utilities by pri- for all categories of consumers. by October. vately owned companies. On 7 Chemical plants, However, Slovakia is sched- which account for July, Vice Prime Minister Volody- How cold will this more than half of uled to begin reverse gas deliveries myr Hroisman, who is in charge of winter be? Ukraine’s total to Ukraine in September. Naftohaz the utilities sector, said that the The government or Naftohas have industrial gas has already purchased most of the consumption, energy crisis headquarters devel- not disclosed details of how employ a mere outgoing throughput capacity of oped a comprehensive plan to re- Ukraine is preparing for survive 3% the Vojany-Uzhgorod gas pipeline duce gas consumption and imple- the coming winter without Rus- of its industrial from Slovakia’s Eustream. More sian, but available data allows an workers and produce than 20 European companies have educated guess. a similar proportion submitted gas supply bids for this of industrial Traditionally, the heating sea- products. In May pipeline. It can deliver up to son lasts from 15 October to 15 2014, Dmytro Firtash 800mn cu m of gas per month. said that his Osthem April. It can occasionally start and Holding enterprises, Whether it will be used to the max- end one or two weeks later or ear- which are the biggest imum is an open question, consid- lier, depending on the weather. gas consumers in the ering how poorly the available re- chemical industry, Private consumers turn the heat- elaborated an verse pipelines are being used ing on and off when they see fit. alternative scheme now. Gas consumption typically involving ammonia Gas consumption in October 2013 imported from Russia spikes in late September, while re- through April 2014, when an effort that will permit them verse supply from Slovakia may to work at full was made to be economical, was at capacity and not kick in by mid-September or 36bn cu m. Over the same period, continue to produce even later, so Ukraine is unlikely to Ukraine extracted nearly 12bn cu fertilizers accumulate even 11bn cu m in its m of gas, which left a deficit of USFs by October. 24bn cu m. Crimea extracted and In the seven months of the consumed roughly the same heating season (October to April), amount, so the deficit for Ukraine Ukraine may receive up to 10.5bn minus the peninsula remains the cu m of gas from Hungary, Poland same for 2014. Of the 14bn cu m and Slovakia combined. The exist- currently stored under the ground, Most Ukrainians, ing problems with filling the pipe- especially those some 9bn cu m can be consumed, whose houses or lines will only be exacerbated in while 15bn cu m more will have to flats lack proper wintertime. Gazprom, and Vladi- be obtained from Europe or saved. insulation, will have mir Putin personally, threatened to come to terms In June, Ukraine imported with the fact that to reduce gas supply in order to 0.32bn cu m of gas from Europe, a indoor temperatures minimize possible reverse deliver- in wintertime will little more than half of the maxi- range between 16- ies to Ukraine. Thus, there is a mum capacity of pipelines in that 190 C rather than the high risk that no more than 4-5bn usual 20-230 C. direction. The pipelines from Po- Quite a discomfort, cu m of gas will actually come from land are used to full capacity, but not a Europe over this period. This while reverse supply from Hun- catastrophe: electric would leave a deficit of at least 10- heaters or simply gary could be doubled. Inefficient warmer clothes could 11bn cu m which would have to be use of the pipeline from Hungary be used if necessary. saved inside the country. A lot will Communal district is alarming because it makes no heating utilitieslend depend on whether the central use for the excess of natural gas themselves better to government will restore its control usually available on the market in these austerity over the Donbas and secure full- measures the summertime (apparently, fledged operation of industrial en- there is none currently). In early terprises there. This region con- July, the daily deliveries in this di- sumed nearly 6bn cu m of gas in rection fell to less than a third of 2013. Without the need to supply the capacity. If they remain so low, gas to territories controlled by ter-

photo: unian photo: Ukraine will not have even 10.5bn rorists, Ukraine would almost № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|7 Politics|Gas halve the projected gas deficit. FOREIGN Shattering myths EXPERIENCE However, the calculations below Ukraine burns 27- A comparison of gas consumption and indu rial output in the warm months assume the optimistic scenario. 28bn cu m of gas for of 2013 and 2014 shows that there is no significant conneion between the two. heating alone, while According to a detailed balance Poland, where The alleged threat of de-indu rialization due to a reduion in gas consumption of gas consumption (published by winters are not much is not confirmed by aual fas. Indu rial output is much more dependent on the State Statistics Committeeonly colder, consumes some 16bn cu m. other faors, primarily dome ic and foreign demand, rather than gas for 2012, but not for 2013), the Poland’s population is consumption. biggest gas consumers outside the bigger than that of utilities sector were chemical Ukraine without Change in gas consumption and indu rial output during a period when gas is not Crimea and the used for heating, across Ukraine and in the indu rial Donbas, 2013-2014, % plants with nearly 7bn cu m of gas Donbas and only 10% consumed. Gas accounts for 60- smaller than that of UKRAINE DONETSK OBLAST Ukraine with the 80% or more of their production Donbas but sans the 2013 2014 2013 2014 costs in most cases. They export temporarily occupied May June July Augu September May Crimea. Ukraine May June July Augu September May most of their products, which received some 316mn 2.1 makes them, in a way, re-exporters cu m of gas from 2.4 3.6 of Russian gas, something that is Europe in June and 10.5

170mn cu m in May. 13.5 14.0 not advisable given the current According to the - - -5.1 -4.3 -4.8 -8.3 price level and the ongoing gas Ukrainian Agricultural 6 Confederation, 22.2 war. Chemical plants employ a burning even half of -8.9 -5.4 -4.2 -4.4 -4.7 - 11.0 mere 0.4% of the total workforce the straw and corn 28.2 1.2

stalks left in Ukrainian 3 (3% of industrial workers), and of fields can produce the these just 25% work at the plants energy equivalent of of Dmytro Firtash’s Osthem Hold- 11-13bn cu m of 16.5 - - - natural gas. - -4.8 -8. ing which leads the pack among Moldova’s National Source: State Stati ics Gas consumption Committee, Chief Direorate - industrial gas consumers. If these Agency for Energy Indu rial output - - - -46.5 -44.4 Regulation has issued for Stati ics in Donetsk Obla workers are laid off and the gov- a license to ernment decides to fully compen- Energocom to supply natural gas to the sate their salaries, it will spend an country with at an equivalent to the cost of 200- undefined price on 300mn cu m of gas. Moreover, the hope of importing door temperatures in wintertime blow to the stereotype of gas from Romania. Firtash has recently assured that The reason is the will range between 16-190 C rather “Ukraine’s critical dependence on his plants can do without gas, us- anticipated than the usual 20-230 C. Quite a Russia”. breakdowns of ing imported semi-finished prod- Russian gas deliveries. discomfort, but not a catastrophe: However, the 2015-2016 heat- ucts, mainly ammonia, instead. A Moldova-Romania electric heaters or simply warmer ing season will be a bigger chal- However, even if chemical pipeline is scheduled clothes could be used if necessary. lenge. This season, Ukraine will to be launched in plants are factored out, this will August-September Communal district heating utilities have nearly 9bn cu m of Russian still leave a sizeable hole – 6-7bn 2014. lend themselves better to these gas in its USFs, which was stored cu m of gas which will need to be austerity measures, while private there before gas supply was cut off saved in the utilities sector. All consumers can only be forced to in June. If these reserves are ex- these calculations are based on the comply by lowering pressure in the hausted by May 2015, at least the assumption that the 2014-2014 gas distribution network and re- same amount of gas will need to be winter will not be colder than the ducing the consumption norm for pumped into USFs in just five previous ones and that the utilities the existing tariff, while at the months of the break in the heating sector will require 7-10bn cu m of same time charging the full price season. The existing reverse sup- gas. Half of it can be saved even for over-the-limit gas (UAH 6-7 or ply capacities (7-7.5bn cu m over this season by switching part of the five months) will not suffice, espe- boiler houses to alternative fuel cially considering that it may be (charcoal, firewood, etc.). Accord- Only political will hard to utilize them in full. Mos- ing the sources that spoke to The is required for real cow is aware of the fact and will Ukrainian Week, this process is al- wait, if necessary, for the next ready underway in communally diversification heating season which, in this case, owned boiler-heated houses in vil- would require even stricter auster- lages and raion (county) capitals. more per cu m, depending on the ity measures or finding alternative The rest will probably have to UAH/USD exchange rate). Resi- sources. lower the temperature of water de- dents of villages and towns who This suggests that, in addition livered to residential buildings for now use gas-heated boilers would to emergency measures for 2014, heating. do well by purchasing electric large-scale, long-term projects of Thus, even if the coming win- heaters or solid-fuel boilers. gas replacement need to be imple- ter turns out to be colder, the mented or new gas supply routes country will, in general, have Not stopping halfway developed. The government has enough gas. But a large part of In general, one can be safe in as- reported that the Ministry of Fi- chemical plants and possibly some suming that, given proper mobili- nance and other relevant agencies others will have to be cut off from zation of all available resources, are considering multiple options gas supply. Most Ukrainians, espe- the country will be able to live for replacing Russian gas. Each cially those whose houses or flats through the winter even without may be implemented when advis- lack proper insulation, will have to Russian gas. If accomplished, this able for a specific region or group come to terms with the fact that in- feat would be another devastating of towns. 8|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 First, biofuel (wood, straw and Russia offers another discount or agricultural plants) may be used. sets a damping price on its gas. This option is especially attractive For this purpose, Ukraine’s legis- for towns with no more than lation or the Constitution needs to 20,000 residents, and they happen be amended to the effect that the to account for nearly half of the proportion of gas coming from country’s population. Second, stor- Russia or any other country can- age heaters can be used to store not exceed 20-25% of Ukraine’s electrical energy at night. It takes total consumption. And this quota merely 25 working days to imple- will need to be enforced even if ment this project, because the Gazprom offers half the price equipment is easy to adapt to the charged by other gas suppliers in existing heating system. Third, order to regain control over synthetic gas obtained by gasify- Ukraine’s market. ing charcoal waste can be used for In this decision-making pro- heating. Fourth, coal-water mix- cess, the key consideration should tures can halve the cost of thermal be national security risks stem- energy. Fifth, domestic gas extrac- ming from dependence on Russia tion volumes can be increased us- rather than economic efficiency. ing deep drilling technology. In Russia and companies totally de- the past decades, dozens of con- pendent on the Kremlin’s wishes densed gas deposits have been have proven time after time that found at depths exceeding five ki- they will never be reliable and pre- lometres. This gas would be much dictable partners to Ukraine. Every more expensive to extract, but if effort needs to be made to safe- sold at a price comparable to the guard the country against inevita- current prices of imported gas ble future breakdowns in relations (and exempt from all taxes and with Russia. It would be a fatal duties, if necessary), it may be ec- mistake for the government and onomically efficient. Naftohaz to continue to harbor any The main thing, however, is to illusions that, even without imple- finally move from words to ac- menting these and other alterna- tions, especially those that can se- tive projects, Gazprom will “sooner cure desired results within 1.5-2 or later be forced to make conces- years. There is enough time left to sions to avoid losing the Ukrainian implement many of the scenarios market”. This approach would outlined above by the start of the drive Ukraine into a still worse sit- next heating season and even uation immediately after Gazprom build additional sections of gas builds the South Stream or imple- pipelines running dozens kilome- ments other possible projects. ters or even more than 100 km. It If the lawsuit in Stockholm is also possible to use a floating takes too long, Ukraine should LNG terminal, purchased or unilaterally stop fulfilling the leased, as was the plan several agreements with Gazprom on the years ago. Most of the apparent transit of Russian gas no later challenges here can quickly be re- than on 1 May 2015. This can be solved by securing comprehensive done, for example, by taking the U.S. support and involving Ameri- right to exploit Ukraine’s gas can business. The Unites States is transportation system away from preparing to start exporting gas Naftohaz, which signed these and will be able to deliver several agreements, and transferring it to billion cubic metres to Ukraine some other company. In this way, next winter, if not this one. To this the Russian gas monopolist and end, American tankers and a European importers will have to leased LNG terminal could be make changes to the existing used, and get Washington to help agreements in line with a key prin- persuade Turkey to remove any ciple – Russian gas is sold on obstacles for traffic through the Ukraine’s eastern border as an ex- Black Sea straits. ternal border of the Energy Com- To accomplish real diversifica- munity to which Ukraine is a party. tion, political will must be exerted By forcing Gazprom to sell a large now and guarantees have to be ex- part of its gas on the Ukraine-Rus- tended to all partners to assure sia border starting from the next them that current or planned proj- heating season, Ukraine will boost ects in which they are involved, its standing and make it much including the one with the LNG simpler for itself to purchase gas terminal, will be realized even if from European companies. Politics|Gas Alan Riley: Ukraine has enough potential to turn itself into the center of gas trading for Central EasternE urope and Baltic States The Ukrainian Week speaks to Alan Riley, Professor of Law at the City Law School, City University of London, about Ukraine’s energy potential, its weak spots and the prospects of the South Stream

Interviewed Options for Ukraine Ukrainians have ‘gas ad- special deals with Gazprom? by Olha The original center of the vantages’ that are unique to Ukraine would get so much Vorozhbyt Soviet gas industry was the whole of Europe. With more value out of a liberalized Ukraine. In the 1970s, Ukraine these, Ukraine could transform it energy market. There advan- itself produced most of the gas economic and political position. tages it could offer everyone, consumed in the Soviet Union Firstly, you have the largest tran- from Ukraine as a state to con- (70bcm). Then, the USSR au- sit network in the world. It can sumers, businesses, and, in- thorities moved this industry to take approximately 120bcm per deed, oligarchs are enormous. Western Siberia, partly for secu- year at the moment. If completely rity reasons. They feared that the refurbished, it can take approxi- Ukrainian consumption Ukrainian gas fields would be mately 260bcm. This creates of gas has shrunk because of endangered in any conflict with huge capacity. Secondly, you have the economic crisis. Origi- NATO. In addition, Western Si- storage capacity of 32bcm in nally, it imported 50bcm from beria has rich giant gas fields. Western Ukraine that could be Russia. This figure has decreased What was overlooked in both upgraded to 52bcm. That makes to approximately 30bcm. That is Ukraine and Siberia was that So- it the world’s largest transit and actually much more manageable viet geologists had access to anti- storage system! This means that in the sense that you can probably quated technology for assessing Ukraine can potentially get more get 10-15bcm through reverse how much gas was truly avail- value, more benefit out of liberal- flow. By doing that, you are push- able. Soviet era geologists did izing its energy market and link- ing the consumption of Russian not estimate how much gas was ing it to the Western European gas down because the gas you are available in Ukraine. They de- market than any other state east- getting from the West is cheaper. cided to simply cap many of the ward from the Alps. And then, if you start using more existing Ukrainian gas fields and coal instead of gas, you are push- move the industry to Western Si- The real gas advantage is ing Russians to a relatively small beria. Many of the Ukrainian gas that with its own resources, coefficient. fields were badly managed but the transit system and stor- they would not qualify as ex- age capacity, Ukraine can Energy efficiency is an- hausted with modern technol- turn itself into center of gas other thing to embark on. ogy. Potentially, therefore, there trading for the whole Cen- Ukraine has been four times less is a huge amount of conventional tral Eastern Europe and efficient than the world on aver- gas available in Ukraine. One of Baltic States. Thus, the Kyiv age and 2.5 times less efficient the major issues in the debate on price will become the dominant than Europe. There was a Euro- Ukrainian energy security is that one in which all contracts will pean program called EP5 which many Ukrainians do not realize be set in the whole region. And offered European financial sup- that they actually have a huge that is about enormous poten- port to help Ukraine deal with en- base of conventional gas. In ad- tial. This is actually possible ergy inefficiency. Its representa- dition, they also have shale gas thanks to your own readily tives could not make [ex-presi- and offshore gas in the Black available resources, transit and dent] Yanukovych to do the deal Sea, to which the access is prob- storage systems. I do not know for several reasons – one of them lematic at the moment as the whether it has been appreciated was that they could not trace Russians are controlling Crimea. at all. One of my arguments where money would go. Now, you Still, its potential is very, very about the current system is why could do something on energy ef- significant. do you put up with oligarchs, ficiency with Brussels. 10|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Gas|Politics BIO THE FUTURE OF SOUTH Alan Riley is a STREAM lawyer, Professor The South Stream is not go- of Law at the City University of Lon- ing to be built. Essentially the don, and Associ- US government has imposed a ate Research Fel- wide range of sanctions on Rus- low of the Centre sian businesses and individuals, for European Pol- some of whom are linked to the icy Studies, Brus- South Stream project. I therefore sels. He is one of cannot see how it can get West- the UK’s leading ern financing and Western part- experts in com- nership. I am sure that people petition law. His other fields of in- will go on talking about that in terest include en- different ways, but the truth is ergy law and poli- that the South Stream is now cies, particularly dead. I cannot see how it can liberalization of proceed. For example, if you are the EU energy a Western bank or an energy market. Mr. Riley company and you are listed on holds a PhD in the New York Stock exchange, it competition law would be extremely dangerous from the Europa for you to get involved in the Institute at the Edinburg Univer- South Stream. You would risk sity. He is also so- facing a visit from the US Securi- licitor of the Su- ties and Exchange Commission preme Court of and the Department of Justice the UK based on the existing sanctions or potential future ones. The re- ality is that no one wants to be involved in investigations by ei- ther the SEC or US Department of Justice, with the prospect of heavy civil or even criminal pen- alties. Another question (which can only make the situation of the South Stream even worse) is that, according to the buzz in the Russian blogosphere, Russia can actually build the pipeline DONALD TUSK’S ENERGY That would ensure full enforce- through Crimea. Building a pipe- UNION ment of liberalization which would line through illegally occupied There are real problems with help Ukraine tremendously to territory makes it even more im- this Energy Union, because it move along this path. It would link possible. No one can get in- is very difficult to make that everything together. It would rein- volved. Ukraine can probably work. I think the simplest thing force all reverse flow systems; it seize all the gas which comes for Ukraine is to join the European would apply a common competi- through the pipeline and the US single gas market. The right way tion regime for the whole region. Government would redouble its how to do that is via Energy Com- Once you start getting these things efforts against any Western par- munity Treaty. It is currently being together, you will have an impact. ticipants in the project. reviewed. What I would recom- Ukraine would be linked into the mend is that we should upgrade European single gas market, be- SHALE GAS POTENTIAL the Energy Community Treaty to a come part of it, and have a major There is huge mess with pan-European System. At the mo- role in developing the gas market shale gas in Ukraine. Of ment, the Western Balkans, Mol- in Central and Eastern Europe. course, there is a problem with dova and Ukraine are its members Gazprom would essentially become Shell’s licensed area in Eastern in addition to the EU member- another player - a major one still, Ukraine. But what I would advise states. It has its energy secretariat but not dominant as it is now in the Ukrainian government to en- at Vienna, but the problem is its much of the region. With an inter- courage Chevron to get on with it very weak enforcement system. I connected market, Gazprom can- in Western Ukraine. I think the have argued that we should turn not do special deals and isolate issue there is to create a regula- the Energy Community into a Ukraine. That is why I support the tory and environment regime mini-EU, so that not merely all the plugging of Ukraine’s gas system which is robust, but streamlined, rules apply to its members, but the into the European one. Common which allows you to speed up, enforcement and surveillance pow- rules with the EU and operation move on and develop the re- ers of the energy secretariat are within the common enforcement source. All experts say that the strengthened turning it into a mini- systems would be very good news amount of shale gas is very sig- commission with an energy court. for Ukraine. nificant in Ukraine. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|11 Politics|New people Yehor Sobolev: “Lustration is blocked” Chairman of the Lustration Committee speaks about the government’s tricks, the Kremlin’s agents and the need to rebuild government agencies from scratch

thought society liked to convey the message “Look, the Maidan will be represented in the government”. These people included Olha Bo- homolets, who was to head the Healthcare Ministry but ultimately refused. Oleh Musii was then pro- posed as a replacement. Bulatov was first offered the office of the Traffic Police chief, but he himself chose the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Tetiana Chornovol headed the Anticorruption Bureau, even though Vasyl Hatsko from the Dem- ocratic Alliance was considered as an alternative. I was given the Lus- tration Committee. Moreover, Dmy- tro Yarosh was offered to head one of the special units in the power structures. But both Hatsko and Yarosh immediately turned down the offers. The trick was that none of these offices is really influential. With all due respect, neither the Healthcare Ministry nor the Minis- try of Youth and Sports determines government policy and can do something in their area withoutthe support of the other agencies and organizations. The Anticorruption Committee and the Lustration Com- mittee were never officially formed as such. I now tend to think that they were not going to really create them. photo: unian photo: According to the plan, we had to run Interviewed ehor Sobolev, a well-known Bureau headed by Tetiana in circles from one office to another by Bohdan journalist and public activist, Chornovol, another activist.T here for several months, and then every- Butkevych headed the Lustration Com- are essentially only two people one would shrug their shoulders Ymittee after the Maidan. This from the Maidan in the and say: “It didn't work out, and it's was something perfectly expected government – Oleh Musii as Health your own fault.” Early on, the lead- after the revolution. However, he Care Minister and DmytroB ulatov ership did not agree to form the gov- was never actually granted official as Minister ofY outh and Sports. Is ernment based on open lists and status or real authority. Sobolev this really the quota of the Maidan opted for party quotas instead. talks to The Ukrainian Week in Government? However, it should be under- about lustration and the prospects When the government was stood that in February, the Maidan for purging the government. formed, politicians played a trick, was not ready to assume power as quite in their spirit, on all of us pub- we had no political representation. U.W.: Your LustrationC ommittee lic activists. In order to somehow Back in December 2013, I met with has not been granted official appease the Maidan, they nomi- the veterans of European revolu- status, just like theA nti-Corruption nated several people whom they tions, and all of them said: “Imme- 12|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 New people|Politics diately create a political movement The Security Service should top office there. In March, open because everything will be stolen simply be dissolved and re-created competitions to replace heads of re- from you after the victory.” But then following the Czech model. The gional police offices were held. The the Maidan came under attack, and Czech simply disbanded its KGB situation in the ministry is not all we had more important things to and recruited completely new peo- that dramatic, in fact. There are worry about. But they were right. ple. I have had no contact orreceived many people there who are indeed This kind of party still does not ex- any cooperation proposal from the Ukrainian policeman and with ade- ist. Neither the Democratic Alliance, leadership of the Security Service quate financing, monitoring and nor the newly created Volia (Free- and the Prosecutor General's Office leadership they can turn into nor- dom) party in which I'm involved, since the Maidan. I believe this has mal law enforcement officers. nor Bohomolets’ party can repre- directly to do with the fact that the However, this requires political sent the entire Maidan or is ready to former is a government agency most Open competitions will, which is something Avakov is come to power. densely infiltrated by enemy agents to replace officials not showing now. As I said, he at- are a knife put to the and the latter is the most corrupt throat of the entire tempted to reform the ministry, but U.W.: One gets an impression that body. To speak about purging with system as they can the ministry ultimately reformed bring to offices peo- the new government has a fairly them is the same as speaking with ple who truly want to him. Here are some facts. The hostile attitude to your activities.I s Girkin (the leader of Russia-hired be policemen, prose- Donetsk police are still headed by it true? goons and spetsnaz in eastern cutors and judges Kostiantyn Pozhydaiev, who has rather than money Society across the country has Ukraine – Ed.) about peace in the makers held the post since March and has greatly changed thanks to the Donbas. As far as the Prosecutor allowed the current pitiful situation Maidan. It is on the society and its General's Office is concerned, Vitalii to develop there. I'm scared to think desire for change that we rely in our Yarema, just like his predecessor what else he needs to do to be fired. plans for lustration and removing Oleh Makhnitsky, came to his office I have warned about the police the rot from the country. But the to preserve and direct the existing chiefs in Odesa on multiple occa- state has remained virtually un- schemes. This is the reason why sions. The result [of no reaction] changed. The system of corruption Yarema blocked a new draft law on was the 2 May tragedy. The chief of and injustice and double agents at the Prosecutor's General's Office the Chernihiv police is a living illus- all levels are pervasive, from courts which was approved and supported tration of how persistent the Yanu- to the Security Service. Unfortu- by all experts and which entailed a kovych regime is. He held a similar nately, the current leaders of the complete replacement of its staff position in Kharkiv and was pro- ruling coalition show no desire to through open competition. In the moted to general precisely under put an end to it. The only lustration Security Service – and I say this Yanukovych. initiative that was implemented, with confidence – its chief, Valentyn In the past four months, I have and even that with many nuances, Nalyvaichenko, is a challenge to become much angrier and more concerned courts, while all the oth- Ukraine's security: he is not working cynical towards people, but I sin- ers have been blocked. Over four for this state and is instead a living cerely fail to understand how the weeks ago, we submitted to Presi- embodiment of the kind of people Minister of Internal Affairs can keep dent Petro Poroshenko a draft law who should be lustrated. Our draft these kinds of people in office. on purging the government. It spells law on lustration envisages that all out all the lustration technology for KGB staff and graduates of KGB- U.W.: In light of all this, what is all government agencies. We have run schools must be banned from the future of the lustration process yet to hear back from him. People all government offices. Now, Naly- and your agency? Do you from his office keep saying that we vaichenko graduated from the best personally see the Czech or Polish are fighting a war and this is not a KGB school in Moscow. scenario developing? Or will it priority now. It is clear that this is Think also about Vasyl Krutov – end, as always, with mere the same kind of ruse the previous no-one will tell you that he did any- declarations? Do you have government used. I believe to the thing good for Ukraine while he something to boast of? contrary: the war is the chief moti- headed the antiterrorist operation My least concern is the future of vator for lustration; it has to speed in Eastern Ukraine. There is no spe- my agency. The draft law on lustra- up progress rather than hamper it. cial service in Ukraine, because the tion does not mention it at all, be- The leadership of the country are one that we have is not the special playing a fairly shameful role in the service of our state. BIO ongoing conflict in Eastern As far as other ministries are Yehor Sobolev is a Ukrainian journalist, public activist and Ukraine: they are delaying things, concerned, Bulatov is the only one politician. He was born in 1977 in Krasnodar (Russia). In because it is beneficial for the who suggested that his Ministry of 1995, he quit studying history in the Yuzhnosakhalink Peda- above reasons and because there Youth and Sports be subjected to gogical University and moved to live with his grandmother are many real agents of the Krem- checks. We are now only waiting for in Ukraine where he started a career in journalism. He worked for City, Kievskie vedomosti (Kyiv News), Korrespon- lin among them. This war has the requiredlaw to be passed. There dent, Dzerkalo tyzhnia (The Mirror Weekly), the Ukrainian shown how much we underesti- was also an agreement with Minis- News agency, the 5th TV channel, delo.ua, etc. In August mated Moscow's influence. ter of Justice Pavlo Petrenko in 2008, he launched the Svidomo Journalist Investigation -Bu March, but there has been no prog- reau. In July 2013, Sobolev declared he was moving from U.W.: What government agencies ress since. The other ministries, es- journalism to politics. He was one of the activists in the Euro- are cooperating with you? What pecially the Ministry of Defense, maidan and a member of its council. On 27 February 2014, about the Kremlin’s agents? Did simply keep silent. he was appointed head of the Lustration Committee of the Security Service offer to carry We had successful cooperation Ukraine, which, however, has not been granted official -sta out lustration?W hat about the with the Ministry of Internal Affairs tus and continues to operate as an NGO. In June 2014, So- other our ministries and ministers? soon after Arsen Avakov took the bolev co-founded the Volia (Freedom) party. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|13 Politics|New people This is quite understandable, because open competitions to re- place officials are a knife put to the throat of the entire system as they can bring to offices people who truly want to be policemen, prosecutors and judges rather than money mak- ers. The Interior Ministry is, in fact, a kind of centralized structure that urgently needs to be divided into several independent law enforce- ment agencies: the police proper to investigate grave crimes; special units to be used in situations like the one that we had in Sloviansk early into the conflict; the municipal police that would have no connec- tion to Kyiv and would be elected lo- cally. As far as lustration scenarios are

photo: ukrainsky photo photo: concerned, I prefer the Czech one, because the Polish one is very la- cause the task of purging the entire I believe that lustration has Lustration is bour-intensive and not too effective. government mechanism is too big to bright prospects, because Ukraine is one of the In fact, a mere 40,000 declarations be trusted to one agency. The police now much more prepared for it than demands of the have been checked in Poland in the Maidan which employ 300,000 people, the Secu- it was immediately after the Maidan. the current course of 15 years; more than rity Service 30,000, prosecutor’s of- Back then, there was a popular no- government 250,000 remain unchecked, and a fices 30,000 and ministries and re- tion, even among the Maidan activ- stubbornly large number of those who were gional administrations hundreds of ists, that it was enough to simply ignores found to be communist agents were thousands more. The key point is drive out Yanukovych and his later able to prove they were not that all appointments must be made henchmen and everything would be guilty of cooperation with the spe- exclusively through open competi- all right. But the war has exposed cial services. That is why the Czech tions. We suggest thatthe National how rotten the state apparatus re- and Georgian experience is more Agency for the State Service be ally is. People are now largely in- appealing. purged first in order to allow it to be clined to think that it is simpler to We will quickly check everyone filled with professional recruiters form the majority of government using a simplified procedure, fire and headhunters who will then run agencies from scratch than to fight the top leadership automatically, re- checks in all other agencies. Checks hundreds of thousands of corrupt build the security service from must be carried out only in the top- officials. scratch and purge the Interior Min- down fashion –good managers What I consider to be my big- istry, prosecutors’ offices and courts should be selected first, and then gest achievement is the dismissal they will find good personnel for of the leadership of the Higher There was a popular themselves. Moreover, the special Council of Justice and courts. Un- website of this agency has to include fortunately, the majority of dis- notion, even among the an appeal to citizens and journalists missed top judges were able to re- Maidan activists, that it to submit information on people turn to their offices in local courts, undergoing checks. In other words, but we did not allow this to hap- was enough to simply drive all government institutions, society pen in higher courts. We did not out Yanukovych and his and the mass media would be in- succeed in replacing justices in the cluded in the lustration process. Constitutional Court where they henchmen and everything This pattern was tested during themselves flatly refused to re- would be all right. But the open competitions in the police place Yanukovych’s team. In Lviv with very good results. As soon as and in Volyn Oblast, we were able war has exposed how people learned about who the can- to have people without any con- rotten the state apparatus didates were, they started supply- nections to political forces ap- ing first-grade information about pointed to high offices. The evi- really is all the schemes, transactions and dence is found, for example, in the abuses. By involving the public, we way the Svoboda (Freedom) party as deeply as we possibly can and will are able to much better check all led by then Governor of Lviv watch how people perform. But public servants rather than if we Oblast Iryna Sekh fiercely fought again, this requires political will and use only the efforts of one commit- against the candidate that that an understanding among voters of tee. In the same way, this will safe- had passed lustration checks and the need for new politicians who will guard the committee itself from won the competition. In Volyn finally suit their actions to their abuse. I already hear that some Oblast, the police chief has been words. The election in Kyiv showed evil-minded people in the regions trying for over a month, with the that not everyone understands thi- are attempting to exact money us- support of the community, to fire seven in the capital. As of today, I ing my name as a cover. his deputies, but Kyiv keeps silent. can say that lustration is blocked. 14|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Opinion|Politics Anthropology

he greatness of the country is measured ligent, well-mannered faces appeared. There are not by the volume of goods produced, but more smiling, friendly, polite people in the streets. by the quality of citizens it raises”. I took Perhaps I’m spoiled and too sensitive, but for me “Tthis wisdom onboard so long ago (back in little things like these make a big of difference. In the day when posters about tons of pig iron, kilos of fact, I am convinced that there is direct connection grain and meters of cloth to solemnly mark another between your everyday habits and social behavior. Congress of the Soviet Communist Party were seen at All the way until the end of February I never every street corner) that I forgot the name of its au- bumped into a single unpleasant face at Maidan. thor. But it was this dictum that made me finally see All those who stood on the barricades, cooked the the evil empire that I lived in for what it really was, food, brought car tires, collected drugs all over the and I hated what I saw. One could believe or not be- city, went to rally near the president’s private “pal- lieve in the communist utopia, approve or disapprove ace” at Mezhyhirya or simply stood by the stage be- of the Soviet expansion on the world stage, take or not ing those tiny little pixels (someone else’s beautiful take pride in the economic achievements (which were metaphor), all of them, all these men and women make-believe), but it was utterly impossible not to see had eyes you would want to gaze into again and the main product of the system - the homo sovieticus, again. I was under the impression that their an- Author: which was everywhere you looked. thropological type has changed. Yuriy Makarov Contrary to abstract ideals, an actual soviet citizen I am not the one to believe in wonders and I do realize was a bearer of many rather unattractive traits such that human nature has its faults. The entire nation as aggressiveness, discourtesy, intolerance, rigidity cannot be made up of handsome saints. I do realize and that very complex blend of trust, fearfulness, de- that the ill-mannered ones did not just evaporate pendence and at the same time disrespect towards overnight. They have either retreated and are waiting superiors that can be all condensed into one word to pounce or... Every person has more than one face. "paternalism". Of course, people are different but this Depending on the mood, life circumstances, the level common "habitus" could more or less be seen in every of personal development, health etc., the very same mug you meet, mine included. individual can act as a vicious monster, or as an ex- Homo sovieticus spent his life pushing and shoving in emplary altruist (I speak from personal experience). queues, quarrelling in So my guess is that buses, sitting in Party Perhaps Ukraine is coming Ukraine is currently a meetings, believing what place that evidently helps it read in the Pravda, to its senses after the to demonstrate your best snitching on neighbors, countless years of gloom, traits, regardless if this approving military inva- comes as a result of con- sion of Czechoslovakia, or perhaps we are scious self-improvement exceeding the production witnessing the birth of the or the influence of the plan for parts for inter- general atmosphere. Oth- continental ballistic mis- new Ukraine erwise how would you ex- siles and telling jokes plain all those volunteers, about Brezhnev. Feeling all those donations, all that you belong to such a community was rather the sympathy and mutual respect, all this readi- uncomfortable, but at least I understood that ness to work together in the conditions that are none of it was accidental, but rather a result of rela- far from perfect, to put it mildly? Perhaps Ukraine is tively long process of adaptation and evolution. coming to its senses after the countless years of Much water has flown under the bridge, we have gloom, or maybe it is the opposite, perhaps we are pretty much seen a generation change, yet a couple of witnessing the birth of the new Ukraine. years ago I began to feel that we, despite the changing Either way, there is no pathos about it, just like there scenery returned to the "good old days": poor man- is no hint of pomp in the words of the captured AN-26 ners in traffic, in the police, in courts, on TV. And I pilot, who, while being interrogated by Russian “jour- was not the only one who in moments of despair be- nalists” that accompany Russian diversionists, said: gan feeling that this relic Soviet type, or rather a hun- “I made an oath and I act in a way that will be at peace grier and more defiant version of it, is now the preva- with my consciousness for the rest of my life”. Just get lent kind of Ukrainian. And therefore the entire a grasp of those words. This is a hero, whose name to Ukrainian project, responsible for bringing about the me remains unknown, unfortunately. The Ukrainian dominance of this type is doomed. Air Force pilot Nadiya Savchenko is another heroic Then the Euromaidan happened, and then the war prisoner of war who made the world take notice. And began and I suddenly no longer recognize my com- there are many more heroes: soldiers, volunteers, ac- patriots. Or perhaps it is me who changed, but one tivists, reporters and simply dignified and courageous way or another, the tint of one’s personal glasses people... They are the product of today’s Ukraine. The can only do so much. From God knows where intel- kind of Ukraine I love. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|15 Neighbours|Ukraine-EU Rebecca Harms: European leaders and US President Obama have to be clear that they do not accept the zigzag policy of Mr. Putin

Interviewed ebecca Harms, the Presi- be a lot of mutual mistrust by Olha dent of the Greens-Euro- within the West, especially Vorozhbyt pean Free Alliance group between Germany and US, Rin the European Parlia- especially after the resumed ment, is one of EMPs who watch spying scandal. the situation in Ukraine closely. First of all, nobody can doubt During her latest visit to Ukraine, that without Russia’s support to The Ukrainian Week took a the self-declared separatists the chance to speak to her shortly af- destabilization of the Donbas ter her return from Eastern would be possible. Russia could, Ukraine. at least, have closed the border awhile ago. There is information U.W.: You have just returned that there are many Russian sol- from Eastern Ukraine. How can diers along the border. If they the EU and the European want to close the border, they are egy towards Russia. The West, es- Parliament help the Ukrainian able to do it. I can understand pecially the EU, must be unified government to deal with the that the Ukrainian government is on this issue because it has signed situation there? very upset about the fact that this the Association Agreement with After my meeting with the has been promised again and Ukraine. It has been prepared for soldiers, people from self-de- again but has not happened. I years and did not mean any ag- fence, businessmen, ordinary citi- think that European leaders and gression towards Russia. Never- zens, people from all political US President Barack Obama have theless, it was because of the Asso- parties of Ukraine in Kharkiv, to be clear that they do not accept ciation Agreement that Russia de- Slovyansk and Artemivsk, I think the zigzag policy of Mr. Putin. cided to occupy Crimea first, and that first of all, it is very impor- is now obviously backing self-de- tant that the EU clarifies how it is U.W.: But coming back to the clared separatists. I don’t know to going to help Ukraine to develop spying scandal… what extent it is backing them, but its right to independent decision- The spying scandal is a differ- it is. The Europeans have to really making. I was confronted with ent matter. Since 9/11, the US has decide what their role and their many doubts about what the EU had a new approach to security task is now. Economic sanctions or European leaders are really which is to balance between their could be really an alternative to thinking and ready to do in order priorities of freedom and secu- military escalation. Right now I to support peaceful democratic rity, and it is very different from feel that to bring down the escala- ideas of the big majority of Ukrai- the European one. We have to ad- tion in the Donbas and to prevent nian citizens. dress this issue, because this con- Ukraine from being trapped in a cerns the rights of European citi- war, it is very important that the U.W.: Do you think the West is zens, so we would weigh the two international community takes united in its position on Ukraine topics in a different order than decision to close the border in be- at the moment? There seems to the US are now doing. We say tween Russia and Ukraine. Bio that it is going too far when every Rebecca Harms was born in 1956. Fighting against nu- citizen and every politician, even U.W.: Concerning the situation in clear power has always been important to her private heads of states, are followed by Germany, how can the mood and political life. In 2004, Ms. Harms became member security services, their phone there, which was not that of the European Parliament where she is the President calls tapped. sympathetic to Ukraine, be of the Greens/EFA group. Since 2009, Ms. Harms has But what we discuss with changed, taking into been a member of Delegation Ukraine in the Euro- Americans does not matter when consideration the flow of pean Parliament. it comes to Ukraine and the strat- Russian propaganda there? 16|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Ukraine-EU|Neighbours resolution in the European Parlia- even without cutting relations ment highlighting the most impor- with Russia. There is a huge prob- tant facts to be taken into account lem with banks and problems in on the situation in Ukraine, includ- the banking sector will probably ing the Budapest Memorandum. have to be fixed first of all. U.W.: What should be the U.W.: I would like to ask you a strategy of the EU towards question as a German citizen. Russia? How should it work with After the fall of Berlin Wall, Russia now? when the DDR and BRD were I think what we should give a getting together, there were a sign to the Russian population. I lot of problems in society as don’t know what is going on in well: Ostalgie, for example. Do Russia, but what we are doing is you see any similarities between not against the citizens of Russia. Eastern and Western Ukraine in It is in favour of civil movement that sense now? How can they and democratic development of find consensus? How did that Ukraine and it is the Russian gov- happen in Germany? ernment and Russian president Ukraine can learn a lot from who decided not to accept German experience in this situa- Ukraine’s right to self-determina- tion, especially on transformation tion. We wanted good relations of the country. East Germany be- with Russia. We have economic longed to the Warsaw Pact states. and political relations with many Transformation of the former Russians, not only official ones. Warsaw Pact state was difficult We want to keep them, but Russia politically, economically and so- decided to provoke destabiliza- cially. It is a difficult and de- tion of Ukraine. If this continues, manding process, it takes time, the EU has to completely rethink generations. Ukraine is in an even all its relations with Russia. more difficult position, because in Germany we had much more in- U.W.: What will the revised vestments in restructuring of East

hoto by UNIAN by P hoto relations look like? Germany compared to all other Difficult. Ukraine knows very states in transformation. But in My impression is that the well how difficult it is to escape deep spite of being difficult, the pro- MH17 catastrophe and the death economic ties and relations with cess still goes on. Sometimes, in of almost 300 people has changed Russia and to replace its huge de- discussions on Ukraine, I can feel the discussion and become the mand. It will probably happen step- that there are many citizens, es- turning point in European coun- wise, but this will not only change pecially in the Eastern part of tries. They are still missing the Europe, this will also change Rus- Ukraine, who still follow old real proves, but the strategy of sia, because Russia depends deeply ideas. They feel lost between the separatists and of Mr. Putin so far on good political and economic re- past and the future. Old system have not really convinced anyone lations with the EU too. feels easier to live with, especially that pro-Russian forces and self- in very difficult regions like the declared separatists are inter- The West, especially the EU, Donbas. ested in true, fair, and open in- vestigation of the case. It looks must be unified on its U.W.: How can this be cured? more like they are interested in strategy towards Ukraine It takes time, and it takes destroying the traces and facts. talking. I had a very interesting And this is having an impact on and Russia because it has meeting with lustration commit- discussions in the EU. I think that tees from all over Ukraine. We this catastrophe has changed the signed the Association can learn from good and bad ex- compared to what it had been Agreement with Ukraine periences in Germany and other from the very beginning when Central European countries. You Russia attacked Ukrainian terri- should find out especially now, tory in Crimea and became an ag- U.W.: Ukrainian Premier Arseniy before the new elections, who the gressor to a country it should Yatsenyuk said on July 18 that right persons to take on the re- have protected under the interna- Ukraine prepares to suspend sponsibility in the public, judicial, tional nuclear disarmament trade relations with Russia. Will tax sectors in Ukraine are, and treaty – Budapest Memorandum. the EU now somehow help whom the Ukrainian citizens can Ukraine reorient its markets? trust if they pay taxes, go to court, U.W.: Why both Ukrainian the EU The EU tries everything. The ask permission to run a business, politicians are quiet about the problem is that the recovery of the construct a house, etc. These Budapest Memorandum now? Ukrainian economy cannot be ideas of lustration which many I wouldn’t say that this is the fully organized by the EU. I see as Ukrainians feel committed to are case in the EU. We have recently the top problem the fact that the very important for the future of (July 17 – Ed.) published another Ukrainian economy is going down Ukraine. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|17 T 18 sponsorship ofUkrainianrebelshasbeen The shootingdownofanairlinershowshowrecklessVladimirPutin’s C focus udtd epn o te streets, the on weapons eastern outdated in peopleUkraine, seeingusedtorebels with Local Putin. ing the Russian president, Vladimir they mistook it for an because aircraft carry by perhaps Russia, support blaming Western further ing elicit Ukrainianof way aaircraft, perhapsas by down brought was MH17 that belief widespread a is controlledRussia,therearebylets and in most places where news out the world. served of restthe indeepenanger to only site the from responders other and investigators kept forces that rebel by intimidation and hellplace”.ofa Butthe obstruction a coveryinjobdoing ahellas of“a local the One teams praised that had takenpart in the re Donetsk. expert inDutch building tion ceremony in the rebels’ formal administra bizarrely a in resentatives next boxes were handed the blackover to Malaysian plane’s rep of the hours morning small the In perts put the number closer to 200. 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фото: unian russian aggression|focus stabilising eastern Ukraine that will flowing into the Luhansk region of be subject to travel bans and the Ukraine from a deployment and freezing of assets. The ministers training site set up near Rostov by said they would act by the end of the separatists’ Russian military the month. helpers, according to Western intel- Such incremental measures ligence sources. On July 13th, at amount to expanding so-called about the same time that Mr Putin “phase two” sanctions against Rus- was sitting down to watch the sia, bringing Europe closer in line World Cup final with Angela with America. Of greater impor- Merkel, the German chancellor, tance is that the communiqué American sources say that a much raised the prospect of the EU mov- bigger convoy of around 150 vehi- ing to “phase three” sanctions, cles made the journey. It is said to which are aimed at whole economic have included tanks, artillery, Grad sectors, if Russia fails to meet de- rocket launchers, armoured per- mands that it use its influence with sonnel carriers and Buk missile sys- Ukrainian rebels to ensure the tems. Russia flatly denies having crash site is preserved intact for in- sent any such missiles. vestigation and that the flow of Whether it was a missile deliv- weapons and fighters from its terri- ered by that convoy that brought tory into Ukraine be halted. down MH17 is unknown. There were reports in late June that the From Rostov, with Buks rebels had captured such missiles That the Russians are supplying the from the Ukrainians, though the rebels is not open to doubt. Indeed, Ukrainians deny this and it may a recent increase in the flow of sup- well have been deliberate Russian plies seems to have set the scene for misinformation. But successful at- the tragedy. tacks on aircraft started straight af- On July 1st Petro Poroshenko, ter the convoy’s arrival. On July 14th Ukraine’s president, brought to an a Ukrainian military cargo plane end a ceasefire in the east of the with eight people on board was country which had lasted for ten brought down a few kilometres days and which, he claimed, the from the Russian border. The air- rebels had broken 100 times. He craft was flying at 6,500 metres, was betting that Ukraine’s armed well beyond the range of shoulder- forces, their morale boosted fired missiles. The following day a through the expedient of newly reg- Ukrainian Su-25, a ground-attack ular pay as well as training and bet- fighter that has been used exten- ter maintenance for their equip- sively against rebel positions, was ment, could take on and defeat hit. On July 16th another Su-25 suf- 10,000-15,000 rebels armed fered a missile strike but managed mainly with light weapons and a to land. few elderly tanks. On July 5th, after It may be significant that the an artillery bombardment, Ukrai- pictures showing the Buk missile nian forces hoisted their blue and launcher that shot down MH17 on yellow flag over the strategically its way to Chernukhino show it important town of Sloviansk, which travelling alone. In normal opera- had been the military headquarters tions the launcher would be accom- of the insurrection. Air power was a panied by separate vehicles carry- big part of the success. Though the ing radar and control facilities. rebels had shot down several planes Without these the system would himself into a frenzy of diplomatic and helicopters using Strela-2 have lacked, among other things, and public activity, talking repeat- shoulder-fired missiles, they were an ability to sense the transponders edly to Mrs Merkel and Mark Rutte, impotent against anything flying that civilian aircraft carry. Assum- the Dutch prime minister, as well as above 2,000 metres. ing that the crew wanted to shoot to the leaders of Australia, Britain The separatists’ military leader, down another Ukrainian military and France. On July 21st he gave an Igor Girkin (aka Igor Strelkov), a transport, this lack would have address to the nation unremarkable former or possibly current Russian made it easier for them accidentally in every way other than its timing; intelligence officer, pleaded with to hit a passenger jet flying both it was broadcast in the middle of Mr Putin for help in turning the higher and faster than any such tar- the Moscow night, which means tide. Although Mr Putin would not get. just before the previous evening’s send the troops that Mr Girkin prime time on America’s east coast. wanted, he was willing to provide The show must go on Having asked for concessions it did him with enough weapons and as- That it was indeed a mistake is hard not receive, Russia still backed the sistance to stay in the game. to doubt, not least because it clearly Security Council’s resolution calling Since late June small convoys put Mr Putin on the defensive. In for a full investigation and for those of Russian heavy weapons had been the days after the attack he threw responsible to be held to account, a № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|19 focus|russian aggression resolution which accordingly the head of his Socialist party, passed unanimously. For all his Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, hit anti-Westernism, Mr. Putin cares back at British criticism of the deal, about his international image noting that many Russian oligarchs enough to want to avoid defeat. had “sought refuge in London”, and He cares even more about his added: “this is a false debate led by power at home. The Russian people hypocrites.” France is demanding are keen on both the war in Ukraine that, in any phase-three sanctions, and Mr. Putin: his approval rating Britain act on Russian financial is a remarkable 83%. Gleb Pavlov- transfers through the City. Ger- sky, a former Kremlin consultant, many for its part would be expected wrote recently that Russians see the to contribute by restricting Russia’s war as a “bloody, tense and emo- access to high technology, espe- tionally engaging” television drama cially in the energy sector. that has little to do with reality but That is more conceivable than it which they want to see continue. was; German opinion seems to be Mr Putin prospers as the drama’s turning. “Nobody can blame Ger- producer and leading man; he can- resources count. Our economies are Another piece many for not having taken efforts to not rewind the narrative in such a strong and growing in strength. of the evidence: talk,” says the German foreign min- way as to extricate himself. And yet we sometimes behave as if the expanding ister, Frank-Walter Steinmeier. But the audience’s enthusiasm we need Russia more than Russia base near “But Russia did not stick to the does not mean it wants to pay to needs us…” They—including Brit- Rostov agreements to the necessary ex- keep watching. So far the sanctions ain, fearful of damage to the City of tent.” The day after the foreign imposed in response to Russia’s an- London—could well continue so to ministers’ meeting Germany’s nexation of Crimea have seemed of behave. mass-circulation Bild, unim- greater symbolic than economic The most obvious evidence of pressed, ran a headline mocking importance, and this plays to Mr. this is France’s determination to go the EU for its Empoerend Untae- Putin’s strengths. In Russia he con- through with the sale of the first of tig—outrageous inactivity. But if trols the symbols. But serious eco- two Mistral-class helicopter carri- this signals a new German tough- nomic sanctions of the sort to ers to Russia. Other nations have ness, it is a stance that will build up which the EU seems to have inched demanded the contract be halted, over months or years, not in weeks. closer could do him genuine harm, but President François Hollande given the already stagnant econ- fears that reneging would endanger Doubling down omy. shipbuilding jobs at the Saint- As Europe plays, at best, a long If concern along those lines led Nazaire dockyard, incur stiff finan- game, Mr Poroshenko is hoping to to Mr. Putin’s efforts on the inter- cial penalties, leave France with ex- regain control of the east of his national stage, though, it does not pensive ships it has no use for and country with a decisive offensive. seem to have changed the situation damage its reputation for depend- Much will depend on his tactics. in eastern Ukraine, or the show be- ability among other countries Ukrainian forces have been making ing offered to Russian television au- thinking about entering into arms liberal use of air strikes and Grad diences. The rebels are still using contracts with it. rockets as they move toward ground-to-air missiles; they That said, sticking with the Donetsk. On July 18th 16 civilians brought down two Su-25s on July deal also poses risks to France’s were killed in shelling; on July 21st 23rd, though they did not use Buks reputation—and to its military Ukrainian Grad rockets killed four to do so. Mr Poroshenko says that equipment makers. The NATO civilians south of Donetsk airport. weaponry is still rolling over the country which is currently invest- “Do I look like a terrorist?” asked border to the rebel forces (which he ing most in defence is Poland, with Galina Afrena, a woman of 60, as wants the West to designate as ter- a budget of $46 billion. France is she surveyed the damage wearing a rorists, saying it would be “an im- well placed to sell it combat heli- leopard-print dress and carrying a portant gesture of solidarity”). copters and other expensive kit. jar of homemade fruit juice. The American intelligence sources say But François Heisbourg of the Ukrainians say they are under strict their analysis, too, points towards Foundation for Strategic Research, orders not to use artillery or air continuing supply from Russia. a think-tank, points out that Po- strikes on Donetsk, a city of nearly a One explanation for the lack of land, staunchly opposed to Putin’s million people. If those orders are change could be that Mr Putin does power play in the Ukraine, is un- followed, it will mark a significant not believe that Europe will act de- happy about the sale of the Mis- change. cisively. The evidence of history trals and unlikely to welcome It is natural to expect an enor- seems to be on his side. Though on French arms-sales teams in its af- mity to be a turning point. There is July 22nd the council of ministers termath. a depressing chance, though, that sent a stronger message than it had Mr Hollande this week tried to MH17 will remain an unfathomable before, Europe retains a deep am- deflect the pressure by saying that aberration. Ukraine, the rebels and bivalence about inflicting real eco- while the Vladivostok would be de- Russia show every sign of eschew- nomic pain on Russia. In a newspa- livered this autumn as agreed, de- © 2014 The ing any opportunity it might offer th per article on July 20 David Cam- livery of the second such ship—the- Economist for reflection and reconciliation. eron, Britain’s prime minister, told Sevastopol, ironically—it is build- Newspaper The incompatibility of their inter- fellow European leaders: “It is time ing for Russia would depend on Mr Limited. All ests has only been thrown into to make our power, influence and Putin’s good behaviour. Meanwhile rights reserved sharper relief. 20|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Opinion|Focus Moral Blindness and Ukrainian Lessons

n 2013, I have written conjointly a book with Zygmunt life.” The phrase “life unworthy of life” (in German, leb- Bauman, one of the greatest thinkers of our times. It is ensunwertes Leben) was a Nazi designation for the seg- a book of an intense philosophical dialogue on the loss ments of populace which had no right to live. In our Iof sensitivity. The title of our book, Moral Blindness, days, we witness a liquid-modern designation for the re- was Bauman’s idea, and it came out as an allusion to the gions and countries whose tragedies have no right to metaphor of blindness masterfully developed in the Por- break the news and whose civil casualties or sufferings tuguese writer José Saramago’s novel Ensaio sobre a ce- from political terrorism and violence have no right to gueira (Essay on Blindness). Yet the subtitle of the book, change bilateral relations and trade agreements be- The Loss of Sensitivity in Liquid Modernity, came out tween Russia and major players of the EU. from my own theoretical vocabulary, albeit with Bau- How could we otherwise explain the unbearable naïveté man’s touch – his books would be unthinkable without and totally misguided actions, to say the least, of the Ger- the adjective “liquid,” be it liquid modernity or liquid fear man foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier who or liquid love. Much to my delight, this book will have a pushes Ukraine to negotiate with terrorists thus legiti- second life in the Ukrainian language and culture. mizing them? Or the surrealist political logic of France Ukraine has become a litmus test of global moral (in) with its multibillion deal with Russia over the Mistral sensitivity at the beginning of the 21st century. The coun- warships thanks to which Russia can attack not only try paid the price for its heroism, courage, willpower, Ukraine (incidentally, the second warship to be sold to solidarity, and freedom. Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Russia will carry the name of Sevastopol) but any EU and threats from the Kremlin, an obnoxious and grotesque NATO country as well? The Russian political commenta- campaign of toxic lies from the Kremlin-controlled me- tor and essayist Andrei Piontkovsky spoke about the col- Author: dia bordering on Goebbels-like propaganda and Or- lective Feuchtwanger as an embodiment of the European Leonidas wellesque two-minute hate sessions of collective hyste- will-to-misunderstand what was happening in Stalinist Donskis, ria and mass psychosis – it would be difficult to exhaust USSR. This sort of self-inflicted moral and political Lithuania the ordeals that begotten the radically new situation in blindness, or the will-to-misunderstand Vladimir Putin’s world politics. Russia, could be described as the collective Schröder. And what was the reaction of the EU and the West? Next Like Tibet with its series of self-immolations, Ukraine to none. What happened over the past months did be- has become a litmus test case – as far as our moral and come a déjà vu experience coupled with a flashback from political sensibilities are concerned. How many more fairly recent European history. A feeling of being back in deaths and tragedies do we need to get back to our time with such code names as Munich, the Sudetenland, senses? What the death toll should be like to switch to Hitler, Daladier, and our sensitivities? We know Chamberlain is much The EU’s will-to- a winged phrase that the stronger than it would death of one person is a have been any time earlier misunderstand Vladimir tragedy, yet the death of after the fall of the Berlin Putin’s Russia could be millions of people becomes wall. We bid farewell to the statistics. Unfortunately, holy naïveté of Francis Fu- described as the collective this is more than true. The kuyama’s vision of the end Schröder struggle between our of history, as if to say: moral blindness and our “Welcome back to the 20th ability to see other individ- century!” uals as ethical beings, rather than statistical units or The inability of the EU to react to the tragedy of workforce, is the struggle between our own powers Ukraine otherwise then through a series of unintention- of association and dissociation, compassion and indif- ally comical manifestations of “deep concern” not only ference, the latter being a sign of moral destructiveness shows the ease with which the EU produces the new and social pathology. Daladiers and Chamberlains; it exposes a deeply selec- We learn from political history that we can withdraw tive approach to human self-worth, dignity, and life. As from our ability to empathize with other individuals’ long as war crimes are committed in No Man’s Land, in pain and suffering. At the same time, we can return to their eyes, such as Ukraine, we can react with our seem- this ability – yet it doesn’t say a thing about our capabil- ingly sensitive rhetoric without doing anything in terms ity to be equally sensitive and compassionate about all of political and legal action. It happened only after the troubled walks of life, situations, nations, and individu- Malaysian airplane crash when the plane with almost als. We are able to reduce a human being into a thing or three hundred Dutch, Australian, and other nations’ ci- non-person to be awake only when we ourselves or our vilians was shot down by the terrorists armed and sup- fellow countrymen are hit by the same kind of calamity ported by the Kremlin that the EU showed at last some or aggression. This withdrawal-and-return mechanism signs of genuine resentment and protest against this only shows how vulnerable, fragile, unpredictable, and shocking barbarity. universally valid human dignity and life is. I can only recall Zygmunt Bauman’s allusion he makes These are the lessons to be learned. The Ukrainian in his works to the Nazi concept of “life unworthy of lessons. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|21 focus|Russian aggression The Comic War of Rinat Akhmetov Rinat Akhmetov, Vladimir Putin and Viktor Yanukovych continue to weave plots for Eastern Ukraine, making the rebels with black-and-orange ribbons think that they are dying for a New Russia, not for oligarchic interests

Author: here were street fights in the scuffles with the Ukrainian military, Denys centre of Donetsk on July 1. bogeymen, demons and other evil Kazansky Armed rebels in camouflage spirits squabble for power in cap- Tand the local police shot at one tured cities, while the whole world is another. Innocent bystanders and watching this unexpected European several members of the Ministry of Somalia puzzled and amused. Internal Affairs were injured as a re- Those who prophesied a Yugo- sult. Bullets hit the trams and cars slavian scenario for Ukraine were that drove by, as well as the windows wrong. An African one is being im- of business centres and shops. Such plemented on part of Ukraine’s terri- Oplot which was created with a sudden eruption of violence in the tory. More blood, more dead bodies, the direct participation of Kharkiv city, where at the time there was no more chaos. A Horlivka tribe against authorities, acts virtually hand-in- anti-terrorist operation and no a Donetsk one. Muscovite mercenar- hand with the local police and lead- member of any special force was re- ies against local gangs. One leader ership in Donetsk. During the attack sisting terrorist groups, surprised against another. It is now impossible on the Donetsk police headquarters the locals. The “republicans” had to tell the terrorists from the mili- by Bezler’s rebels, Oplot helped the previously not bothered the police tants. The only sources knowledge- police to defend themselves. In ad- because of its loyalty and candid col- able in terrorist matters are Russian dition, the rebels are “guarding” the laboration with separatists. media. That comes as no surprise. Donetsk City Council building. Yes, People immediately began to Who other than Russians would un- they are actually guarding it. As a re- buzz about the reasons behind what derstand Russian terrorists? sult, separatists failed to seize the happened. Several scenarios ap- Russia Today, en English-lan- City Council and no “people’s peared. Initially, the supporters of guage mouthpiece of the Kremlin, mayor” popped up. Oplot members the Donetsk People’s Republic described the armed skirmish in with rifles have stood in the vesti- spoke, as usual, about the Right Sec- Donetsk as a conflict between the bule since April instead of the police, tor that was probably hiding tight in “militants” and “terrorists”, the ter- but the staff work in the building, the building of the Ministry of Inter- rorists being the group led by Igor led by the legitimate Donetsk Mayor, nal Affairs. The rebels were suppos- Bezler, aka Bes (Demon), the field Oleksandr Lukyanchenko. edly trying to remove them from commander of separatists. The “mil- He is an extremely lucky person. there. But since even the most die- itants” were allegedly the group His peer in Horlivka, Yevhen Klep, hard sympathisers of Russia in loyal to the Moscow-born Alek- was beaten and tortured for disobe- Donetsk no longer believe such non- sander Boroday, the official leader of dience. The Mayor of another town sense, people quickly proposed a dif- the Donetsk People’s Republic. The in Donetsk Oblast, Makiyivka, Olek- ferent, more plausible explanation. Russian media failed to explain the sandr Maltsev, was forced to resign. Two different DNR groups fought difference between “militants” and The notorious Head of Slovyansk, each other, they suggested. “terrorists”. Nelya Shtepa, was held in captivity Even separatists themselves ap- It is common knowledge that for three months. Meanwhile, Luky- pear to be puzzled by the intricate the terrorist groups of separatists anchenko continues to serve in his interaction of terrorist bands in are very diverse, each with an own position as Mayor, even though he Donetsk. And for law-abiding citi- story of creation. They were formed has publically refused to cooperate zens, who have absolutely nothing to under the leadership of different with terrorists. Rumour has it this is do with looting and kidnapping, this people in different cities and now because he has been oligarch Rinat is far too much to detangle. What is serve different interests. Oplot Akhmetov’s man for many years. clear, though, is that the occupied (Stronghold), Vostok (East), Rosiys- The same applies to the head of the Donbas is gradually turning into an kaya Pravoslavnaya Armiya (Rus- Donetsk police, Kostiantyn Pozhy- African country torn apart by tribal sian Orthodox Army) – there is a dayev, who was protected by Oplot conflicts. In the breaks between history behind each of these names. against the uncontrolled Bes. 22|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Russian aggression|focus 1 shootout as laid out by Alek- sander Borodai, a spin doctor in Moscow and a self-appointed prime minister of the self-pro- claimed DNR, the Kremlin must view him as the only legitimate speaker of the DNR. At the same time, he serves as a connecting link between Russia and Akhmetov. But Borodai is no longer in The longer the conflict in Donbas Donetsk. He, together with Denis continues, the Pushilin, a self-appointed speaker clearer the interest in it of the main of the DNR, is in Moscow. In all Donetsk oligarch, likelihood, he escaped from the who, it appears, hostile armies of Girkin, who controls the two largest groups of openly scorned Akhmetov’s amus- rebels, and with ing guard. Girkin has already de- whose help he controls Donetsk. But clared himself the leader in the the oligarch’s plans city, which he announced in a video were suddenly shattered by the on his entry into the city. most brutal terrorist, Judging by his other state- Igor Girkin (Strelkov) ments, Donetsk has had bad luck. The administration of the new oc- cupants is far more ruthless than the previous one. It is more than likely that the city can expect a blockade, irregular water, black-

photo: ар photo: outs and food supplies. The terror- ists themselves have already prom- It goes without saying that Oplot not getting in their way when they ised a new Slovyansk in the city of a also diligently guards Akhmetov. In were seizing buildings and consoli- million people. spite of all the threatening state- dating in the city. The sad thing is that the average ments made by DNR representa- The longer the conflict in the residents of Donetsk have fallen tives, not one of the facilities in Donbas continues, the clearer the hostage to all this. Only a few Donetsk that belong to the oligarch interest in it of the main Donetsk oli- months ago, they light-heartedly has been seized of destroyed. Oplot garch, who, it appears, controls the participated in street skirmishes and even protected the office of the Lux two largest groups of rebels, and demonstrations, when appealed to company from an enraged crowd. with whose help he controls by the criminals. Unfortunately, the The offices of SKM and Metinvest, Donetsk. The shootout in Donetsk majority of them still do not under- two of Akhmetov’s companies, also only proved that Akhmetov did not stand that they have become the continue to operate in the centre of allow anyone to come into his Donetsk. However much Akhmetov stomping ground. As soon as the tries to convince Ukrainians that he Horlivka bandits made their move Those who prophesied a too is a victim of the separatists, it is towards the city, they were labelled Yugoslavia scenario for hard to believe. Plus, Akhmetov is in “terrorists”, not “militants”. The no hurry to move his business to Vostok battalion beat back the Ukraine were wrong. Mariupol, which has already been Donetsk police from the rebels. Instead, an African scenario cleaned up of terrorists. However, Akhmetov’s plans As to Mariupol, it was liberated were suddenly shattered by the most with more blood, more with virtually no bloodshed or de- brutal and insane terrorist, Igor Gir- dead bodies, and more struction despite gloomy expecta- kin (Strelkov), who suddenly left tions. Could this be because Metin- Slovyansk and conducted a success- chaos is being implemented vest’s two largest steel plants are lo- ful march on Donetsk. While he was on part of its territory cated there? Another important fact on his way, residents discussed with is that the commander of Oplot and fear whether there would be a battle pawns in the amusing battles of in- the Vostok battalion is also con- between the Akhmetov and Strelkov fluential people. Akhmetov, Putin trolled by Akhmetov. This person is groups, but it did not come to pass, and Yanukovych continue to weave Oleksandr Khodakovsky, who for supposedly because there is no offi- plots that make those wearing black- many years headed the Alpha spe- cial information about it, but shoot- and-orange ribbons think that they cial division of the SBU, Ukraine’s ing and explosions were heard all are dying for a Novorossiya, New Security Service, in Donetsk. He, the time. Who was shooting whom? Russia, not for oligarchic interests. just like Pozhydayev, is connected No one knows whether it is the anti- Apparently, the traditions of with the oligarch and is referred to terrorist operation in action, or the Russian leadership and its satellites as his creature. He openly pledged terrorists are settling a score. have hardly changed since Peter the allegiance to the DNR in March. At Since the Russian mass media Great’s time. The slaves are still will- that time, the police was already unanimously voiced in their re- ing to obediently be involved in playing along with gangs of bandits, ports the interpretation of the July them, as they were 300 years ago. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|23 Focus|Russian aggression Between Munich-2 and the Truman Doctrine Russian aggression against Ukraine has forced the world to choose between two ways of handling the aggressor. Each was tested in the 20th century

n the one hand, there is the Author: opted documents for their impo- policy of “pacifying the ag- Oleksandr tence and inefficiency. This is no gressor” which culminated Kramar surprise, considering how even Oin the Munich Agreement Russian Prime Minister Dmitry signed between European democ- Medvedev publicly ridiculed them racies and Hitler’s totalitarian Ger- saying that “such sanctions have many 76 years ago. This choice, as never forced anybody to their is known, led to catastrophic con- knees”. sequences for Europe and the However, the Russians seemed world which ultimately had to pay to have lost all guard after the a much bigger price for subduing “weak” decisions of Washington the aggressor than would have and Brussels: their fighter jet been necessary in the case of early downed a Ukrainian SU-25 mili- reaction. On the other hand, there tary plane in the border area, and was the positive counterpart in the they transferred the powerful Buk- form of “containment policy” initi- M missile system to the terrorists ated in US President Harry Tru- in the Donbas. Their radio conver- man’s doctrine in 1947. This policy sations intercepted by Ukraine’s minimized the price the demo- security services show that this sys- cratic world ultimately paid for tem came together with a profes- putting the totalitarian USSR back sional Russian military crew. The in its place, even though the Sovi- Malaysian flight they downed on Times that it was time for the EU to ets could have caused much bigger July 17 upset the balance of power put its outrage over Moscow’s sup- problems than the Nazis (see Les- between the “hawks” and the plies of heavy weaponry to Russian sons of history). “doves” in the USA, the EU and terrorists in the Donbas into ac- tions. We watched for too long as Ricochet many European countries were un- On July 16, 2014, both the USA and There are enough forces willing to see consequences of the the EU decided to expand sanc- in the EU that are prepared events in eastern Ukraine, he tions against Russia, but in both added. The Foreign Affairs Minis- cases the decisions were too weak. for Munich-2. They exist ter of the Netherlands, a country Neither Brussels, nor Washington also in the USA which suffered the most from the moved to the third level of sanc- MH17 catastrophe, also noted that tions that would involve sectoral across the world, forcing the inter- this tragedy opened Europe’s eyes restrictions. America introduced national community to re-assess to what was happening in Ukraine. its sanctions against a number of Russia’s military invasion in east- Holland and its close allies in Ben- companies representing Russia’s ern Ukraine. elux can now be expected to de- military industrial and energy sec- At the very least, the world me- mand more severe actions against tors. The EU leaders expanded dia have finally accepted the fact Russia. theirs to include new individuals that Russia is actively supplying The problem is that this may and companies, but the list is to be terrorists in Ukraine with modern lead to not only greater pressure on published only by the end of July. heavy artillery and trained military Russia, which has enough strength Part of U.S. senators and EU sup- personnel. On July 19, British to hold out, but also a desire to im- porters of a stricter stance on Rus- Prime Minister David Cameron mediately put an end to warfare as sia immediately criticized the ad- said in his article in The Sunday a self-contained goal and thus 24|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Russian aggression|Focus hoto by Re ut e rs by P hoto freeze the current conflict in the cluding their biggest cities, such as ADDICTED TO gress was needed, like the one held Donbas. After the downing of the Donetsk, Makiivka, Luhansk and NEGOTIATIONS. in 1878. Malaysian plane, Angela Merkel Horlivka. Another Transnistria of Russia may have The policy of “pacifying the ag- said: “[The] events show that we sorts. At the same time, some in been excluded gressor” and Munich-2 – naturally, need to find a political solution. I the EU advocate cementing the sit- from G8, but the in a modified version – have a do not see an alternative to talking uation by sending the UN peace- world leaders are strong support base. There are still ready to take with Russian President Vladimir keeping mission whose function is, Putin’s interests enough forces in the EU that are Putin. There are hardships in our as is known, to draw the conflicting into account ready to swallow the annexation of partnership, and we need to over- sides apart. Andreas Schockenhoff, Crimea and turn terrorists-con- come them.” This position is con- deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU trolled Donbas territories into an- venient for Putin. In a video ad- faction in Bundestag (which is also other Transnistria, while pretend- dress made public on the night on Merkel’s party), spoke in favour of ing all the way that nothing serious July 21, he said: “Russia will do ev- bringing a U.N. peacekeeping force has happened and continuing to erything in its power to have the involving German troops to Ukrai- make money on joint projects with conflict in eastern Ukraine move nian territory and establishing a Russia. In this case, they will benefit from the current military phase to truce under the auspices of the from two other factors: Ukraine will the phase of discussion at the nego- world community. Supporters of continue to be a buffer zone be- tiations table through peaceful and Munich-2 can be found also in the tween them and the restless Russia exclusively diplomatic means.” United States. Jacob Hailbrunn (a “bridge” in their rhetoric, even Thus, there is a real danger of wrote in The National Interest that though a victim cannot a priori be a preserving the status quo with the the future of Ukraine had to be- bridge for the aggressor); having a Russian terrorists maintaining come the subject of discussions be- frozen conflict in its territory, their control over large swathes of tween Germany, Russia and the Ukraine will not actively push for Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, in- USA and that a new Berlin Con- full EU and NATO membership. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|25 Focus|Russian aggression Just like Western leaders held naïve fixed back in 1989, this status sets wards Munich-2 and increasing re- confidence in Hitler back in 1938, priorities for the U.S. relations with alization that only the USA and its these forces hope that Putin will such countries, including possible traditionally most consistent allies stop in the Donbas and will not at- participation in joint defence initia- perceive the situation more or less tempt to take over entire Ukraine or tives, military research, anti-terror- adequately (but still not seriously step up his expansionist efforts ist actions, supply of certain types of enough). Ukrainian Internal Af- against other states in Central and weapons and joint efforts in space fairs Minister Arsen Avakov re- Southeastern Europe, including ag- projects. Such important American cently wrote that only quadrilateral gression against the Baltic States. allies as Israel, South Korea, Japan, negotiations involving Ukraine, the However, the logic of revanchism is Australia and Pakistan all have this USA, the EU and Russia are ac- universal for all times and peoples: status. ceptable. Not two or three sides, its carriers do not stop on their own, By granting MNNA status to but four. This is not to “let tender- and the sooner they are stopped, the Ukraine, the United States would be hearted Europeans soften their lower the price that has to be paid. able to support its Armed Forces hearts and again ‘understand the and supply modern American situation’ in the poor Putin regime Light at the end of the has found itself”. Verkhovna Rada tunnel Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov, There is light at the end of the tun- With Old Europe leaning who recently complained that the nel, though, and this light comes towards Munich-2, West offered nothing more than from the USA. Its Congress passed verbal support at a time when Rus- in two readings a law on counteract- Ukraine is hampered in sia was taking over the Crimea, ing Russian aggression which was making the right decisions noted that it was due to the at- submitted for consideration back in tempts some Western politicians May. (It is now going through the weapons, such as anti-tank and air made to cut a deal with Putin and most important preparation stage defence systems and small arms, as help “pacify the aggressor” that in the Foreign Affairs Commission well as ammunition, armoured and Russia became increasingly impu- after which it may be adopted con- high-wheeled multipurpose vehi- dent and that it was time to “not clusively.) It can be viewed as an at- cles, bulletproof vests, etc. This only feel sympathy for Ukrainians tempt of the guarantor of worldwide would send a very strong signal of but also help us militarily and tech- security to return to the Truman support “by actions rather than nically and … start supplying us Doctrine. The document recom- words”, elevate our bilateral rela- with modern weapons and military mends to the U.S. President step- tions to a historical high and show equipment.” ping up cooperation of the Ameri- who our friend is in an hour of need. These are not the last people can army with the armed forces of Ukrainian Foreign Affairs Min- in the government, but they do not Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Azer- ister Pavlo Klimkin said that NATO define Ukraine’s foreign policy. In baijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a bloc is also prepared to con- his recent interview for Hromad- Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro sider including non-members into ske TV, Klimkin, who is imple- and Serbia and increasing U.S. and its security space. According to menting President Petro Porosh- NATO involvement in the security Klimkin, the borders of this union enko’s foreign policy, made a se- of these states. The law suggests will be determined at a NATO sum- ries of interesting statements. granting MNNA (Major Non-NATO mit in South Wales in early Sep- Despite diplomatic caution, he of- Ally) status to Ukraine, Moldova tember. fered a quite candid assessment of and Georgia as most exposed to Meanwhile, there is growing the EU and NATO: “Despite the pressure from Russia. Legislatively fatigue with the EU’s leaning to- fact that I am such a classic and

Lessons of History ith an interval of just 10 years, ing now in the Donbas. Initially, auton- the democratic world offered omy – federalization in the case of the Wtwo fundamentally different re- Donbas – was demanded. In September, actions to the threat posed by totalitar- Hitler instigated an armed uprising in the ian regimes aspiring for worldwide domi- Sudeten region – just like Putin did in nation. The pitiful nature of the first one May 2014 in the Donbas. After it was sup- led to a death toll of dozens of millions pressed, Hitler started threatening mili- and colossal ruination during the Second tary invasion – just like Putin did in re- World War. The reason was that the Euro- sponse to the anti-terrorist operation in pean states did not react to Hitler’s re- Ukraine. Great Britain and France agreed vanchism in a timely manner, hoping to for the Germans to take control over the avoid a “big war”. In March 1938, with disputed region. On 29-30 September adequate reaction from Britain and 1938, representatives of Britain, France, France lacking, Hitler annexed Austria – Germany and Italy, but not Czechoslova- just like Putin annexed the Crimea in kia, met in Munich – just like the sup- March 2014. Encouraged by such easy porters of Munich-2 suggest doing now booty, he increased pressure on Czecho- with Ukraine – and signed the Munich FATAL SHORTSIGHTEDNESS: slovakia pretending to want to protect Agreement giving the Sudeten region to Two of the four participants of the Munich the German-speaking population in the Germany. Despite all his assurances, Hit- Conspiracy against Czechoslovakia failed to Sudeten region, an industrial border area ler did not stop there and conquered the avoid the "great war". Instead, they made in Czechoslovakia with a high concentra- rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, their peoples pay a huge price for it tion of such people – just like Putin is do- opening the way for further aggression,

26|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Russian aggression|Focus dyed-in-the-wool supporter of Eu- However, it is, in fact, clear that Ukraine’s territory, modern mili- ropean integration, the EU is an the outcome of both “compro- tary aviation jointly patrolling inertial structure, while NATO can mises” which, in Moscow’s view, Ukraine’s air space, the navy pro- react to challenges very quickly. … can only lie in Ukraine’s non- tecting Ukraine’s coast and, in the The EU consists of 28 countries aligned and neutral status for now, future, the presence of a limited and it is … always the least com- will be another wasted opportunity contingent American and British mon denominator affected by a for military and political integra- ground forces. multitude of different consider- tion with the USA, NATO and the Both the Ukrainian political ations. … Meanwhile, the USA has adequate states in the Baltic-Black elites and society need to immedi- a strategic vision of this world and Sea region. The compromise itself ately get rid of the self-suggested a clear global understanding of will continue for as long as it will illusions of the past decades when, how the values and interests it un- take Moscow to get ready to break under the influence of Russian and derstands and has clearly defined it once again. In general, Klimkin’s Old European propaganda, we there need to be protected. … interview suggests that, despite his viewed continental Europe and the There are countries that want to personal critical assessment of the EU as a priority in our geopolitical morph the conflict settlement into EU’s ability to withstand the Krem- a gradual, soft and convenient lin’s expansion, Kyiv orients itself, process. But we have studied con- above all, towards Berlin and the By granting Ukraine MNNA flicts and conflict cycles starting Berlin-Paris axis, even though both status and supplying it from Transnistria in great detail… countries are more or less obvi- We will not let putting what is ously leaning towards Munich-2 with modern armaments, happening into a format that is and cannot even stop supplying the USA would show who convenient to someone. It has to Russia with powerful weapons, to be convenient only to us.” say nothing of imposing sectoral Ukraine’s friend in need is Nevertheless, the problem is sanctions. that, even given political will to re- Excessive attention to the posi- orientation, while taking a cautious ject “other people’s scenarios”, the tion of countries patently advocat- stance on the actions of the US and current government continues to ing a Munich-2 scenario prevents its allies in the international arena. build its foreign policy strategy Ukraine from more closely inte- The EU remains our top priority in based on an illusion of a “multipo- grating militarily and politically terms of economic integration, but lar world”, a desire to sit on several with the only world power that can in the security dimension, which chairs at the same time and avoid contain Putin’s aggression in the will have a decisive role for Ukraine making a clear geopolitical choice. current circumstances – the USA for decades to come, it will be in- “We have Turkey, China and the and its allies in Europe (Britain, significant. The key EU countries Asian dimension,” Klimkin insists. Poland and Sweden). The top pri- have shown on multiple occasions “If we play the either-or game, we ority task for Ukraine in terms of – and are likely to continue to show will definitely lose. I do not agree, national security and territorial in- – their complete inability to pro- with all due respect to Zbigniew tegrity must lie in consistent efforts tect Europe’s borders against the Brzezinski, that Ukraine’s issue can in the American-British direction expansion of a revanchist Russia. be resolved only by way of compro- which would not only bring mod- Hence the possibility that they mise between Ukraine, Russia and ern weaponry badly needed by the make conclude another Munich the US… We need a real decision Ukrainian army but also eventually Agreement with Putin at the ex- and compromise between the USA lead to the deployment of air and pense of Ukraine and its territorial and Russia.” missile defence systems in integrity.

Lessons of History this time against Poland and those same ern Mediterranean region. In the summer sure. In the 1947-48 financial year alone, Western states. and autumn of 1946, the USSR increased Greece received US $300mn (the purchas- The USA took a totally different approach its military presence in the Black Sea, and ing power of this sum would be many after the Second World War when Stalin’s its warships started manoeuvring near Tur- times higher now) and Turkey US $100mn. totalitarian empire became a threat no key’s territorial waters. The same was si- The USA sent its aircraft carrier Franklin D. smaller than Hitler was. In 1946-49, ex- multaneously happening in the occupied Roosevelt to the region and started supply- tremists from the local puppet Communist Balkan states near the borders with Turkey ing arms to both countries. By 1949, the Party of Greece, who controlled northern and Greece. The latter turned to the USA government forces in Greece defeated the territories and boycotted elections to the for help. Greek Prime Minister Tsaldaris pro-Soviet fighters in the north, while the national government bodies – just like the flew to Washington. The American elites Kremlin realized it was pointless to put terrorists did in the Donbas in 2014 – realized the danger inherent in Soviet con- pressure on Turkey and tried to cut a deal launched military action against the legiti- trol over these countries from the view- with it. But it was too late, and in 1952 mate government of Tsaldaris. They re- point of its further expansion and sup- both countries joined NATO. The contain- ceived financial and military aid from the ported Truman-sponsored law on providing ment doctrine tested in the region also Soviet Union through Bulgaria and Yugo- powerful financial and military-technical proved successful in defending South Korea slavia. The latter also provided support and aid. President Truman delivered a speech against Sino-Korean military aggression in shelter. At the same time, Stalin de- that went down in history as the Truman 1950-53 supported by the USSR. Stopping manded that Turkey hand over control over Doctrine. It called for containing Soviet ex- Soviet expansion at an early stage saved the Black Sea straits presumably for moni- pansion as a totalitarian threat to the the world from the uncontrolled spread of toring warships of the third countries that democratic world and supporting free na- the red plague and a global war. Eventu- entered the Black Sea. The real goal was tions that resisted being subjugated by an ally, the Soviet Union was destroyed at a an opportunity for expansion in the east- armed minority or through external pres- much lower cost than Nazi Germany.

№ 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|27 economics|Donbas An Economy under Fire How the war in Eastern Ukraine is affecting national economy

Author: ne video that was posted Wartime dip Lyubomyr on the Internet, shows a Military a ion in the Donbas is throwing the region’s economy into a eep Shavalyuk soldier of the National decline. Compared to this, the re of Ukraine is undergoing slight adjument OGuard entering a shop in recession the Donbas warzone to buy food. When he asks if there are any sau- Change of some economic indices in June 2014 Re of 10.5% sages, the clerk says that none have been delivered for a long Donetsk Obla Luhansk Obla Ukraine* time and probably won’t be deliv- -1.7% ered for a long time to come. This -3.6% -3.8% is the consequence of war – in -13.7% * *Re of Ukraine does not include peacetime, shop owners would al- Donetsk and Luhansk Oblas as well -20.4% as the temporarily occupied territory ways have this popular product in of Crimea stock to keep up with competition -24.9% Indury data is approximate from nearby traders. And it is (1.5-2.0% margin) hardly the only one. Military oper- ations in the Donbas are not only Indurial output (a ual) crippling the lives of hundreds of -41.6% Conru ion completed thousands of people, but are also (nominal) Source: State Statiics Committee and Donetsk ruining the long-established -50.0% Retail (nominal) mechanism for the functioning of and Luhansk Obla Main Statiics Dire orates the national economy in the re- gion. Production, supply, con- such as machinery, terrorists are ate the city at the peak. On July 4, sumption, savings and investment not interested in actually taking NKMZ held an expanded meeting – everything changes under the their products. This is possibly of the board, supervisory board influence of war. why most of the large plants in the and trade union, at which the in- The Donbas economy is pri- Donbas manage to continue oper- tent to continue production was marily based on industry and ex- ation almost as normal. Some do approved, and already within one port-oriented production. This heroically. For example, the No- day, the city was liberated from largely determines the current vokramatorsk Mechanical Engi- the militants. economic situation in the region. neering Plant (NKMZ), located in Large enterprises in the region Since local enterprises generally Kramatorsk, the epicentre of mili- are feeding millions of residents in do not produce consumer goods, tary action until recently, contin- Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts and but semi-finished products, often ued to operate as usual. On July 1, at present, will remain to do so, raw material (largely coal, coke, the managers of its subdivisions regardless of who is in power. metal, mineral fertilisers, etc.), unanimously voted to continue to They probably understand that and less frequently, capital goods, work in spite of the battle to liber- the terrorists are not hampering their operations. However, there Trade and Banking in the War Zone are exceptions. For example, The most dangers are faced by the sectors that the militants can use to their benefit on the armed fighters of the Donetsk spot. First and foremost, these are retail stores selling foodstuffs and consumer goods, and People’s Republic (DNP) came to banks that have cash. For example, the METRO supermarket in Donetsk was completely ran- that very NKMZ and removed sacked and is not operating to this day. The regional manager of one retail chain told The some engineering equipment, Ukrainian Week off-record that because of military action and transportations difficulties, the only supermarket of this retailer in Luhansk has closed down. The biggest problem facing which could be used in military shops is delivery. Terrorists often hijack vehicles together with their cargo, so some goods sim- action. Reportedly, terrorists en- ply do not reach their destination. Moreover, “the government of the Donetsk People’s Repub- tered the Lysychansk Oil Refinery lic” has confirmed a list of cars with number plates, which are allowed to pass through terri- on July 15, (which is surprising as tory controlled by the rebels. If a truck is not on the list, they often open fire to damage it. As a it is owned by the Russian Ros- result, stores are not supplied properly. This is why the decline in retail trade in Donetsk and neft) and expropriated 40 vehi- Luhansk Oblasts is lower compared to the decline of industrial output. cles. But this stealing of private Banks face similar challenges. Organization of safe operation is impossible. Employees are of- property is not massive enough to ten evacuated or relocated and many branches have a cut working hours. Terrorists regularly influence the operations of plants attack armoured cash collection vehicles. For this reason, local entrepreneurs have difficulties in the Donbas. delivering their proceeds, so are forced to reduce the volume of operations. On the DNR- or LNR-controlled territory there is a huge problem with cash for the civilian population. Limits The owners of these enter- have been established for withdrawal, even for the bank’s own clients – according to one prises are a significant reason banker, the cap is approximately UAH 200 per day in Luhansk and UAH 800 in Donetsk. Sala- why fighters are not ruining the ries, pensions and social benefits are delayed. Local residents are afraid to carry cash, because facilities. For example, on the the terrorists could confiscate it, just as they are likely to hijack private vehicles or anything morning of July 18, information else they desire. appeared in mass media of sabo- 28|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 teurs that had seized the Adviyivka June would have been significantly Coke Plant (AKKhZ), owned by Rinat worse than it is now (see Wartime Akhmetov. Within a couple of hours, dip). Problems faced by enterprises lie the plant itself published a denial, elsewhere. First of all, many people are noting that the Donetsk People’s Re- resigning and going on unpaid leave in public representatives had actually order to leave the anti-terrorist opera- arrived at the checkpoint, but “left af- tion area for the period of military ac- ter a short conversation with Director tion. For example, NKMZ has changed General of AKKhZ, Musa Mahome- its work schedule to allow people get to dov”. Civil society in Ukraine has of- work and home in daylight hours. ten accused Akhmetov and other oli- Bomb shelters have been established garchs with assets in the Donbas, of at plants, personnel have been given complicity in the war in the region, relevant instructions on how to use which they allegedly support, defend- them. The personnel problem is cur- ing their own political interests and rently being resolved with available property. The brief dialogue at AK- backup, but should the conflict esca- KhZ’s checkpoint is the latest proof late, the shortage could become more that some of them, even if they did acute. Secondly, since terrorists regu- not participate in the organisation of larly blow up roads, railways and the Donetsk or Luhansk People’s Re- bridges, enterprises are experiencing publics, are not taking action against difficulties with logistics. For the most the terrorists, who, with act friendly part, large plants have alternative towards one-time “masters” in the routes and types of transport, but even Donbas. they are experiencing problems, let A strange fact: separatists are shell- alone small and medium-sized busi- ing mercilessly cities and towns in nesses. Luhansk TES risks running out Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, but for of fuel since the bridge and the railway some reason, the ammunition only line used to deliver coal there have seems to hit residential buildings and both been destroyed. Several days ago, social infrastructure facilities. Cases of it changed to a save mode, but the risk significant damage to plants and facto- of it being closed altogether still re- ries are rare. The Slovyansk Thermal mains. Thirdly, the Donbas has a lot of Power Station (TES), part of Public facilities that, if damaged, could ruin Joint-Stock Company (PAT) Donbasen- the environment. A cut-off of energy ergo has been ruined; the Lysychansk supply for a chemical-recovery plant Oil Refinery has been fired on and set for two hours will lead to the emission on fire; AKKhZ has been significantly of coal gas; a blackout for Stirol, a damaged by shelling, resulting in a 50% chemical plant, can cause the emission decrease in production. These are prob- of ammonia. All of these are everyday ably all the facts about large-scale dam- risks, and battle conditions increase age of big enterprises in Donbas (am- the likelihood of extremely dangerous munition and shrapnel have also hit consequences. Energomashspetsstal steelwork, On the other hand, the rest of NKMZ, Kramatorsk Heavy-Duty Ma- Ukraine has surprisingly gained certain chine Tool Building Plant PSC, Lu- dividends from military action in the hanskteplovoz (Locomotive Works), Donbas and from the Russian occupa- Severodonetsk Azot and so on, but not tion of Crimea. Defence enterprises seriously and without significant conse- have significantly increased their out- quences for their operations). put. The Shepetivka Armament Repair Many large plants in Donetsk and Plant, the Mykolayiv Diesel Locomotive Luhansk Oblasts are outdated and run- Repair Plant, and the Konotop Aircraft down. So, if they were completely de- Repair Plant are fixing military equip- stroyed in a military operation, not all ment that has stood idle for dozens of of them would be economically viable years and is now need in the anti-ter- for reconstruction. Local oligarchs, who rorist operation area. Recreational ar- ruthlessly exploit facilities in order to eas in the Carpathian Mountains, near pump profits abroad, see no prospects Odesa and close to the Shatsky Lakes in restoring many of them. So they are are filled to the brim with Ukrainians, making every effort to protect their ex- particularly those from the Donbas, isting property and, possibly, have con- who had probably never heard about tact with the terrorists, whispering in these holiday destinations in the past. their ear where they can and cannot Economic indices in other parts of shoot. Ukraine do not reflect the depth of the Thus, plants in the Donbas have crisis, but rather an adaptation to the virtually no problems with organising recession, which will inevitably be fol- almost uninterrupted production. Oth- lowed by vivid development and eco- erwise, industrial output statistics in nomic growth. Economics|Foreign trade Seeking Their Place in the Sun Ukraine has strongly diversified its exports in terms of goods and destinations over the years of independence. But local companies must do more to promote their products in new promising markets

kraine keeps putting off Author: ernment. On July 18, Premier Ar- goods exported have changed over ratification of the Associa- Oleksandr seniy Yatseniuk said during the the years to adjust to international tion Agreement with the Kramar discussion of diversification of competition beyond the former UEU to keep Russia calm. markets and suppliers of industrial Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Russia launches a full- goods that “we should prepare for In the mid-1990s, Ukraine still on trade war on Ukraine. On July almost total stoppage of mutual exported over 50% of its goods to 28, Russia’s consumer watchdog trade with Russia… I realize what former Soviet Union countries, Rosselkhoznadzor restricted the economic consequences that will like Belarus does today. In the next import of Ukrainian dairy to Rus- have, and you do, too. But I realize 17 years, this share plummeted. sia. Last week, it sent four ship- equally well that Russia is not the From 1996 to 2013, Ukrainian ex- ments of meat and several ship- only market in the world where port grew in value 4.4 times in US ments of honey and eggs back to Ukrainian goods should be ex- dollar equivalent; it jumped 3.1 Ukraine, and threatened to ban ported. Therefore, the government times to CIS markets; 5 times to fruit and vegetables. On July 29, it should take every effort to diver- the 28 EU member-states; 5.8 banned the import of Ukrainian sify markets for our goods in the times to Asia, and the startling pickled fruit and vegetables and short-term prospect.” On July 23, 24.3 times to African markets. canned fish. he announced that “the Govern- As a result, the share of CIS Unsurprisingly, all consulta- ment of Ukraine has set up a com- countries in Ukraine’s exports fell tions and attempts of the official mittee to impose sanctions on sharply from the dangerous 50.1% Kyiv and EU to please Moscow and Russia… that includes officials who in 1996 to the moderate 34.9% in give it no reason to restrict Ukrai- should, within the next seven days, 2013. Instead, Ukraine began to nian import have proven futile. prepare and submit draft decisions sell more to the EU (from 23.1% in Even if Russia abolished the CIS on entities involved in the military 1996 to 26.5% in 2013 of total ex- FTA terms in trade with Ukraine, aggression against Ukraine, occu- ports), Asia (from 20.1% to 26.6% it would only cause customs duties pation of Crimea and financing of respectively), and Africa (from the to rise slightly. Instead, the latest terrorists”. On August 1, Oleh Bi- barely noticeable 1.5% to 8%). Im- bans from the Kremlin (with the port has followed a similar pattern CIS FTA agreement still valid) An enduring stereotype is growing 4.4 times over the past 17 have once again shown that Russia years, including just 2.5 times can totally ban the imports of any that Ukraine is only capable from the CIS countries, 4.7 times Ukrainian product at any moment, of exporting raw materials from America, 5.3 times from Af- and it will always find an excuse to rica, 6 times from the 28 EU justify that. and products with little member-states, and 22.7 times This signals that procrastina- added value beyond the from Asia. As a result, the share tion on the Association Agreement of CIS countries in Ukraine’s total ratification has no sense. This also former Soviet Union. Facts exports almost halved from 63.5% underlines the absurdity of the sit- point to the contrary to 36.3%. uation where the enemy remains an “important trade partner” for lous, Head of the State Fiscal Au- Driven by the crisis Ukraine despite openly sending its thority of Ukraine, said that it has The global financial crisis of 2008- diversionists here and despite prepared a list of companies with 2009 caused particular changes in Ukraine’s plea for international over 50% of Russian capital for the Ukraine’s exports that have been sanctions against Russia. Government that could face sanc- in place for the past six years. The Ukrainian Week has writ- tions from Ukraine. “There are The changing range of goods ten many times that the loss of the hundreds, if not thousands of sold abroad means that Ukraine is Russian market will have no cata- them,” he concluded. switching to selling items in which strophic impact on the Ukrainian it has natural advantages. For in- economy. This magazine has also Evolution of Ukraine’s stance, its total export grew almost provided plentiful arguments in fa- trade 1.3 times (from USD 49 to 63bn) vor of curtailing trade contacts with Over the years of independence, from 2007 to 2013, while the ex- Russia as an unreliable and unpre- Ukraine’s economy has reoriented port of grain soared almost eight- dictable trade partner guided by the its exports geographically and in fold over that period from USD political mood in the Kremlin. terms of the range of goods it sells 0.76 to 6.37bn; threefold (from Last month, this idea was fi- abroad, although less intensely USD 0.67 to 2.05bn) for oil seeds; nally expressed by Ukraine’s gov- than it could have. The groups of and 1.7 times (from USD 2.06 to 30|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Foreign trade|Economics De inations for Ukrainian exporters Ukraine earns the mo in foreign currency on the markets of the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

The highe trade deficit Belarus Czech Republic Russia Poland

Bosnia Lithuania Kyrgyz an Ukraine and Herzegovina Qatar Uzbeki an does Greece Sri-Lanka Turkmeni an not trade/ Macedonia Indonesia Tajiki an barely Romania Malaysia Afghani an trades Serbia Vietnam Paki an with the Slovenia China India countries Au ria Hong Kong The highe Bangladesh in blue Belgium Taiwan Province trade surplus Morocco Denmark South Korea Myanmar Niger Iceland Japan Latvia Cyprus Thailand Nigeria Ireland Ghana E onia Lebanon Singapore Equatorial Guinea Great Britain Guinea Slovakia Israel Philippines South Africa Luxembourg Côte d’Ivoire Hungary Pale ine Mongolia Senegal Malta Argentina Moldova Jordan North Korea Ethiopia Sudan The Netherlands Brazil Bulgaria Saudi Arabia Yemen Democratic Repub- Egypt Tanzania Columbia Finland Ecuador Croatia Kuwait Iraq lic of the Congo Cameroon Togo Cuba Sweden Canada Montenegro Bahrain Syria Algeria Kenya Tunisia Mexico Norway Co a Rica Albania UAE Turkey Angola Congo Uganda Panama France Puerto Rico Spain Oman Georgia Benin Liberia Chad Peru Switzerland USA Portugal Iran Armenia Burkina Faso Libya Haiti El Salvador Germany Au ralia Italy Kazakh an Azerbaijan Djibouti Mauritania Guatemala Dominical Republic 3.56bn) for oils and fats. Apart Export destinations changed nian producers compared to the from that, Ukraine sold 1.7 times too. In January-May 2014, total German or Hungarian ones; the more semi-processed foods and al- exports (USD 24.4bn) were slightly Chinese market outruns the Polish most 1.5 times more meat. Overall, below the rate of January-May or Italian destination. the share of foodstuffs in Ukrainian 2008 (USD 25.65bn). Meanwhile, Ukraine’s export to Africa has exports grew from 12.7% to 26.8% the share of exports to most post- seen the biggest growth over the over the past six years, exceeding Soviet countries, especially the past 6 years, heading mainly to the share of ferrous metals. Customs Union, plummeted, Kyr- Northern Mediterranean part, pri- The export of coal grew almost gyzstan and Turkmenistan being marily Egypt. In January-May threefold over the past six years the only exceptions (but exports 2014, Egypt imported USD 1.2bn- (from USD 266mn to USD there have always been low). worth of Ukrainian goods, i.e. 737mn), electricity – 1.5 times Instead, Ukrainian export to more than any of Ukraine’s Euro- (from USD 380 to 580mn), and the Pyrennees countries (Spain pean trade partners, seconded electric equipment – 1.4 times and Portugal), Benelux (Belgium, Ukraine’s export to only by Russia and narrowly by (from USD 2.24 to 3.13bn); paper, Netherlands and Luxembourg), Africa has seen the Turkey. Four other big African im- biggest growth over cardboard and printed goods – 1.6 Great Britain and Ireland, as well the past 6 years, porters of Ukrainian goods include times (from USD 0.77 to 1.25bn); as Poland, Czech Republic and heading mainly to Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Northern and Medi- wood and timber – 1.4 times (from France soared. Sales to Hungary, terranean parts, pri- Libya. Sub-Saharan Africa has USD 0.83 to 1.14bn); furniture – Austria, Italy and Finland in- marily Egypt. In Jan- seen stable or declining imports almost twofold (from USD 287 to creased, too. Export to other Euro- uary-May 2014, from Ukraine, with South Africa, Egypt imported USD 556mn), pharmaceutical products pean countries, particularly to the 1.2bn-worth of Ukrai- Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Senegal, from USD 129.5 to 251.5mn; and Balkans (Greece, Bulgaria, Mace- nian goods, i.e. more Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, Togo, than any of Ukraine’s footwear – 1.3 times (from USD donia, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and European trade part- and the two states of Congo being 143.5 to 191.5mn). Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia), ners, seconded only the exceptions. by Russia and nar- The export of goods Ukraine Estonia and Latvia, as well as to rowly by Turkey To this day, Ukrainian export- had relied too heavily on before Switzerland and Norway, declined ers are barely present in a number the crisis shrank or stagnated. In over the past 6 years. In America, of African and Latin American, 2007, ferrous metals and chemi- the sales of Ukrainian goods in- even Asian countries, even if their cals (including polymers, plastics creased in Mexico, Cuba and Pan- neighbors import ten- or hundred- and rubber) constituted over 50% ama only. fold more Ukrainian goods per of Ukraine’s total exports. In 2013, In Asia, the fastest growth of capita. The African terra incognita the share of these goods fell to Ukrainian export, from 1.5 to 4 for Ukrainian producers covers 35.8%. The export of ferrous met- times, was seen in Iraq, Israel, Ma- Burundi, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea- als shrank from USD 19.66 to laysia, Far East (China, Japan and Bissau, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the 16.91bn; plastics and rubber prod- South Korea) and South Asia (In- Comoro Islands, Mauritius, Mada- ucts – from USD 0.99 to 0.79bn; dia and Bangladesh). In absolute gascar, Namibia, South Sudan, and chemicals (save for pharma- terms, this is particularly visible in Swaziland, the Seychelles, Sierra ceuticals) grew a mere 3% from exports to China, India and Iraq: Leone, Central African Republic, USD 3.93 to 4.05bn. The lowest total sales to those countries over and Mali. In Latin America, Ukrai- dip was in the export of vehicles – January-May 2014 made up half of nian goods have failed to penetrate it fell 2.5 times by 2013 compared Ukraine’s export to Russia. An- most countries of the Caribbean, to the pre-crisis 2007, from USD 1 other comparison: the Indian mar- Chile, Bolivia, Venezuela, Nicara- to 0.38bn. ket is currently bigger for Ukrai- gua, Honduras, Guyana, Paraguay, № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|31 Economics|Foreign trade and Uruguay; and Cambodia, Laos tries are considerably lower com- Seeking a comfortable niche and Nepal in Asia. pared to other destinations, but Changes in what Ukraine sells abroad, especially after the the annual supply of Ukrainian Myths and reality machinery there is already esti- late financial crisis of 2008-2009, signal reorientation to An enduring stereotype is that mated at UAH 100-200mn today. produs in which it enjoys natural advantages in the global Ukraine is only capable of export- division of labor. Thus, the share of grain, food uffs, eleric ing raw materials and products Expanding the markets machinery, wooden and timber goods, paper, coal and with little added value beyond the Ukrainian exporters could now di- elericity has grown while that of chemicals and eel has former Soviet Union, while its versify their markets into the Eu- fallen in Ukraine’s total exports goods are uncompetitive on the ropean segment of consumer European market. Facts point to goods, including parts that were Change in % of total exports the contrary. hardly accessible for them until re- 5.6 Take Denmark: it imported cently because of high European Grain 1.6 USD 164mn-worth of Ukrainian standards which Ukrainian pro- 10.1 3.0 goods in 2013, including 29% of duce often failed to meet. Accord- Processed food 4.2 agricultural produce and food- ing to Ihor Shvaika, Ukraine’s 5.6 stuffs; 28.6% of clothes, footwear Minister for Food and Agriculture, 1.9 Oils and fats 3.5 and leather goods; 11.8% of ma- the European Directorate General 5.5 chinery; 11.5% of items made from for Health and Consumer Affairs 0.2 Oil seeds 1.4 ferrous metals; 7.4% of furniture; (SANCO) will visit Ukraine on 3.2 5.9% of wooden and paper goods; September 28-October 2, to check 2.1 Meat and dairy 1.5 and 3.8% of chemicals. In its ex- the local livestock farms. If the 1.7 ports to Latvia worth over USD Ukrainian parliament adopts a se- 0.9 180mn in 2013, Ukrainian engi- ries of necessary amendments reg- Skins and leather 0.8 0.2 neering is the leader with 32.1%, ulating quality in this sector by 2.45 followed by foodstuffs with 19.5%, that time, Ukrainian farmers will Ore 2.2 and clothes with 9.4%. 43.9% of end up with vaster opportunities 6.2 0.5 Ukrainian export to Estonia (total to export their livestock products, Coal 0.5 worth over USD 103mn in 2013) especially dairy, to the EU in the 1.2 0.4 and 53.8% of export to Norway ac- short-term prospect. Elericity 0.8 counted for the products of the en- Ukraine’s current presence on 0.9 gineering sector, mainly vessels. the African and Asian markets is 7.8 Chemicals 8.2 Export to a number of bigger mostly through oil and grain, fer- 6.8 European countries who actively rous metals and fertilizers. This 1.5 Polymers, pla ics 2.0 trade with Ukraine is similar. In leaves vast potential for the prod- and produs 1.2 2013, 27.2% of Ukraine’s total ex- ucts of other industries, including 33.0 Ferrous metals 39.9 port to Germany (USD 1.6bn in foodstuffs, livestock products, fruit and produs 26.7 2013) accounted for engineering; and vegetables, as well as engi- 7.1 Nuclear reaors, boilers 5.6 19.1% for ferrous metal products; neering and wood-processing and machinery 6.1 and 13% for consumer goods. In its goods, on these markets. For in- 2.6 exports to Poland (USD 2.5bn in stance, Egypt, the biggest African Eleric machinery 4.5 2013), Ukraine sold 26.3% of fer- buyer of Ukraine goods, imported 4.9 1.7 rous metal goods; 13.9% of ma- mostly ferrous metals (USD 1.1bn), Railway locomotives 3.7 chinery; 12.7% of foodstuffs, and grain (over USD 1bn) and oil (USD 3.9 0.9 2.4% of furniture, clothes and foot- 0.36bn), compared to just USD Vehicles 2.0 wear each. Engineering accounted 16mn-worth of vehicles, USD 0.6 for 34.2% of Ukraine’s total ex- 16mn-worth of electric equipment, 0.5 Aircrafts 0.5 ports to Hungary (USD 1.6bn in and USD 9mn-worth of other ma- 0.5 2013). 22.3% of the goods sold to chinery; USD 3.6mn-worth of 0.6 Vessels 0.4 Romania accounted for ferrous meat and dairy products, USD 0.3 metal goods; 13.9% for clothes and 1.7mn-worth of vegetables, USD 1.0 Equipment and machinery 0.4 footwear, and 12.3% for the engi- 1.5mn-worth of flour and cereals, 0.5 neering industry. and USD 1.6mn-worth of wood 1.5 Paper, cardboard 1.6 The products of Ukrainian en- and timber goods. Libya buys USD and print produs 2.0 gineering sector are actively ex- 6mn-worth of meat and dairy an- 1.6 ported to Asia, Africa and Latin nually from Ukraine, followed by Wood, timber and produs, 1.7 other than furniture America. In 2013, it accounted for Angola and Liberia importing USD 1.8 0.3 10.8% of Ukraine’s total export to 4mn-worth of these foodstuffs Furniture 0.6 China (worth USD 2.7bn); 21% to each, and Nigeria and Sudan with 0.9 3.6 Iran (worth USD 0.8bn); and USD 3mn and 2mn-worth of im- Clothes 2.0 nearly 25% to Vietnam (USD ports respectively. 1.3 185bn). Machinery makes 90.6% Asian countries consume much 0.4 Footwear 0.3 of Ukraine’s export to Myanmar, more Ukrainian meat and dairy, 0.3 79.7% to Niger, 64.9% to Angola with Iraq spending USD 77.5mn, 0,2 2002 Toys 0,1 (mainly electric machinery); and Jordan – USD 38mn, United Arab 0,2 2007 2013 52.6% to Equatorial Guinea. The Emirates – USD 20, Turkey – USD Stone, cement and 0.8 0.7 volumes of export to these coun- 13mn, China – USD 5mn, Indone- pla er produs 0.9 Source: State Stati ics Committee 32|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Expanding markets response to attempts of the From the mid-1990s when over 50% of Ukraine’s exports neighbors to harm Ukrainian ended up in po -Soviet countries, their share suppliers can be. And, surprising as it may has plummeted over the next 17 years. TOTAL In ead, the share of exports to other seem to many, Ukraine can countries in Europe, Asia, and 63,32 equally effectively respond to especially Africa, has 2.27 the trade war from Russia. soared 5.09 Contrary to the widespread opinion, Russia sells more to Ukraine sells its goods to the 16.82 Ukraine than just gas, oil and following regions, USD bn petroleum. Over H1’2014, Rus- sian export to Ukraine was worth over USD 2.9bn, i.e. just CIS 1.5 times less than Ukraine’s to- Europe 17.06 tal export to Russia over that Asia period. Russian goods sold to Africa Ukraine over January-May Others 2014 included USD 800mn- worth of machinery, USD TOTAL 400mn-worth of steel and steel 14.40 22.08 products, USD 293mn-worth of 0.62 foodstuffs, USD 211mn-worth 0.21 2.89 of plastics and rubber, USD 3.46 193mn-worth of fertilizers, and USD 101mn-worth of essential 7.22 oils, soap and detergent, fol- lowed by USD 37mn-worth of Source: State Stati ics Committee 1996 2013 pharmaceutical products. This statistic covers less than six sia – USD 3.6mn, Kuwait – USD months, so the subsequent loss 1.4mn, Pakistan – USD 1.1mn, and Russia could face in its trade Oman – USD 1mn. India, one of war with Ukraine (non-fuel ex- the biggest Asian buyers of Ukrai- ports only) could hit USD nian goods, mostly imports Ukrai- 7-8bn. Moreover, Ukraine can nian oil (54.1%), as well as vegeta- find alternative suppliers to re- bles (USD 7.4mn), furniture (USD place Russian oil and petro- 4.8mn), and machinery (USD leum. 144mn). USD 2.6mn-worth of With Russia, however, the Ukrainian vegetables were sold to scenario Ukraine applied to Be- Pakistan and Malaysia each last larus to protect its producers, year. will hardly be effective since This shows that Ukraine has Moscow is overwhelmingly vast markets to expand into with dominated by the imperialistic its consumer goods ousted from geopolitical ambitions rather the Russian market. If increased than sound reason. The pattern properly, trade with these markets in Ukraine-Russia trade over would compensate for much of the the past few years confirms loss of the Russian market: over this. Putin’s attempts to force H1’2014 (January-May), Ukraine Ukraine into the Customs exported just USD 112mn-worth of Union and unacceptable price meat and dairy to Russia, USD of gas have caused the decline 65mn-worth of vehicles, and USD of Ukrainian export to Russia 49mn-worth of vegetables over the by more than 1.5 times (from entire year of 2013. H1’2011 to H1’2014), while Russian export to Ukraine Tactics and strategy nearly halved from USD 12.6 to Belarus was recently forced to step 7.1bn. Hopes of long-term sta- back and cancel the licensing of a bilization in trade with Russia series of Ukrainian goods intro- are thus futile, and Ukraine’s duced on May 1 after Ukraine im- future strategy should aim to posed special duties on July 26, bring trade with Russia to a ranging from 55.3% to 60.05%, on minimum. Having survived a number of Belarusian confec- this loss once and replaced the tionaries, dairy products, beer, Russian market with alterna- rubber tires, electric lamps, min- tives, Ukraine will find long- eral fertilizers, and refrigerators. term stability and far more reli- This showed how effective tough able new trade partners. Society|Historical myths The Big Illusion of "Little Russians" Why Ukrainians still view aggressors as "friends" and "brothers"

Author: Ihor Losev in the minds of the people they colo- nized. In Soviet times the oath of al- here's an interesting book by legiance to the "brotherly" Russian the Harvard historian Ed- people became the obligatory ritual ward L. Keenan called Rus- for all state officials. Such state- Tsian Historical Myths. Some ments were also useful for self-de- of these myths were successfully im- fense, as they could be referred to posed upon the neighboring Ukrai- during KGB interrogations, as a nians. One is of eternal “friendship” proof of non-involvement with the and “brotherhood” between the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism". two nations. The myth had not The myth, however, spread far be- been of much use before 1917, as yond the ranks of party nomencla- the then government would not ture. The communists managed to recognize Ukrainians as a separate infect the minds of regular Ukraini- nation, and being “friends” or ans who to the present day, seem- “brothers” with yourself did not ingly by inertia, continue to see make much sense. their "friend" and "brother" in the The true promoters of this aggressor, in spite of all the facts. is a certain connection between the “friendly brotherhood” myth were According to all opinion polls, masses and the leaders that govern Russian Bolsheviks who, after win- regardless of all trouble, big and them. A nation would never accept ning the struggle for power in the small, that Russia caused for as its leader a figure mentally, mor- former empire, had to formally rec- Ukraine over the years of its inde- ally and politically alien. It is hard to ognize the existence of the Ukrai- pendence, the absolute majority of imagine Kim Ir Sen becoming the nian nation. They, however, felt the Ukrainians are stuck with the habit president of the United States or need to secure themselves from the of perceiving Russians as the Adolf Hitler becoming British prime potential demands of the newly le- "brotherly" nation and the Russian minister. The Fuehrer would never gitimized nation. So, feverishly, yet Federation as the "friendly" state. manage to organize Holocaust if the consistently, they began to create Such an attitude is full of masoch- majority of Germans (to a varying this story of inseparable Russians, ism and victimity. The events of Ukrainians and Belarusians, and of 2014 are forcing Ukrainians to draw phenomenal friendship between the right conclusions, as more than Putin’s skyrocketing them. Much emphasis was made on 80% of Russians, according to popularity is the result the "common history"; the fact that Levada Center, a trustworthy Rus- millions of Ukrainians had no access sian sociological surveyor, support of support from tens to their true history in the Soviet the idea of going to war with of millions of average Union certainly helped the cause. Ukraine as well as the annexation of Another point of speculation was the Crimea. Russians who thus similarity of the languages, even if it There is another myth of a more unwillingly take the hardly conceals ethnic differences. generally political nature. Its gist is In the recent past, the present- that it is the politicians who are the responsibility day Ukrainian Communist Party bastards, villains and criminals, for his policy leader Petro Symonenko once chal- while the people are all good, guilt- lenged the then president of Poland less and practically saint. In the degree) weren't anti-Semitic. The Aleksander Kwasniewski in the present case we see all the responsi- Bolsheviks would never manage to Ukrainian Parliament: “How are bility being removed from the Rus- capture the reigns over such a vast you personally, Mr. President, going sian people and placed solely on country without having deep, albeit to strengthen the unity of the Slavic Vladimir Putin. often purely instinctive, under- countries?”. The Polish leader's re- As the popular football chant standing of the Russian psychology. sponse was clear and rational: “I do rightly puts it, “Putin is a pr*ck” in- As was well noted by Mykola Berdi- not believe in political unity based deed, there is no getting away from ayev, add Marx to Pugachov and on language similarities”. the fact. But the people of Russia you get Lenin. And it is no coinci- The communists, however, suc- are not exactly above suspicion ei- dence that Berdiayev titled his book ceeded in instilling imperial myths ther. The truth is that there always researching communism The Ori- 34|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Historical myths|Society the results of said policies. Putin, the forcible extension of imperialist (who much like other tyrants dem- being would spell the loss of all onstrated his dependence on the hopes for its own freedom… Just moods of the crowd more than like in the age of Moscowian Tsars once), would never dare invading autocracy was the price paid for ex- Crimea knowing that the people of pansion, similarly fascism is the Russia would not approve, neither only state order capable of prolong- would he start the war in the South- ing the existence of this empire of East of Ukraine. That’s where the servitude.” And this is exactly what parallels with Hitler are even more we see today. appropriate than with Stalin. The But how can Ukrainians rid latter was a quintessentially Asian themselves of their biggest illusion, despot who was satisfied by the the one of “brotherhood” and shear fear of the controlled masses, “friendship” with their historical en- for whom being feared meant being emy. And even setting history aside, respected and loved. Hitler and Pu- it’s hard to ignore the fact that no tin are much more the tyrants of a other country caused Ukraine as western ilk. They require public al- much trouble over the 22 years of legiance, the ecstasy of the masses. its independence as Russia. The fact They feed off the crowd's energy. remains, the overwhelming major- Hitler was reluctant to implement ity of the Ukrainian society failed to the state of total war in Germany see the obvious: the real threat for (even when the circumstances Ukraine is represented not by the called for it) for fear that the Ger- NATO, not by Poland and neither mans would not approve. Stalin was by the United States, but by Russia completely devoid of such preju- that was, is and for the foreseeable dices. future will remain Ukraine's only Putin is currently acting in ac- true enemy. So the overwhelming cordance with the public moods. majority of Ukrainians turned out

hoto by A ndriy Lomakin by P hoto Not only the dictator himself but to be blind. But the worst part is millions upon millions of regular that many carriers of these pro-Rus- gin of Russian Communism. Peo- DOUBLETHINK Russians believe that the existence sian illusions happen to be mem- ples often become complicit in the IN ACTION: of the Ukrainian nation is nothing bers of the ruling elite, President crimes of their leaders. Europe has The posters on other than a work of fiction imposed Petro Poroshenko for one. Even the come to terms with this idea a long the notorious by Russia’s enemies, and the exis- tragic events of 2014 failed to bring Christmas drastic changes. High-rankng offi- time ago. After the World War II Tree on Kyiv’s tence of Ukrainian state a historical German thinkers, Karl Jaspers Maidan mishap, a misunderstanding. Ac- cials in Kyiv continue to hope that among them, discussed their na- Nezalezhnosti cording to Putin and his compatri- Putin will come to his senses, that tion's problem of guilt. He managed (ex-president ots Ukraine has no right to exist as a he will somehow regain sanity and to admit to being personally guilty Yanukovych sovereign independent state. That’s change his attitude towards Ukraine in the crimes of Nazism, to put his ordered the why the Russian society (with the for the better. Such expectations are hand up and utter: "Mea culpa". utility services exception of a handful of people) downright absurd. And the problem And thus the German land no lon- to install it in will happily swallow all sorts of doesn't end with the political leader ger poses a threat to the world and the wake of the Kremlin's crimes against Ukraini- who happens to be a "pr*ck". There Europe. But when it comes to Rus- student protests ans. There should be no illusions also the "collective Putin" – the and the police sians, even a thought of bringing up to disrupt about that. Russia in its current people of Russia who provide rock- the issue of national guilt is seen as them for that state has already become without solid support for all the ventures of treason and utter malice. Instead a purpose. In the exaggeration a fascist country (this their ringleader. And after all, powerful complex of national inno- next few days, is not meant as an insult, merely should this particular Putin some- cence has formed: the crimes of the thousands took stating a fact). Granted, each fascist how disappear, his compatriots Russian Empire are all on the Tsars, it to the streets system has its own national pecu- would simply find another... It the communists bear the responsi- to protest liarities. The Communists of the looks as though the formation and bility for the deeds of the totalitar- against police PRC, for example call their current self-identification of the Ukrainian ian regime, and what came after- violence) say system “the socialism with Chinese people cannot be completed with- wards is blamed on Yeltsin, Putin, “All together peculiarities”. Similarly Putin’s state out liberation from this pro-Rus- against Putin” the damned democrats, or in fact and “We love is fascism with Russian peculiari- sian illusion that proved so devas- anyone, but the Russian people that the Russians, ties. And, by the way, its origins tating for the nation. In the East are never ever responsible for any- we despise don’t necessarily have to be found in Ukrainians are currently being thing. However, in judicial practice, Putin”. They Germany or Italy. As the philoso- killed not by "friends" and "broth- the ones who usually bear no re- seem to prove pher and Orthodox priest Georgiy ers". The territory from where they sponsibility are the incapacitated yet again that Fedotov put it: “Another thing re- come is not populated by an ally- and the insane. Ukrainians mains a fact: the structure of the nation. The realization of this fact Putin’s skyrocketing popularity still have the fascist state, just like the methods of may not be pleasant, but it is abso- is the result of the support of his illusion of a terror, have been created by Lenin lutely vital. And if even now Ukrai- “bad tsar” and were simply replanted into the nians fail to realize what Russia re- policies by tens of millions of regu- and his “good lar citizens who in such a way un- people” European soil. The same philoso- ally is for them, all the lives lost in willingly take the responsibility for pher also wrote: 'For Russia itself the 2014 war are lost in vain. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|35 Society|Opinion Konstantin Borovoy: “Modern Russia remains a large fragment of the USSR”

Interviewed he leader of the Russian pro- by Dmytro Western opposition talks Krapyvenko about the future of Russia, Timperial ambitions and ideo- logical special operations from the Kremlin. U.W.: The overall attitude of Russians towards Ukraine can be described by the phrase “those

khokhols won’t go anywhere unian photo: from us no matter what”. This also applies to many Russian the citizens in Crimea and Donbas. of understanding as in the case of intellectuals.W hy are they This treason is not even for the Georgia. He now shares our posi- incapable of overcoming this sake of Russia, but for the sake of tion, but less obviously. In 2012, stereotype? the values of the non-existent So- Russian democratic movements BIO What is currently going on in viet Union. experienced a difficult process of KonstantinB oro- voy was born in Russia is a strange way to revive uniting with nationalists, which we 1948 in Moscow. the empire through the recogni- U.W.: To what extent are Russian categorically opposed. We were He graduated tion of the Soviet Union’s symbols. intellectuals to blame for allowing called “dissenters” because we op- from Moscow In her time, Galina Starovoytova the authoritarian regime to rise in posed joint meetings with fascists. State University (Russian politician, ethnographer your country? So part of the blame does in- and became As- and human rights activist. She was – In 1998, I wrote an article for deed lie with the intellectuals. But sociate Professor, assassinated in 1998 – Ed.) said Moskovsky Komsomolets entitled under conditions of the absence of working in re- very accurately, that in 1990, not a “Civil Democracy”. I noted there dialogue between the authorities search and lec- single politician in Russia would that Chekists are coming back to and society or parts thereof, this is turing till the be saying that the USSR should power. No one had heard about something normal rather than un- early 1990s. Mr. Borovoy was in- break up. This is exactly why the Putin at that time. I suppose we are expected. volved in the es- breakup came as such a surprise to be blamed to some extent. Dur- tablishment of for Russians. ing the first Chechen war, when we U.W.: The Russian culture has the first stock But subconsciously, many decisively fought against war, quite quite a few imperialistic features markets and in- Ukrainians themselves perceive a few intellectuals supported the to it. Could this explain the vestment compa- their country as a colony of Russia. then president Boris Yeltsin. The notable loyalty of many of its nies in Russia. He I shall say one unpleasant thing: same thing happened during the intellectuals to the government was member of no one forced so many Ukrainian Russian intrusion in Georgia. Boris and expansionist policy? the State Duma citizens to vote for Yanukovych. Nemtsov, who supported Putin, Let’s distinguish between intel- in 1995–2000. From 1992 until Yes, there were some external in- and journalist Yulia Latynina, who lectuals, who have an in-depth un- 2003, he was fluences, but the main role was called on people to unite around derstanding of history and culture, the leader of the played by post-Soviet insecurities him in the name of a battle against and those whom Solzhenitsyn de- Party of Eco- and the desire to revive the Soviet “Saakashvili’s barbarity” are exam- scribed in his Obrazovanshchina, nomic Freedom. way of life. A lot of the problems ples of this. In time, they came to The Smatterers, essay. The latter In 2013, he be- we are currently seeing in Ukraine their senses on this issue. are more accepting of the propa- came the head stem from this: the army’s lack of I’m glad that in the situation ganda theses, which act as the of the West combat capability and treason of with Ukraine, Boris Nemtsov did shaping foundation for common Choice Party special forces, as well as some of not have to go through the stages people. In this sector of society, im- 36|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Opinion|Society perial Russian and Soviet guides tice: on the level of the State dom-states. The “gathering of the influence consciousness. The idea Duma, the Federation Council and Russian lands” policy ruined the of a vast country that rules the other power bodies. The political democratic existence of these cities world remains and did not modify system is under total control. Even and transformed them into part of much during the transition from decisions on military intervention the empire. Thousands of people the House of Romanov’s Russia to and withdrawal are taken within a paid with their lives for this during the Soviet Union. These theses matter of hours. This alternative the rule of Ivan the Terrible. were simply re-drawn slightly: the does exist in the intellectual envi- result was something similar to the ronment. But at present the gov- U.W.: Is a free Russia possible painted photographs of the early ernment creates a multitude of within its current borders? 20th century. This also applied to obstacles when someone tries to The destruction of the USSR ideology. register a party. Putin dreads the began in the 1990s, but is continu- Ideological imposition of im- fire. There is fear of protests in any ing to this day. It looks like it will perial values was always present in form. The events of 2012 (2011- end with the complete breakup of Russia. It was impossible to shed 2013 pro-democracy and anti-Pu- the phenomenon that is currently them in 1991-1994 alone, after 300 tin opposition-led massive known as the Russian Federation, years of existence in the Ro- marches mostly in Moscow fol- that, in essence, remains a frag- manovs’ state and almost 100 – lowed by numerous arrests of ac- ment of the Soviet Union. The So- under the Soviet rule (400 years in tivists – Ed.) made a great impact viet system of values is still in place total!). And 1994 saw the start of on the government. Now, Russian here as the best manifestation of the reconstruction of Russian-So- society is intimidated by repres- successiveness. viet imperialism. The First sions. Apart from the nationalist There is absolutely no doubt Chechen War, ideological confron- option, there is a liberal alterna- that the Caucasus is not a natural tation with Tatarstan, Ukraine, tive. Nationalists are controlled by component of Russia – the repub- Central Asia, the Baltic States… the Kremlin. Today, the majority lics it is comprised of should be in- That was also when trade wars of nationalist and fascist parties dependent states. The Far East with ideological overtones began. emerge from pro-Kremlin move- only exists as part of Russia thanks ments, such as Rodina (Father- to the hierarchy of power, a mech- U.W.: The prevailing thought was land). Imperial nationalism does anism that is generously greased that a change in generation not simply differ from colonial na- with money stemming from cor- would eventually make Russian tionalism, which, for example, is ruption. The Far East does not political elite more accepting of what we see in Ukraine and other need Moscow; neither does the Ukraine and Ukrainians. However, former Soviet republics, it is its ut- Ural or Siberia. the way Alexei Navalny acts does ter antithesis. not really show this. There is a western direction in You should not expect nation- the opposition, because it has al- The more Putin and his alist-leaning young politicians to ways existed. It is inconvenient for cronies resist the have an adequate political posi- the government, so is accordingly tion. I consider everything about not supported by it. autonomy process the cooperation of Mikhail Kasya- in Russia, nov, Vladimir Ryzhkov and Boris U.W.: What historic prerequisites Nemtsov with Russian nationalists do you see for the establishment the sooner it will fall to be absurd. Perceiving the views of a Western-style free society in apart into independent of Navalny, who had some aid Russia? from the Kremlin in developing his – The state of discussions be- states, not a confederation career, as opposition or reflection tween those promoting Western of what part of the Russian people values and Slavophiles, is the The best system, which could think – is the same as taking the background on which Russia has exist on Russian territory today, stereotypes thrust on people by developed – not only in the 18th- would obviously be a confedera- propaganda as public opinion: like 19th centuries, but also earlier, un- tion of independent states inter- one about the world that should der Ivan the Terrible. Even then, acting to an extent that is conve- multipolar, yet with Russia as a su- there were philosophical and or- nient and advantageous for perpower. There are many such ganisational positions defending them. stereotypes – the list is endless. Western values. Russian history is It is absolutely clear that the Navalny is a mishap or an ele- written by Slavophiles, so coopera- breakup of the empire continues: ment of an ideological special op- tion with the West is officially in- this can be seen in the attitudes of eration; simply the continuation of terpreted as anarchy. The case of the republics and regional elites. the Kremlin’s nationalistic propa- False Dmitriy is one of the lost op- The more Putin and his cronies re- ganda campaign, via the opposi- portunities. sist the autonomy process, the tion. I don’t think that nationalism There are historic foundations sooner the breakup will occur, and will be a powerful force without for this: free Novgorod and Tver, the issue will no longer be about a propaganda. which were equal partners and re- confederation, but about ultimate liable creditors for member cities establishment of independent U.W.: Is there a European of the Hanseatic League. Such pat- states. What is not clear is the alternative for Russia? tern of cooperation would have number of parts that this stump of There are no alternatives to continued, but the imperial com- the USSR called Russia will break Putin’s regime in political prac- ponent destroyed these prince- up into. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|37

Society|Propaganda The Splendour of Money and the Misery of Philosophy Bribing Western intellectuals and exporting Russia’s peculiar ideology have long been a favourite diversion of Russian rulers

Author: ig conquests require big con- tion, can afford to keep silent. It al- When Moscow was just formed Ihor Losev cepts and a powerful ideology ways needs a certain programme, a and started to come out of its re- with slogans appealing to manifestation of its senses and mote northeast corner of Europe, Bmillions. Even totalitarian re- proposals – urbi et orbi, as the say- monk Philotheus outlined its ac- gimes cannot exist for very long re- ing goes. After all, the objective is tion plan: “Two Romes have fallen. lying on physical force alone. They not only tojustify one’s actions be- The third one stands. And there need not only terror but also dog- fore others but also to provide self- will be no fourth. Moscow is the mas, miracles and some kind of justification and to explain to one- Third Rome!” This referred to mass doctrine to answer a multi- self for the sake of what things are Moscow’s ambition to become the tude of questions, stake a claim to being done in a particular way. hegemon of the entire eastern the ultimate truth and offer a lofty Given grand geopolitical plans, Christian world after the fall of dream for everyone. Former prison- a state cannot do without a certain Byzantium under Turkish attacks. ers of the socialist camp, after expe- political philosophy with which to This involves an intention to riencing the complete collapse of a appeal to allies and opponents, fiercely fight against western Chris- forced communist utopia, flocked to supporters and enemies alike. Un- tianity and Islam, while aspiring to the West to embrace the ideals of der certain circumstances, thanks be a superpower. This program- human rights, freedom, rule-of-law to its theoretical and propagandist matic statement was a guideline for state, civil society, etc. that were ac- virtues this kind of philosophy can Moscow’s elites for nearly two cen- tually implemented in practice. Un- foster expansion. Conversely, an turies. derstandably, from the “standpoint insufficiently competitive philoso- In the early 19th century, there Russian of eternity” the Western implemen- phy can have a detrimental effect. was a need to reflect on the internal ideological tation is far from ideal, but it is still There were several stages in ideological foundations of the em- myths are an extremely exceedingly educative in compari- the history of Russia when it tried pire to secure its strength and thus enduring, son to what the totalitarian systems to theoretically justify its expan- enable it to achieve its geopolitical unchanging have accomplished and, most im- sionist itch and its insatiable desire goals. A proposal came from Count thing portant, the price paid for these ac- to grab more lands and rule the Sergey Uvarov, Minister of Educa- translatable complishments. world, dictating its own notions of tion, in his famous triad: “Ortho- through No physical force, if it aspires the political norm and the proper doxy, Autocracy and Nationality”. centuries to regional or worldwide domina- global order. This tripartite foundation ce-

38|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Propaganda|Society mented the empire more or less sian World” which is not persua- d’Alambertthus evaluated his oeu- successfully and justified its con- sive for all ethnic Russians, to say vre: “My Lord, Voltaire’s eighth vol- quests until 1917. nothing of the Baltic States, Central ume (which contains “A History of And then came the great inter- Asia, Transcaucasia and Ukraine. Peter I”) is repugnant in the base- national social utopia in the form It is not potent enough to stake a ness and despicability of its praise. of “Proletarians of all countries claim to domination in the post- To have the annual rent of 10,000 unite!” It was appropriated by Rus- Soviet territory and even less so livres, live in a free country and sia, which eagerly put itself in the worldwide. For still some time, write such a history!” The French centre of a worldwide revolution- Moscow can continue to exploit the suspected that censors from Peters- ary movement as the self-pro- West which keeps its eyes closed burgwere involved in the process. claimed capital of progressive on the dictatorship of special ser- The great philosopher and writer mankind. The utopia did not in any vices and Putin’s Führer-like au- showed himself as a very cynical way contradict the Russian impe- tocracy and considers Russia a man, because he did not have any il- rial tradition. As Karl Radel, a Bol- democratic state. (Its attitude is, lusions regarding Russia and said in shevik leader and international ad- however, already shifting towards a 1760: “The customs there are as dif- venturist, quipped: “The Third more critical stance.)Nevertheless, ficult as the climate; envy of foreign- Rome didn’t work out, but the the only things left in Moscow’s ar- ers is extreme, despotism boundless Third International will!” Indeed, senal today are banal violence de- and society worthless.” the propaganda of social justice, void of any ideology and no less In order to have French ency- power for workers, a kind of God’s banal bribery. However, these clopaedists promote her interests, kingdom on earth and a homeland things work in the West today as Catherine II bought Denis Dider- for proletarians across the world they did hundreds of years ago. ot’s library for 15,000 livres and gave Moscow millions of sincere The KGB’s experience, enriched appointed him its curator for life “useful idiots”, to quote from with the accomplishments of with the annual salary of Lenin, in many foreign countries. Russian imperialism and anti- 1,000livres. It was Diderot him- The Soviet intelligence services – Western attitudes, is brought to self! And we now speak about ex- the KGB and its predecessors – German Chancellor Gerhard embraced thousands of enthusias- Schröder… Voltaire wrote that tic agents who considered the to- Catherine II turned into “Europe’s talitarian USSR an embodiment of veritable benefactor”. Ukrainian mankind’s best dreams. Suffice it émigré researcher Pavlo Hol- to mention that Kim Philby, a fa- ubenko noted: “The secret Russian mous KGB agent of noble origin, police, or ‘the Third Department of made contact with the Soviet intel- the Emperor’s Chancellery’, kept ligence agency because he was a fa- its special agents abroad. Their natic of communist Moscow, just task was to publish propaganda like his friends from the so-called pieces about Russia in the foreign Cambridge Five. press and bribe newspaper and For several decades, the Krem- magazine editors for this purpose.” lin was able to manipulate, at will, One of such agents, Yakov Tolstoy, many Western left-leaning intellec- was described by the Russian am- tuals, including the likes of Ber- bassador to France in a letter to the nard Shaw, Lion Feuchtwanger, gendarmerie’s chief Benkendorf: Henri Barbusse, Louis Aragon, Ro- bear.Following the example of the The faces of the “He would then be able to work the main Rolland and others. Disap- Russian Empire, Putin is quite suc- Russian World: press, so to speak, on the quiet, and pointment began to creep up in cessfully exporting corruption to “Actor of All the connections he would forge by these circles only after Soviet tanks the West, and the West is eagerly Russia” Gérard virtue of his official position would suppressed the Prague Spring of succumbing. Depardieu and greatly help him in gaining influ- 1968. However, “useful idiots” (not Official Saint Petersburg bribed “ardent Russian ence in the literary circles.” Tolstoy necessarily left-leaning) are in foreign public, political and cultural patriot”, the himself believed that, in dealing leader of large supply even now, but this is leaders since the early 18th century. the Chechen with French journalists and edi- no longer the mass phenomenon it (Muscovy was not above these Republic, tors, one had to “go the way of used to be in Soviet times. methods even earlier.) Volkov, the Ramzan promising rewards and immedi- The collapse of the communist tsar’s ambassador in Paris, sug- Kadyrov uphold ately giving them to some of those utopia was also the collapse of the gested that Peter I change the nega- the tradition of who have helped our cause”. Saint Kremlin’s global leverage. There is tive perception of Russia in French Soviet-French Petersburg wanted to utilize even now a perceptible vacuum of ideas, society by bribing newspaper edi- friendship Honoré de Balzac for the purposes critical for Russia, which cannot be tors. For positive coverage, a dozen of its propaganda but did not risk it filled even by the Kremlin’s “court leading journalists and writers were after a fiasco with Marquise deCus- lunatics” like the ideologue of the hired to write laudatory articles. For tine. International Eurasian Movement, example, Fontenelle, a classical More than 200 years later, Aleksandr Dugin, or writer Alek- French writer, wrote “Eulogy to Pe- what changed in Russia and in Eu- sandr Prokhanov with their ideo- ter!”. Even Voltaire was not above rope? Perhaps only the prices and logical shamanism. The most they cashing in on adulation and himself sums of rewards… Just like before, have been able to come up with is admitted that he was a “perfect flat- Eurasian prices beat European val- the poor, provincial and narrowly terer” in his writings on Russian ues. And this is the biggest chal- nationalistic concept of the “Rus- topics. His countryman Jean lenge of modern mankind. № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|39 history|WWI Between Hostile Neighbours The main consequence of the First World War for Ukraine was an opportunity to gain independence and attempts Soldiers of the Russian and to achieve this during Austrian Armies at the front, 1918–1921 December 1917

Author: Roman Malko

e do not have an accu- rate figure of the num- ber of Ukrainians con- Wscripted to the Rus- sian and Austro-Hungarian armies during World War I. Only approximate estimates are avail- able. Yaroslav Tynchenko, Dep- uty Director for Research at the National Museum of Military History Museum, notes: “On the basis of a significant amount of indirect data, it is possible to say that approximately 2 million Ukrainians were conscripted from the territory of the Russian Empire during World War I. Of them, 70,000 were generals and officers. The share of officers who were of Ukrainian origin in the Austin-type Russian Army was very large, at armoured car – least 20–25%, and approximately one of the most 25% of generals. Many of them widely used held key positions at the supreme vehicles in the command headquarters”. One Russian Army was Oleksandr Lukomsky. He during WWI. was chief the Headquarters for a These armoured considerable period. Another one cars were in was his Aide-de-Camp, Lieuten- the 9th Armour ant General Mykhailo Pusto- Division, which fought on voitenko. Both came from noble the territory families. The Chief Military Engi- of Ukraine neer of the Russian Army was in 1916–1917 also a Ukrainian – General (the Division Kostyantyn Velychko, a descen- became part of dant of chronicler Samiylo Vel- the UNR Army ychko. in 1917) 40|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 WWI|history part of the Austro-Hungarian Army,” Tynchenko confirms. “They initially served on the Russian front, but with the change in the situation in 1917 and the revolution that broke out in Russia, quite a few Ukrainian regiments went on to fight on the Italian and Serb fronts. Towards the end of World War I, a large number of soldiers from Halychyna – approximately 100,000 – were captured by the Italians and were unable to par- ticipate in the war for Ukraine’s independence.” Ukrainians were often re- garded as heroes on both fronts, although in truth, many did not want to participate in the war from the very start. This is be- Injured Russian soldiers walking along the streets cause the Ukrainians fighting as of Kyiv part of the Russian Army were well-aware that this was a war for imperial interests, and when the Commanders and Chiefs of call the Legion of the Ukrainian revolution erupted in 1917, they Staff included more than 20 Sich Riflemen (USS),” says were among the organisers and Ukrainians. Several subsequently Tynchenko. “But this was a very stood in the forefront. The Febru- served in Hetman Pavlo Skoro- small formation, even in com- ary Revolution in St. Petersburg padsky’s army and later in the parison to Polish legions, which actually took place as a result of army of the UNR (the Ukrainian were about six times larger. The the armed uprising of army re- People’s Republic), including Legion of Sich Riflemen never Ukrainians were serve units, which included quite Lieutenant General Mykola Yu- exceeded 2,000 in number.” Un- offen regarded as he- a number of Ukrainians, particu- roes on both fronts in nakiv, who was the Chief of Staff der the Austro-Hungarian rule, WWI, although many larly the soldiers of the Volyn during the World War I and later the army was formed based on were reluctant to Guards Regiment. It ultimately fight in it from the the Commander of an army on the the territorial principle, so there very start led to the defeat of Russia in Romanian front, and Oleksandr were quite a few regiments gen- World War I and the emergence Rozoha, Hetman Skoropadsky’s erally known as “Rusyn” (Ukrai- of a number of independent na- Minister of Defense, who was nian). Made up of people born in tional states, including Ukraine. Commander of the 4th Russian Western Ukraine, they were de- This is a direct and global conse- Army during World War I. ployed there and fought at the quence of WWI. To this day, “As far as Austro-Hungary beginning of the war. “In all, many European countries that was concerned, we most often re- about 320,000 Ukrainians were gained independence at that time exist as independent national states. Today, we often hear that Po- land, Finland, Czechoslovakia and even the Baltic States man- aged to gain their independence – and Ukraine didn’t. “In truth, Ukraine found itself surrounded by enemies,” Yaroslav Tynchenko explains. “We did not have a sin- gle neighbour, other than Be- larus, that did not have plans to grab chunks of our territory. Poles, Romanians, Czechs, Hun- garians, Red and White Russia – all were set on taking something for themselves. Early 1918 saw the start of a conflict with local national units and the Finnish Red Guard on one side and Rus- sian Revolutionary Armies on the An “engineering wonder” other. The latter were winning. of WWI – the gas mask However, the Fins were sup- from th e co lle ction of Ole ksiy S h r m ti v P hoto ported by voluntary German № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|41 history|WWI The routine of the world war: mass burials in trenches hoto from th e co lle ction of Ole ksiy S h r m ti v P hoto General Pavlo Skoropadsky units, which helped them drive Hungary: revolutionary changes became the Hetman of the out the Bolsheviks and gain inde- in the region caused the com- Ukrainian State in 1918. Prior pendence. Later, when fighting mands of the latter to transfer to that, he was one of the first broke out in Estonia towards the ammunition and weapons to Po- people honoured with the end of 1918, volunteers from Fin- land. In Lviv, the Austro-Hungar- highest military award of the land and Scandinavia came to aid ian Command even officially Russian Empire – the Order the Estonians, and the Bolsheviks transferred power to the Poles, of St. George – in WWI, and were crushed once more. This which actually led to a Ukrainian the Order of the Red Eagle, was also the case in Latvia. Esto- revolt. The same thing happened one of the highest German nians helped Latvians to form a in Czechoslovakia and other military awards, in 1918. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, a national brigade and fight for in- countries. Ukraine is the only friend of Skoropadsky’s during dependence. Poland was largely country that from the first days of service in the Russian Army helped by Germany and Austro- its existence, was forced to wage and Commander in Chief of war on all fronts and with every- the Finnish Army, was the Artefacts one, when it did not even have its only other person had this On August 8, in honour of the 100th own armed forces – all it had was combination of awards. anniversary of the start of WWI, the National Museum of Military History several individual groups of vol- will open an exhibition entitled The unteers. It is nothing short of War and Peace of Hetman Skoro- amazing that this war lasted until padsky. The exhibition is based on 1921 and that Ukraine was only the concept of WWI through the then crushed and only because prism of Hetman Skoropadsky’s ac- several countries attacked it si- tions, as well as through the eyes of multaneously and subsequently Ukrainian military leaders, who sub- tore it apart.” sequently became activists in the UNR and the National Liberation Movement. Artefacts from WWI bat- Go to ukrainianweek.com tlefields, an original uniform, weap- to read an interview with historian ons, photographs, several cannons, Stanislav Kulchytskyi about how the an armoured car that has been re- war-tormented century changed constructed on the basis of original Ukrainian population, who financed parts, and many more items will be the Bolshevik revolution, and how on display. WWI still affects us today 42|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 history|Ukrainian legacy in the world “For the Freedom of the Ukrainian Nation, For the Peace of Europe” hâteau de Dinteville, a castle under a lucky star. “The castle suf- Vasyl Kochubei, awarded the Order in the French province Cham- fered almost no damage,” marquise of Saint Louis, the Swedish military Author: pagne-Ardenne, was once Antoinette de la Ville Baugé tells Order of the Sword and the Polish Alla Lazareva, Chome to Hryhir (or Grégoire) The Ukrainian Week. “Hryhir Order of the White Eagle, Hryhir Or- Dinteville Orlyk, a French diplomat and the Orlyk, when he came here to get a lyk spent his first years as émigré in son of the well-known Hetman Py- break from military campaigns, saw the court of the Swedish monarch lyp Orlyk who, serving as Hetman virtually the same things you can with his father, and served in the of Ukrainian Cossacks, wrote the see today – the same towers, gates, Swedish and Saxon royal guards. Af- Pacts and Constitutions of Rights alleys and walls.” ter the death of Charles XII, the Photos and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Her husband, Henri de la Ville Ukrainian political émigrés were no by Alain Sich in 1710. This was a unique doc- Baugé, a distant relative and heir of longer welcome in Stockholm. The Guillemoles ument in that historic period, often the Orlyks' estate adds: “Our castle Orlyk family moved to Poland, and referred to as one of the earliest did not have strategic military im- Hryhir’s father, Pylyp Orlyk travelled constitutions in Europe. The coat of portance, even though it was built in from there to Turkey, while Hryhir arms of the Orlyk family, the mar- a place where a fortress once stood. served in the Saxon and French royal riage contract between Hryhir and Village Dinteville nearby had up to courts and later as a royal diplomat. Louise-Hélène Le Brun de Dinte- 300 people at the best of times. He was dispatched to the Crimean ville, a pile of yellow 18th-century Now, there are some 60 permanent khan, Turkish sultan and other rul- papers… These have been passed residents here. In the revolution ers. His most glorious mission was from one generation to another in and during the two world wars, sev- probably the restoration of King the family of the castle’s owners, eral doors and a wardrobe were bro- Stanisław Leszczyński on the Polish marquises de la Ville Baugé. ken here and that was it. The ar- throne in 1733. Time seems to standstill in this chives have been fully preserved, “At a time when one’s back- building. Old walls that built back in including a rope-bound package ground was all important, he man- the 13th century had since witnessed with the papers of Hryhir and his aged to make a brilliant diplomatic peasant revolts, the French bour- wife.” career exclusively owing to his abil- geois revolution and two devastat- Godson to Ivan Mazepa, Cossack ity,” Iryna Dmytrychyn, author of ing world wars. But the foundation Hetman and patron of arts and edu- the book Grégoire Orlyk - Un Cosa- of Dinteville must have been laid cation, and the wife of General Judge queukrainien au service de Louis

Dinteville Castle

44|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Ukrainian legacy in the world|history have worked with the archive,” the marquis says. “They all hoped to find Vyvidprav Ukrainy (The Gen- esis of Ukraine’s Rights, a manifest allegedly written by Pylyp Orlyk, ad- dressing European monarchs and focusing on facts confirming the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Cos- sack State based on international treaties, the need to restore Ukraine’s sovereignty and the bene- fits of democracy over despotism. The original version of the docu- Antoinette and ment was never found – Ed.) Henri de la Ville which, according to Borshchak’s Baugé, owners of the castle version, Orlyk sent out to the lead- and heirs of the ers of European states. No-one has Orlyk archive been fortunate to find this docu- ment.” XV (Hryhir Orlyk, a Ukrainian Cos- yoke imposed on it is becoming in- “The activities of Hryhir Orlyk sack in the Service of Louis XV) creasingly unbearable.” Another of prove that an understanding that published by L’Harmattan, ex- his documents noted: “The com- the Ukrainian Hetman lands were plains: “In the hierarchical society mon interests that Sweden has with part of the Western civilization, of the time, Hryhir Orlyk, an exile the Kingdom of Poland and the Ot- rather than the ‘barbarian’ East, and émigré, talked with ministers toman Empire, the benefit they was the norm in the 18th century,” and kings, engaged in big politics have already been able to receive says Ms. Dmytrychyn, whose book and constantly, sometimes openly from cooperation with the Cossack Hryhir Orlyk, abo Kozatska nat- and at other times obliquely, re- nation and the presently conducive siia u frantsuzkiy dyplomatii minded of the ‘yoke under which conditions convince me that my fa- (Hryhir Orlyk, or the Cossack Na- the Cossack nation was groaning’. ther could not have hoped for a bet- tion in French Diplomacy) will be Hryhir Orlyk was a lone warrior in ter opportunity to again show his published by the Tempora publish- the field, a man who strove for the loyalty to Your Highness and other ing house in 2014 in Ukraine. “Per- ‘freedom of the Cossack nation’ for rulers who would want to see Russia sonally, I am moved by the fact that the sake of peace in Europe.” weakened.” he fought in hopeless conditions. The French king sent Orlyk, his Orlyk was constantly on the He could not fail to understand the special-purpose diplomat, on secret move, either in military expeditions futility of his efforts! However, as missions that could easily make a or on secret missions, and thus re- Edmond Rostand’s Cyrano de good plot for a suspense film. He mained a bachelor for a long time. Bergerac, one of the best characters had to disguise himself as a mer- He married Louise-Hélène Le Brun in French literature, said, to fight chant and doctor, a servant and pil- de Dinteville in 1747 at the age of knowing that you will not achieve grim. “My grandfather and father 45. He then lived out the last 12 your goal is even nobler. You can- spoke a lot about him,” Henri de la years of his life at Château de Dinte- not choose to fight only when you Ville Baugé recollects. “He was a ville. The couple did not have chil- are certain of your success. You kind of mythical figure. But we dren. “The marriage with Madame should always fight for your ideals knew very little about him. He was de Dinteville allowed him to settle and ideas if you know they are not French and did not belong to down and was probably prear- right. To me, Hryhir Orlyk imper- dynasties known at the time… His ranged,” Ms. Dmytrychyn suggests. sonates an ability to defend your mission of a secret agent in the royal The current castle owners re- Marriage convictions regardless of the cir- service must have been the only way member several Ukrainian re- contract cumstances. He deserves our re- for him to survive.” searchers who have taken interest between Hryhir spect, and his name is worthy of in Hryhir Orlyk. “Historians Illia Orlyk and No-one knows what Hryhir Or- Louise-Hélène being remembered by future gen- lyk actually looked like. No authen- Borshchak and Orest Subtelny, as Le Brun de erations. This is one of the bright tic portrait of him has survived. The well as writer Anna Shevchenko, Dinteville figures in Ukrainian history.” documents written in hand by the legendary Ukrainian are almost all in French. The only Ukrainian-lan- guage document is a christening certificate. The majority of papers are draft letters which Orlyk sent out to governments across the world. In a letter to cardinal André- Hercule de Fleury written in 1741, Orlyks’ he defended the “undeniable right coact of of the Cossack nation to Ukraine arms on a which has been usurped by the Rus- wall in the Dinteville sians. This nation has been denied Castle its privileges and freedoms and the № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|45 history|Early modern politics 19th-century Ukraine: Between Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism Ukrainian sociopolitical movement between the mid-19th and early 20th century seemed to involve only “conscious Ukrainians”. Even then, however, forces existed which had not yet actively declared their pro- Ukrainian nature but had huge sociopolitical potential Author: Liberals and Slavophiles Yuriy Tereshchenko against “citizens” and “khlopomans” hese forces included the In the late 1850s, the Hromada,a more moderate part of Ukrainian society, was formed in Ukrainian society, largely Saint Petersburg. Its most active Tthe liberal intelligentsia, no- members were Mykola Kostoma- bility and various officials. They rov and Panteleimon Kulish. Sup- gradually became involved in vari- ported by notable Ukrainian do- ous all-Russian government and nors, large landowners Vasyl Tar- non-government structures: city novsky and Hryhoriy Galagan, councils, zemstvos, regional Kulish set up his own printing branches of scientific and societal shop in Saint Petersburg and institutions, etc. They addressed started publishing cheap Ukrai- issues in the local economy, popu- nian books for the masses. The au- lar education, healthcare, trans- thors included, among others, port network, statistics and cul- Shevchenko, Kulish, Marko Vov- tural work. These efforts went chok, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osno- hand in hand with their resistance vianenko, Danylo Mordovets, to assimilation carried out by gov- Hanna Barvinok, Oleksa Storo- ernment agencies and gave rise to zhenko and others. Hromada’s “our nice national order”, to quote branches later sprang up in Kyiv, from the well-known ethnogra- Chernihiv, Poltava, Kharkiv, Kat- pher and historian Mykhailo Dra- erynoslav and other cities. homanov. Saint Petersburg’s Hromada Ukrainian peasants, too, had published the Osnova journal in extremely important potential that Mykhailo and the spread of any opposition 1861-62, the key all-Ukrainian pe- could develop into a Ukrainian Drahomanov sentiments in society. However, riodical that played an important movement. After serfdom was the tsarist government could not role in the history of Ukrainian abolished in 1861 and a chance ap- stop discontent. Taras Shevchenko spirituality. It was the first na- peared to enhance their financial wrote a number of poems which tional social-scientific and literary standing and socio-political in- established, with renewed energy, journal. For nearly two years, it volvement, they acquired new fea- the idea of uncompromising strug- had a significant impact on the lit- tures as a social group. Traditional gle against the Russian regime erary process in Ukraine and the Ukrainian politicians believed that which resorted to much tyranny development of Ukrainian culture the Ukrainian peasantry had grown and national persecutionin as it entrenched the concept of indifferent, but it exploded with a Ukraine. Shevchenko was a deeply Ukraine’s independence and the wave of national self-identification nationalistic Ukrainian poet. He singularity of its historical process at the turn of the century, pouring unswervingly condemned the in mass consciousness. millions of its members into coop- anti-Ukrainian policies of the Rus- Hromada’s activities raised erative societies and village associ- sian Empire. His monumental fig- suspitions in Russian society. For ations and later supporting the ure was a great catalyst for the for- a while, government officials sim- Ukrainian Central Rada as the na- mation of national identity in the ply watched on as Osnova was tional movement leader. masses and the establishment of published and the Ukrainian The autocratic Russian regime the idea of Ukraine’s indepen- movement surged, but the Rus- did not allow open political life dence. sian liberal press and a number of 46|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Early modern politics|history intellectuals immediately ex- tural and educational level, etc. ploded with sharp, negative criti- The leader of the movement was cism. The reason was the success- Volodymyr Antonovych, a student ful development of the Ukrainian at Kyiv University at the time and literary process and its increasing later a notable Ukrainian histo- public and political influence rian. Together with like-minded among various strata of Ukrainian people (Tadei Rylsky, Kost society. While Russian journals Mykhalchuk and Borys Poznan- quite often published Ukrainian- sky), he believed that the dissemi- language literary works early into nation of education and culture, Alexander I’s liberal rule, the situ- rather than political struggle, was ation soon reversed, and Russian the only way to economic, political public figures turned into archen- and spiritual liberation of the peo- emies of the Ukrainian culture as ple. According to the khlopomans, they tried to deny the Ukrainian the Polish nobility in Ukraine was language and culture and prove faced with a dilemma: either con- that the Ukrainian movement was tinue to be exploiters of the Ukrai- a Polish plot. For example, nian people, hampering its na- Mikhail Katkov, editor of Mos- tional development, or return to kovskie vedomosti (Moscow the ethnic ancestral roots and News) and Russkiy vestnik (Rus- work for the good of the people. As sian Newsletter) and a representa- they joined the Ukrainian move- tive of moderate Russian liberal- ment, khlopomans, former no- ism, tried to convince the Russian belemen, became déclasssé and public that the Ukrainian lan- joined the ranks of the intelligen- guage in the works of Ukrainian ble Slavophile Ivan Aksakov Viacheslav tsia. It took time for the Right- authors was completely artificial. wrote. Lypynsky Bank intelligentsia to realize the He claimed that the intentions of The position of Slavophiles need to preserve itself as a stratum the Ukrainian intelligentsia to de- virtually coincided with the tradi- whose all-around experience was velop their literature, culture and tional assimilatory policy of the to serve the Ukrainian social science were misguided and at Russian state. The activists associ- movement. This new stage when variance with the demandsof real ated with Osnova (Foundation) the Ukrainian nobility rediscov- life. were correct in viewing it as thinly ered its identity was initiated The Russian liberal intelligen- veiled centralist intention to somewhat later by Viacheslav tsia viewed Ukrainian culture as a stump the development of a new Lypynsky. threat to its undivided rule in both Ukrainian movement and make spiritual and political life. The fear society hostile towards it. The new intelligentsia that the independent development As can be seen, Russian Slavo- leading the way of Ukrainian culture, language philes echoed centralists like Kat- In the second half of the 19th cen- and literature could become an kov in their demand to use repres- tury, the leadership of the Ukrai- important foundation for the po- sions against Ukrainians. This nian national movement was litical separation of the Ukrainian hypocrity was exposed in Kosto- transferred to a new societal stra- people persisted among Russian marov’s article “The truth about Russian public life tum – the intelligentsia, which intellectuals, generating suspi- Rus’ for Muscovites”: “There are was dominated by fierce denial of all was composed of both the nobility cions of Ukrainian political sepa- people in Moscow who call them- things Ukrainian and and people of other origin. The ratism. selves Slavophiles, but they are attempts to prove new generation no longer ideal- that the Ukrainian The position of many Rus- not what they pretend to be. They movement was a ized the Cossacks, as did the the sian intellectuals was not that want to foster in their own peo- Polish plot Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and different from the centralist pleenmity against another Slavic Methodius, and focused on the “point of state coercion”, to people… O Moscow! How much people which, they believed, quote from Mykola Kostomarov. your children bespeak their fa- needed freedom, material im- After all, it was their hidden con- thers and grandfathers!” provements and spiritual revival. viction which contradicted their An important sociocultural It was in serving the people identi- outward liberal rhetoric. “I don’t phenomenon of the time was khlo- fied as the peasantry that the believe a common Little Russian pomanstvo, a movement that Ukrainian intelligentsia saw its (Malorissiyisky, a common name emerged in the late 1850s among mission. Thus, if the previous pe- for part of Ukraine at the time – the Polonized Ukrainian nobility riod was marked primarily by a Ed.) literary language could be in Right-Bank Ukraine. Khlopo- desire to restore the former Het- formed – apart from literary mans did not agree with the idea man state, the new movement was works of purely folk nature; I prevalent among the nobility that about protecting people’s interests don’t see any way in which this the restoration of Polish statehood more than anything else. may happen, and I do not wish in Ukrainian lands would improve Since the 1860s, narodnytstvo or am able to wish any artifical the condition of Ukrainians. They (populism) was fully established attempts to break the integrity of saw their public duty in serving within the Ukrainian movement all-Russian development and the people, primarily peasants and spread its views to social sci- disincline Little Russian authors (hence their name, literally ‘peas- ences and the humanities, as well from writing in Russian,” nota- ant-mania’), to enhance their cul- as to literary activity. The populist № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|47 history|Early modern politics school of historiography state independence, this Ukraine’s right to political self-de- (Kostomarov, Oleksandr ideology was definitive for termination but also Ukrainian Lazarevsky, Antonovych the Ukrainian movement as culture, literature, theatre, educa- and later Hrushevsky) ce- suchfor a long time. tion, etc. mented in Ukrainian soci- For a while, the tsarist On 18 May 1876, Alexander II ety for years to come a government refrained from added a new page to the history of view on Ukraine’s pastin repressions against the anti-Ukrainian repressions by is- which the dominant his- Ukrainian social move- suing the so-called Ems Ukaz in torical force was sponta- ment, which pursued the form of a secret instruction. neous mass movements largely cultural and educa- Under the ukase, Ukrainian-lan- aimed at satisfying popu- tional goals at this stage. guage books were not allowed to lar socioeconomic inter- However, the Polish Upris- enter the empire, original Ukrai- ests. In the study of the ing of 1863 changed the sit- nian-language works, translations Cossack period, the state- uation. The slogan of radi- and even lyrics to accompany mu- building activities of the Volodymyr Antonovych cal noble circles “For your sic were banned from publication. Cossack starshyna (offi- and our freedom!” and agi- Plays and public recitals in Ukrai- cers) and the Hetman’s tation among Ukrainian nian were also prohibited. power were relegated to peasants raised unjustified the background, while the suspicions in the Russian Drahomanov activities of the rank-and- government that separat- and his influence file Cossacks, sometimes ism was possible in the However, the Ukrainian move- openly destructive, were Ukrainian national move- ment could no longer be stopped. glorified. This school ment. This suspicion was It had entered a new stage and greatly underestimated fuelled by Russian chauvin- found a new opinion leader in Ukrainian statehood in ist circles which believed Mykhailo Drahomanov. As an op- the Princely Era and early that the development of the ponent to Russia’s autocratic cen- modern history (the Ru- Ukrainian cultural and na- tralism and a police state, he pro- thenian-Lithuanian pe- tional movement would posed a programme of evolution- riod). lead to Ukraine’s break- ary socialism building, for the The liberal-populist away from Russia and to most part, on Proudhon’s ideas. intelligentsia, which the empire’s eventual col- His political ideal was a federalist viewed itself as the only represen- Ivan Franko lapse. Katkov and the Russian transformation of society: free tative of the Ukrainian people, pro-government press tried to communities were to form a fed- fiercely opposed the attempts of persuade Russian society that the eration within Ukraine and then the traditional Ukrainian nobility Ukrainian movement was a result establish the federative commu- to play an independent political of a Polish plot and that the Rus- nity of the peoples in Russia, later role. It hampered the engagement sian government had every reason a Slavic federation and, finally, a of both individuals and separate to expect a Ukrainian uprising like federation of the world’s peoples. social groups in the Ukrainian the one in Poland. However, Drahomanov’s po- movement. As a result, this con- A campaign against the Ukrai- litical activity and his socialist duct alienated well-to-do, politi- nian movement, Ukrainian-lan- ideaswere met with hostility in cally and professionally experi- guage schools and Ukrainian liter- Kyiv’s Hromada where they exac- enced residents of Ukraine. ature was launched. The tsar dis- erbatedinternal tensions and trig- However, the emergence and patched his man to Ukraine to geredthe emergence of a radical establishment of the populist in- investigate “Little Russian propa- wing. Finally, after multiple at- telligentsi in Ukrainian sociopolit- ganda which has surged there”. tempts to come to an understand- ical landscape did not mean that In 1863, Interior Minister Val- ing with the moderate leaders of the ideological influence of the Hromada in 1886, Drahomanov Ukrainian nobility was eliminated. severed ties with the organization After its representatives and the The Russian liberal and embarked on highly impor- descendants of the Cossack intelligentsia viewed tant activities abroad. starshyna joined the Ukrainian Drahomanov’s importance as national revival, they imposed on Ukrainian culture as a political figure lies in the fact the Ukrainian movement tradi- a threat to its undivided that he introduced a realization of tional autonomist-federalist views the need to transition to political of the state system in the context rule in both spiritual struggle and stepoutside the limits of future relations with Russia. and political life of heretofore dominant apolitical These views held by the Ukrainian cultural enlightenment. nobility, complemented by the uev issued his infamous circular Moreover, Drahomanov’s key ideas of Western liberalism and banning the printing of textbooks contribution to the Ukrainian sociopolitical conceptions of the and popular and religious books in movement was that he familiar- Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Ukrainian. He wrote in a letter to ized Europe with the Ukrainian Methodius, became central in the the Minister of Education: “There problem. While on an academic ideology of Ukrainian populism. is and cannot be any separate Lit- trip abroad in 1873, he started tell- Marked by inconsistency and am- tle Russian language.” Russian ing Western Europeans about bivalence in its approach to the tsarism persecuted not only at- Ukrainian literature. Among his nation’s key goal, i.e., obtaining tempts to spread ideas about large-scale works in this area was 48|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 Early modern politics|history his contribution to Nouvelle Ge- democratizing and federalizing Social or national? ographie Universelle where he the Russian Empire and the Aus- The domination of social tasks presented varied information tro-Hungarian Empire, which, in over national issues (whether in about Ukraine in the fifth volume. his opinion, would put the condi- the interests of higher or lower However, Drahomanov’s po- tions in place for the free na- strata) misguided the Ukrainian litical stance never allowed young tional development of Ukraini- movement one way or another, Ukrainian politicians to break out ans. causing social disharmony and from the firm embrace of Russian According to Franko, Draho- inability to consolidate society, centralism. It seriouslyhampered manov as a politician forever re- which was very much needed for independist Ukrainian political mained who he was when he left national liberation. The key to movements and organizations and Russia on foreign trips: gente solving the most pressing social ultimately eclipsed the need for Mykhailo Ukrainus, natione Russus. In problems was a wide societal re- continued struggle for an indepen- Hrushevsky other words, he could not envision alization of the need for state in- dent Ukrainian state. The concept Ukraine “without a close connec- dependence. of Ukraine’s traditional autonomy tion to Russia”. To Drahomanov, Lypynsky wrote that a “true which was, thanks to Draho- the ideas of federalism stood revolution against the populist manov, combined with the West- alongside the European ideals of worldview” was necessary for the ern European federalism of the social equality and political will, Ukrainian movement to leave be- time, was to become the founda- which eclipsed the idea of national hind its autonomist-federalist tion of the Ukrainian movement’s independence. This position had notions about the future of political programme for many an impact on entire generations of Ukraine-Russia relations . “It years to come and led to grave Ukrainian activists who for a long was only through a tremendous consequences during the Libera- time remained captive to Draho- moral effort, he wrote in a letter tion Struggle. manov’s view of the national prob- to Andriy Livytsky on 16 October After the assassination of Al- lem and did not see the prospects 1919, only through boundless exander II in 1881 and increased of national liberation struggle. love for the Ukrainian national reactionary policies, the Ukrainian “Without harbouring this national idea and to the state idea as a po- movement entered an even more ideal in their heart, Franko wrote, litical embodiment of full na- difficult stage. Hromada organiza- tional will and only by rallying tions partly suspended their activ- The populist school of all honest national forces with- ities, and the ones that remained out exception around internal thought it advisable to focus on historiography cemented work towards this idea that it purely cultural and academic apo- in Ukrainian society for was possible to turn 40 million litical activities needed to justify dark, self-disparaging slaves into the separateness of Ukrainians years to come a view on heroes who would build Ukraine among other peoples. Ukraine’s past in which the and secure a better human life Members of Kyiv’s Hromada for everyone.” were active in various scientific dominant historical force The Ukrainian elites that ac- societies, particularly the Nestor was spontaneous mass cepted socialist ideology lacked, the Chronicler Historical Soci- for a long time, clear orientation ety, and rallied around Kievskaia movements aimed at towards Ukraine’s indepen- starina (Kyiv Old Times), a jour- satisfying popular dence, but this could not stand in nal founded on the initiative of the way of a powerful national- Oleksandr Lazarevsky and socioeconomic interests cultural potential which grew as Volodymyr Antonovych and sup- a necessary foundation for na- ported by Ukrainian donors, the best Ukrainian forces were tional liberation struggle. The sugar refinery owner Vasyl Sy- drowned in the all-Russian sea, 19th century Ukraine was con- myrenko and landowner Vasyl and those who stood their ground cerned with building this kind of Tarnovsky. The journal pub- were discouraged and became ap- potential. lished research articles on his- athetic. We now have no doubt The resistance of a large part tory, ethnography, archaeology, that a lack of faith in the national of the Ukrainian elites and many literature, as well as literary A vision of an ideal, elaborated to the extreme peasants to Russian assimilatory autonomous Ukraine works and historical documents. within a federated consequences also in the political pressure ultimately led to the The authors included Dmytro Russian state was field, was the main tragedy in Dra- emergence of independist move- adopted from Bahalii, Orest Levytsky, Drahomanov by homanov’s life and the reason why ments in Ukrainian politics. In Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Mykhailo socialist and liberal his political struggle was hope- 1895, Yulian Bachynsky, an ac- Drahomanov, Oleksandra Yefy- Ukrainian parties less…” tivist of the Ukrainian Radical and played an menko, Oleksandr Lazarevsky, unfortunate part in His vision of an autonomous Party, published a brochure enti- Ivan Franko, Panas Myrny, the 1917-21 national Ukraine within a federated Rus- tled Ukraina irredenta which Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky and oth- liberation struggle sian state was adopted by socialist became the manifesto of Ukrai- ers. Moreover, research on and liberal Ukrainian parties, nian aspirations for state inde- Ukrainian topics was published something they did not fully relin- pendence. That same year, in Russian by a number of offi- quish even in the course of the Franko clearly testified to the cial societies in Kharkiv, Odesa 1917-21 national liberation strug- popularity of this idea in society and other cities. Drahomanov gle. This was a fatal obstacle to by observing that it was “a fact of tried to convince Ukrainian ac- widespread realization of the need our political life and an expres- tivists to focus their efforts on for an independent state. sion of the national feeling and № 11 (77) August 2014|the ukrainian week|49 history|Early modern politics

national cosciousness”. He noted Hromada, Drahomanov’s narrow view on lies changed their socionational that the perceptible “need for meaning the place and role of the main so- consciousness and political orien- Community in Ukraine’s political independence Ukrainian, in cial classes, his “peasantophilia”, tation in Galicia and the part of … will be on the agenda in Eu- Kyiv to use Franko’s description, led to Ukraine that was under Russia. rope’s political life and will stay “an excessively narrow under- Despite the dominating positions there until it has been accom- standing of the nation as the plebs of liberal democracy and social plished”. also in purely cultural and educa- trends in the Ukrainian move- These aspirations for politi- tional efforts and prevented him ment, this evolution showed a de- cal independence, which can be from couching the cause of na- sire to balance ideological and po- found in the works of Galician tional development in such broad litical values and stimulate the politicians, were echoed by terms in which we formulate it- underdeveloped right-wing con- Mykola Mikhnovsky’s concep- now.” servative sector. tion expounded in his brochure In order to overcome this kind The prevalent social radical- Samostiina Ukraina (An Inde- of simplistic view on Ukrainian so- ism of the Ukrainian movement pendent Ukraine, 1900). Thus, ciety, the higher social strata of alienated the conservatively the idea of Ukraine’s indepen- Ukrainian origin, which used to minded Ukrainian nobility to the dence started to turn into a clear point that some of its members political programme on both joined monarchic Russian organi- sides of the Zbruch River. The key to solving the most zations and parties. However, pressing social problems this political preference was not Independence, conclusive. Rather, it was a step not autonomy, after was a wide realization towards self-preservation and all! of the need for state protection of socioeconomic in- The growing realization of the need terests. The conservative forces for an independent Ukrainian state independence which were not déclassé departed led to a better understanding that from the Ukrainian liberal-radi- Ukraine had to develop a differen- accept the Russian or Polish na- cal movement but preserved their tiated class structure as a precondi- tional state tradition, had to ele- national instincts, which clearly tion. Full-fledged national develop- vate themselves to a higher level of showed after February 1917. Their ment had to eliminate social de- sociopolitical and national iden- attempt to realize, in 1918, tradi- struction caused by national tity. tional national statehood was a oppression. It was along these lines Throughout the 19th century, link in the all-European process that Franko criticized Draho- Ukrainian aristocracy underwent of conservative revolutions and a manov’s unreserved “love forthe a complicated and ambivalent reaction to the triumph of liberal- common people”. It was also the process of national awakening on ism triggered by the 19th century reason why Franko adopted a pro- both sides of the Zbruch River. and dressed in the new demo- independence position and de- This was vividly manifested in the cratic attire after the First World parted from Marxism. way ancient Ukrainian noble fami- War. 50|the ukrainian week|№ 11 (77) August 2014 B OOKST ORES KYIV 3, vul. Lysenka tel: (044) 235-88-54; 5,vul. Spaska tel: (044) 351-13-38, 33/2, Povitroflotskiy Prospekt tel: (044) 275-67-42 LVIV 7, Prospekt Svobody tel: (032) 235-73-68 VINNYTSIA 89, Soborna tel: (0432) 52-9341 TERNOPIL 7-9, vul. Valova tel: (0352) 25-4459 KHARKIV 3, vul. Sumska tel: (057) 731-5949 IVANO-FRANKIVSK 31, vul. Nezalezhnosti tel: (0342) 72-2502 VOLODYMYR-VOLYNSKIY 6, vul. Kovelska tel: (03342) 2-1957 www.book-ye.com.ua

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