B2e4caf789edf362cc8cc636738

Fisheries Sanctuary Planning In Practice: Lesson Learnt……in North Kalimantan Province (Prasetyo, A. P., et al)

Available online at: http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj e-mail:[email protected] INDONESIANFISHERIESRESEARCHJOURNAL Volume 24 Nomor 1 June 2018 p-ISSN: 0853-8980 e-ISSN: 2502-6569 Accreditation Number RISTEKDIKTI: 21/E/KPT/2018 FISHERIES SANCTUARY PLANNING IN PRACTICE: LESSON LEARNT FROM ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN NORTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

Andhika Prima Prasetyo*1, Asep Priatna2, Agus Setiyawan1, Rodo Lasniroha3, Fadli Yahya2, Dian Oktaviani1, Duto Nugroho1, Rudy Masuswo Purwoko1, Nurmayanti4, Ersant Dirgantara4, Hendri Antoro5 and Dahlan Burikki 6 1Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Balitbang KP 2 Building 3rd floor, Pasir Putih II st., Pademangan, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia 2Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Raya Bogor Km 47st., Nanggewer Mekar, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia 3Institute for Coastal and Marine Resource Management Denpasar–Technical Unit in Kupang, Yos Sudarso st., Alak, Kupang East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 4Food, Agriculture and Fisheries District Office of Tarakan City, Gadis 2 Building 2nd floor, Jend Sudirman st. no. 76, Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia 5Climatology Station of Bogor, Tambakan st., Situ Gede, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 6Fisher community elder in Tarakan City, Juata Laut, Tarakan Utara, Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia Received; November 16-2017 Received in revised from May 22-2018; Accepted May 31-2018

ABSTRACT

Governor Decree of North Kalimantan No. 26 in 2014 concerning Management of Bombay Duck in the North Kalimantan Province Waters was established in order to address over-exploitation of bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) population. Fisheries sanctuary is the feasible solution that was agreed by comprehensive stakeholder discussion. This research aims to extract and elaborate our experiences on establishing fisheries sanctuary in the Bangkudulis waters which focus on science communication and in the fisheries sanctuary planning. The acoustic and larva survey conducted to support the consensus and to proof the traditional ecological knowledge of the communities. The results showed that the proposed conservation area of the Bangkudulis waters has significant ecological function to ensure the sustainability of bombay duck population. The distribution and abundance of larva and juveniles were found higher in that area. The approach and challenges to deal with ecological and socio-economic aspects as well as recommendations were discussed in this paper.

Keywords: EAFM; MPA; fisheries sanctuary; community engagement; science communication; Tarakan; North Kalimantan Province INTRODUCTION regulation instructed to establish Fisheries Sanctuary in the Bangkudulis waters (9,730 ha) to ensure the In 2014, Governor of North Kalimantan issued sustainability of fisheries. Moreover, North Kalimantan Governor Decree No. 26 concerning the management Province established in 2012 is the youngest province of bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822); in Indonesia (Constitution No. 20 in 2012 concerning Harpadontinae; Synodontidae) fisheries in the North the establishment of North Kalimantan Province), Kalimantan Province’s waters. It was also followed therefore a proper management should be supported by Mayor Decree of Tarakan City No. 24 concerning intensively. the management of bombay duck fisheries in the Tarakan City’s waters. Those regulations were the The regulation recognized that bombay duck outcome of the initiation of Ecosystem Approach to (locally called as “nomei” or “pepija”) is important Fisheries Management (EAFM) in 2012-2014 resource generating economic benefits to the local (Prasetyo et al., 2014). The consensus agreed on community (Laga et al., 2015). The official record was the priorityof fisheries is to improve the living conditions limited to explore the significant benefit of Bombay of small-scale fishermen and fish farmers by duck to local community due lack of resources of establishing spatial closure of the area that suspected local government. However, rapid assessment as nursery ground (Prasetyo et al., 2014). The conducted during three years research found that more ______correspondence author: e-mail: [email protected] 31

Copyright © 2018, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2018: 31-38 than 5,000 people relied on this resource from fishers, (Christie, 2004; Crawford et al., 2006; Elliott et al., fisher’s wife (processing), middleman, boat maker and 2001). It also required regulation as an umbrella of trader in North Tarakan Sub-district (RCFMC, 2014). implementation (Mous et al., 2005).

This resource has been exploited historically by This research is aimed to extract and elaborate trawl fisheries in the certain period (two separate our experiences on establishing fisheries sanctuary periods in a month about 7-10 days per period). The in the Bangkudulis waters which focus on science exploitation rate of the resources has been exceeded communication and in the fisheries sanctuary planning. the sustainable level by 0.80/year (Laga, 2015). The It consists of (1) to gather the best available information selection of the proposed sanctuary was agreed (empirical and anecdotal sources) and (2) elaborate the through intensive community engagement by setup information and proofed by scientific approach. serial focus group discussion (Prasetyo et al., 2014) and an extensive survey (acoustic and larvae survey) MATERIALS AND METHODS to support and proofed an anecdotal information. Time and Location Oktaviani et al. (2016) stated the importance of acknowledging and enriching an anecdotal information Exploratory survey was conducted in two periods (emic or traditional knowledge) with an empirical (May 2012 and May 2014) in the Bangkudulis and knowledge (etic) to preserve our valuable knowledge. Juata Laut waters (3° 27’ 2.78" N 117° 23’ 12.55" E); northwest of Tarakan island (Figure 1). Those two In coastal marine systems,( Marine Protected period of survey collected similar parameter and Areas (MPAs) are being used as an approach to complimentary of each cruise for comprehensive conserve biodiversity or maintain sustainable fisheries analysis (an average value) by assuming similar (Fogarty & Botsford, 2007; Wood et al., 2008). The characteristic, resources and fishing pressure. Those optimal design may differ on the MPAs that were locations were selected through an extensive created for biodiversity conservation and fishery discussion with representative key stakeholders management (Botsford et al., 2009; Halpern, 2003), (Prasetyo et al., 2014). This initial information was but they have a common – ensuring the persistence an anecdotal information that stated Bangkudulis of populations. Moreover, in designing MPA the waters were the nursery ground of bombay duck connectivity is both crucial and questionable (Halpern (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Those sampling areas mostly et al., 2006), therefore further study need to be consist of muddy substrate and surrounded by conducted to address it. Ecological and socio- mangrove and nipa forest. This area mainly affected economic aspect is one of major challeges to establish by fresh water supply from upstream, especially during the MPA, especially in the developing countries rainy season (September to January).

Figure 1. Location of research; track of acoustic acquisition.

Figure 2. Theobject of research;Bombayduck (Harpadon nehereus), locally called Nomei or Pepija.

Figure 3. The trawlers (a) and size comparison between dried product of nomei in Bangkudulis waters (yellow dashed line) and Juata Laut waters (red dashed line) (b) (Courtesy of Dahlan 2014).

Data Collection of fish size. SIMRAD EY-60 used for acoustic data acquisition that equipped by GPT and transducer ES A bottom trawl and a hydro-acoustic were used to 120-7C which have frequency by 120 KHz that has collect information on selected track (Figure 4) and been setup to specific value (Table 1). then divided into 7 zones to examine the distribution

Figure 4. Location of research; zone for simplifying the analysis.

Table 1. Parameter of EY-60 during survey

Parameter Value Frequency 120 KHz Pulse Duration 0.512 ms Power transmit 50 watts Sound speed 1,545 m/s Absorption Coef. 38.52 dB/m SV threshold -70 dB TS threshold -100 dB

Moreover, larvae samples were collected by using Data Analysis plankton-net (mesh size 200 ìm) equipped by flowmeter (to estimate filtered volume). The net setup Acoustic analysis was conducted about 5 m above on the stern side of vessel was towed for 5 minutes (2 seabed by setup back step 0.25 m to minimize echo replication). Samples were preserved using 10% of integration from seabed (vonSzalay et al., 2007). It formaldehyde. also considered the research target demersal fishes,

Copyright © 2018, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2018: 31-38 especially Bombay duck. The Elementary Sampling in the Juata Laut waters (about 3.99 km from fisher Distance Unit (ESDU) was 0.1 nm. The relationship settlement in Juata Laut, North Tarakan sub-district) between target strength (TS) and óbs (backscattering and set about 3-5 hauling and made a loop in the cross-section, m2) followed (MacLennan & Simmonds, waters. However, some fishers that excess the fishing 1992) by TS = 10 log óbs. The size composition period started to catch Bombay duck in the showed in target strength (dB) to explain horizontal Bangkudulis waters. This fisher mostly conducted that and vertical distribution in respect of geographical by considering of low catch during fishing season in position. Juata Laut. In fact, they caught small sizes of bombay duck that have low value for middlemen. Moreover, it Sub-samples of larvae were collected in 5 ml of possibly disturbed the recruitment process that will container and place it in a “Bogorov” tray to examine affect next fishing season. The important thing that taxonomic diversity after refiltered using 200 ìm sieve. the proposed sanctuary area is the jurisdiction of Tana Volume sample for macro-plankton-net was multiplied Tidung Regency,therefore the management measures swept area of plankton-net (0.75 x 0.65 = 0.49 m2) should be taken to provincial level. and transect distance ((difference in counts of flowmeter x 26,873)/999,999). Acoustic survey revealed that in zone 1, 2 and 3 of Juata Laut waters, the modes of TS were -76, -77, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and -70 dB, respectively. Moreover, TS value in zone Results 4 was found lower than in Juata Laut’s zones by -83 dB. However, that TS value was higher that the TS in Target Strength Distribution zone inside the Bangkudulis waters (5, 6 and 7) by - 88, -87 and -86 dB, respectively. It also found the The anecdotal information stated that in large schooling of small fishes (-100 to -90 dB) that Bangkudulis waters inhabitant by juvenile fish of were possibly the schooling of juvenile by considering bombay duck. Bangkudulis waters are located in the the TS value (Figure 5). The comparison between the estuarine in the northwest of Tarakan island by about TS in Juata Laut and Bangkudulis waters shows the 26.45 km (16.43 mil). During fishing season, fishers TS mode of Bangkudulis was lower that Juata Laut operated the trawler within 7-10 days. They operated (Figure 6).

Figure 5. The distribution of TS value for Bombay duck in the Bangkudulis (station 4-7) and Juata Laut (station 1-3).

Figure 6. The comparison of TS distribution between inside (Bangkudulis) and outside (Juata Laut) of proposed sanctuary area. Size Frequency Distribution Larvae Distribution

Trawl surveyalso found that in Juata Laut waters Plankton-net sampling also revealed high consist of relatively large size fishes compared to concentration of bombay duck’s larvae in the catches from Bangkudulis waters (Figure 7). Bombay Bangkudulis waters, especially in the northern station duck caught in Juata Laut and Bangkudulis waters (Figure 8). There were 5 stations of 8 stations that ranged from 18-27 cmFL and 11.7-22.5 cmFL, contained bombay duck larvae. The highest respectively. This finding aligned with a result of concentration was found in station 6 (near Tibi Besar acoustic survey found in high concentration of small Island) by 6 individu/ml. size fishes in the Bangkudulis waters.

Figure 7. Size distribution of Bombay duck caught by trawl in Bangkudulis (above) and Juata Laut (Below) water.

Figure 8. The larvae concentration in the Bangkudulis waters. Discussion of critical habitat, such as a nursery and spawning ground are crucial in marine conservation planning The high exploitation rate of this resources which (Dahlgren et al., 2006). indicated over exploitation (Laga, 2015; Nugroho et al., 2015). Nugroho et al. (2015) used Spawning This research examined systematically process Potential Ratio (SPR) to examine the current SPR on establishing MPAfor fisheries sanctuary that focus status of Bombay duck of 28%. It is probably due to on bombay duck fisheries. It started to collect any high fishing pressures to harvest this resource. It available information from community through also suggested to adjust the minimum length at first interview, literate study and focus group discussion capture (Lc) examined from 20.8 cm to 22.0 cm which (Prasetyo et al., 2014) to compromise the multiple could allow sustainable harvesting. social and biological objectives (Christie, 2004). It also acknowledged traditional knowledge of community to By considering the biological characteristics, this attempt scientific activities. This is important and also species has a fast growth rates that a minimum cutting-edge the process as well as build strong population doubling less than 15 months (Fishbase, relationship with community. An ethnobiology is one 2015). Study showed that numbers of effort are of potential approach to strengthen local wisdom using densely operated in relatively narrow fishing grounds scientific method, it will ensure an effective and efficient (Prasetyo et al., 2014). Therefore, a proper fisheries management based on community initiative management measures should be taken into account (Oktaviani et al., 2016). Prescott et al. (2016) found to avoid worse scenario, such as effort reduction, that a strong engagement with fishers has benefit for temporal closure and spatial closure. It will allow the effective monitoring of the resources. It also realized resource to be recover and ensure the long-term the hidden and valuable information from the fishers benefit for the community. Moreover, it also found that to the fisheries that enriched the scientific findings the trawl fisheries (targeting shrimp instead of Bombay and minimize the uncertainty. duck) were only able to harvest about 30% of demersal fishes within swept area which turn out as catchability Bangkudulis waters are a potential nursery ground coefficient (q) (Priatna et al., 2014). So, about 70% of for bombay duck. It implied that, the size of fishes to demersal fishes have a chance to avoid the harvest. the westward became small by examining the TS distribution. This area was firstly identified by There is a rapid growth of studies on spatial closure interviewing the community’s elder and doing analysis planning methods and tools, but it has not been in the serial focus group discussion. The forum agreed relatively well documented in Indonesian waters. to establish fisheries sanctuary as a fisheries Targeting of ecosystem services and consideration of management tool (Prasetyo et al., 2014). A larvae land–sea connections were the emerging global issues survey also determined the similar finding which that need to be taking into account on establishing showed high concentration of bombay duck’s larvae MPA(Álvarez-Romero et al., 2013). The identification in the Bangkudulis waters. By having fisheries

Copyright © 2018, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) Fisheries Sanctuary Planning In Practice: Lesson Learnt……in North Kalimantan Province (Prasetyo, A. P., et al) sanctuary, it probably secures the potential Government Representative, and Port authorities, as recruitment to the fisheries (Álvarez-Romero et al., well as fisher groups. Andhika Prima Prasetyo (APP) 2013; Botsford et al., 2009; Dahlgren et al., 2006; and Asep Priatna (AP) have equal contribution in Fogarty & Botsford, 2007; vonSzalay et al., 2007). It preparing this manuscript. also proved the anecdotal information that stated Bangkudulis waters were the nursery ground of REFERENCES bombay duck. Álvarez-Romero, J. G., Pressey, R. L., Ban, N. C., This finding should be a vital basis to support local Torre-Cosío, J., & Aburto-Oropeza, O. (2013). regulation. Since the proposed sanctuary area was a Marine conservation planning in practice: lessons jurisdiction of Tana Tidung Regency, therefore Tarakan learned from the Gulf of California. Aquatic city does not have authority to manage it. Therefore, Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, a higher authority should take apart which was North 23, 483–505. doi:10.1002/aqc.2334 Kalimantan Province which was previously merged to East Kalimantan Province. Based on proper Botsford, L. W., Brumbaugh, D. R., Grimes, C.B., communication and strong engagement with local Kellner, J.B., Largier, J., O’Farrell, M.R., Ralston, community and government, government established S., Soulanille, E., & Wespestad, V. (2009). 3 regulation products, namely Marine and Fisheries Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the Committee as communication forum for management gap between conventional fisheries management (Mayor Decree No. 523/HK-XI/381/2014), local and marine protected areas. Reviews in Fish regulation established to support conservation of Biology and Fisheries(19), 69–95. doi:10.1007/ bombay duck fisheries i.e. Governor Decree of North s11160-008-9092-z. Kalimantan Province No. 26 in 2014 and Mayor Decree of Tarakan City No. 24 in 2014. It proved the Christie, P. (2004). Marine Protected Areas as importance of regulation to support the effectiveness Biological Successes and Social Failures in of MPA establishment (Mous et al., 2005). Southeast Asia. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 42, 155–164. CONCLUSION Crawford, B., Kasmidi, M., Korompis, F., & Pollnac, It could be stated that the proposed conservation R. B. (2006). Factors Influencing Progress in area of Bangkudulis waters has significant ecological Establishing Community-Based Marine Protected function to ensure the sustainability of bombay duck Areas in Indonesia. Coastal Management, 34(1), population. It considered that high concentration of 39-64. doi:10.1080/08920750500379300 small size fishes in that area showed by acoustic, trawl and larvae survey. This research succeeds to Dahlgren, C. P., Kellison, G. T., Adams, A.J., initiate effort in recognizing local knowledge into Gillanders, B.M., Kendall, M.S., Layman, C.A., empirical information. It also suggests the importance Ley, J.A., Negelkerken, I., & Serafy, J.E. (2006). of local knowledge to engage the community into Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats: conservation action. By doing this, community will Concepts and applications. Marine Ecology have strong bound in conservation measures that were Progress Series, 312, 291-295. doi:10.3354/ developed through participatory communication. meps312291

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