Infestazioni Stagionali Di Cimici Associate a Piante Forestali Ed Ornamentali

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Infestazioni Stagionali Di Cimici Associate a Piante Forestali Ed Ornamentali 28 FEDERICO PEDRaZZOLI, CRISTIna Salvatori Infestazioni stagionali di cimici associate a piante forestali ed ornamentali Introduzione nel corso degli ultimi anni si è assistito, in Trentino-alto adige così come in altre Sempre più frequentemente i tecnici ope- aree italiane ed europee, alla rapida e massi- ranti nel settore della difesa delle piante fo- va diffusione di alcune cimici, tra cui Lepto- restali ed ornamentali si trovano a dover far glossus occidentalis Heidemann ed Aroca- fronte a vere e proprie “emergenze” causate tus melanocephalus (Fabricius), due Eterot- dalla pullulazione d’insetti fitofagi, connota- teri (Rhynchota, Heteroptera) appartenenti te non tanto dal danno fitosanitario, quanto rispettivamente alle famiglie Lygaeidae e dall’impatto delle stesse sulla popolazione. Coreidae. La prima è una specie invasiva Le ripercussioni sociali originate da infesta- proveniente dall’america settentrionale, la zioni entomatiche non sono nuove, se si pensa seconda, invece, è stata segnalata in Italia solo alla gestione dei problemi causati dalla più di un secolo fa (leSSona, 1878), ma ha presenza in bosco, e più ancora in aree urba- trovato condizioni favorevoli all’espansione ne e periurbane, di larve di processionaria del del suo areale solo negli ultimi anni, proba- pino o delle querce provviste di peli urticanti. bilmente anche in conseguenza dei cambia- a fronte di tali situazioni, che espongono sia menti climatici in atto. gli operatori, sia i fruitori del verde ad un re- Il presente lavoro, oltre a fornire indica- ale rischio sanitario (irritazioni, allergie), altre zioni su distribuzione, morfologia e bioeco- volte il problema si configura come un disa- logia delle due specie, affronta il problema gio determinato dalle caratteristiche etologi- del loro contenimento in un’ottica ecologi- che degli insetti in questione, soprattutto dalla ca e di reale valutazione del danno da esse loro abitudine ad invadere in gran numero le cagionato. abitazioni alla ricerca di un riparo per le sta- gioni più sfavorevoli. È questo il caso di al- cune specie appartenenti a diverse famiglie di Leptoglossus occidentalis Eterotteri, comunemente chiamate cimici, che al fastidio provocato dalla loro vista associano Distribuzione quello, altrettanto privo di conseguenze, do- vuto all’odore emesso quale sistema di difesa Il cimicione delle conifere, L. occiden- quando molestate. Il risultato è spesso un qua- talis, è originario dell’america nord-occi- dro di “entomofobia” individuale o collettiva, dentale (Fig. 1). Quest’insetto, caratteriz- con atteggiamenti d’intolleranza, interventi zato da doti di buon volatore e dalla capa- non adeguati di contenimento degli insetti o cità di adattarsi a diversi ospiti vegetali, si persino la richiesta di eliminazione delle pian- è in seguito diffuso in tutto il continente te ospiti “responsabili” dell’infestazione. nord-americano, anche grazie ad attività 29 tutte le regioni, comprese le isole (Tamburi- ni, 2009). In Trentino è stato segnalato per la prima volta nel 2002 (Salvadori, 2004). Descrizione e biologia Gli adulti hanno una lunghezza media di 15-20 mm e la femmina ha dimensioni maggiori del maschio. Le antenne, piuttosto lunghe, sono costituite da quattro articoli. Il colore delle parti dorsali è bruno-rossiccio, mentre l’addome presenta un caratteristi- co disegno a bande alternate gialle e nere. Le emielitre sono attraversate da una linea chiara a zig-zag. Le zampe posteriori sono lunghe con i femori a margini dentati e ti- piche espansioni appiattite a forma di foglia in corrispondenza delle tibie, dalle quali deriva il nome volgare americano di “leaf- footed bug” (cimice dalle zampe a foglia). Nel continente americano questo Corei- de compie da una a tre generazioni all’anno a seconda del clima dell’area in cui vive, mentre in Trentino sono state descritte una- due generazioni/anno in base alla quota. Gli Fig. 1 - Adulto svernante di Leptoglossus occidentalis adulti svernanti in primavera si portano sul- Heidemann le piante ospiti, dove si accoppiano e ovide- pongono. Le uova, deposte lungo gli aghi in file di 8-12 elementi, sono lunghe circa due antropiche quali il trasporto di legname e millimetri ed hanno una forma cilindrica. specie ornamentali. Altri fattori che hanno Presentano una colorazione giallo-arancio sicuramente facilitato questo processo di subito dopo l’ovideposizione ed in seguito espansione sono il cambiamento climati- diventano via via più scure fino al momen- co e l’alterazione dell’habitat (Marshall, to della schiusura. Lo sviluppo embrionale 1991; Gall, 1992). La prima segnalazione dura circa 10-15 giorni. Gli stadi preimma- di questa cimice in Europa risale al 1999 e ginali sono cinque e iniziano ad alimentarsi riguarda proprio l’Italia e più precisamente sugli aghi e sui coni ancora verdi. Più tardi il Veneto (Taylor et al., 2001). Ritrovamen- le ninfe utilizzano gli stiletti per nutrirsi dei ti isolati riguardano anche Spagna, Francia, semi in via di sviluppo. La colorazione degli Belgio e Gran Bretagna (Ribes et al., 2005; stadi giovanili è inizialmente giallo-arancio Dusoulier et al., 2007; Malumphy et al., con evidenti tubercoli scuri sull’addome, 2008). È probabile che l’insetto sia giunto mentre con le successive mute essi si scu- in Europa attraverso il trasporto di legname riscono progressivamente fino ad assumere via nave dagli Stati Uniti. La mancanza di la colorazione bruno-rossiccia tipica degli nemici naturali e la presenza di condizioni adulti. Questi compaiono a luglio-agosto e climatiche ottimali per la sua proliferazione si nutrono di semi fino all’autunno, quan- hanno determinato una rapida diffusione del do iniziano a cercare luoghi di riparo per Coreide nel continente europeo, dove ha co- l’inverno. Nei mesi di settembre-ottobre, lonizzato anche Germania, Polonia e i Bal- infatti, con temperature comprese tra 14°C cani (Wyniger, 2007; Lis et al., 2008; Hra- e 17°C, gli adulti manifestano comporta- dil, 2008). In Italia esso è presente ormai in mento gregario, riunendosi sulle pareti delle 30 case esposte al sole e cercando un varco per lanocephalus (Fig. 2). La distribuzione di penetrare all’interno. Laddove è possibile lo questa specie comprende l’Europa centro- sviluppo di due generazioni/anno, gli adulti meridionale e in parte l’Asia sud-occiden- di prima generazione già in luglio si accop- tale, mentre mancano dati sulla sua presen- piano e ovidepongono, dando origine a una za in altre aree del mondo. In Italia, questo progenie che si evolve fino alla comparsa Ligeide è stato sicuramente riscontrato in dei nuovi adulti, generalmente verso fine Piemonte, Liguria, Lombardia, Trentino- settembre. Alto Adige, Toscana, Lazio, Sicilia e Sarde- Giovani e adulti di L. occidentalis sono gna (Servadei, 1967; Zandigiacomo, 2003; antospermocarpofagi abbastanza polifagi: Hellrigl, 2007). Le cause delle gradazioni si alimentano a carico d’infiorescenze, semi di quest’insetto in alcune zone italiane non ed aghi dei pini (Pinus spp.), ma anche di sono per ora completamente chiare. Da una varie altre specie di conifere, tra cui Picea parte è ormai accertato che i fattori naturali spp., Pseudotsuga spp. e Tsuga spp. che limitano la crescita delle sue popola- L’attività trofica del Coreide può interes- zioni non stiano funzionando (Santi et al., sare gli sporofilli, con riduzione della quan- 2002). Inoltre, sembra ipotizzabile una cor- tità di polline prodotto dalle piante (Koer- relazione tra i cambiamenti climatici in atto ber, 1963), gli strobili del primo anno, con negli ultimi anni e l’alterazione del compor- il danneggiamento degli ovuli e di conse- tamento e delle dinamiche di popolazione di guenza l’aborto dei futuri semi (Schowal- questi insetti (Maistrello et al., 2006). La ter et al., 1990), e infine i coni del secondo diffusione di A. melanocephalus in Trenti- anno, causando il parziale o totale svuota- no è limitata a realtà ristrette, vista la ridotta mento del seme e la fusione dello stesso alla presenza delle specie ospiti. Tuttavia negli squama dello strobilo (Bates et al., 2002). ultimi anni, in un viale di Rovereto piantato In generale il periodo iniziale della stagione è quello più critico, poiché sono presenti sia gli adulti svernanti sia neanidi e ninfe (Ba- tes et al., 2000). I danni economici riscontrati in seguito alle pullulazioni del cimicione consistono nella perdita di produzione di semi nelle coltivazioni di Pinus pinea L. e di pistac- chio (Pistacia vera L.) per scopo alimentare (Benassai et al., 2007). Inoltre, negli arbo- reti da seme, L. occidentalis può determina- re perdite produttive del 40-50% e riduzione della germinabilità fino all’80%. In ambien- ti naturali è tuttavia difficile quantificare i danni, che sono ad ogni modo trascurabili nel caso di piante mature. Arocatus melanocephalus Distribuzione A partire dal 1999 sono state segnala- te in differenti zone del Nord Italia, tra cui l’Emilia Romagna, il Veneto ed il Friuli- Venezia Giulia, invasioni estive di ingenti Fig. 2 - Adulto di nuova generazione di Arocatus melano- popolazioni della cimice dell’olmo A. me- cephalus (Fabricius) su samare di olmo. 31 ad Ulmus pumila L., le elevate popolazioni tina che completa il suo ciclo biologico su del Ligeide hanno reso necessaria, a seguito varie specie del genere Ulmus, tra cui U. delle sollecitazioni da parte della popola- campestris auct., non L. e U. pumila L. zione, l’attuazione di monitoraggi e di inter- (Péricart, 1998; Zandigiacomo, 2003) (Fig. venti endoterapici. 3). Lo svernamento di questa cimice av- viene allo stadio di adulto nelle fessure dei Descrizione e biologia tronchi, sotto le cortecce o sotto le foglie della lettiera. Gli adulti riprendono l’attività Gli adulti, lunghi circa 6-6,5 mm, hanno nella prima metà di marzo, nutrendosi delle capo e scutello neri, mentre il protorace, le samare degli olmi in formazione. In seguito, antenne, le zampe e le emielitre presentano tra marzo e aprile, si ha l’accoppiamento. disegni rossi e neri, con aree rosse di esten- Le femmine depongono le uova nei tessuti sione variabile.
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