DOI : https://doi.org/10.36378/juatika.v%vi%i.1503 JUATIKA eissn 2656-1727 JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA pissn 2684-785X VOL.3 NO. 2 July 2021 Hal : 52 – 57

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Cocos nucifera L. ORIGIN BONE AND SELAYAR DISTRICT, SELATAN

Kurnia Makmur 1Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, UIN Alauddin Jl. Sultan Alauddin No. 63 Samata-Gowa, , *email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Regency is one of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) producing centers in . C. nucifera from this area is one type of coconut that fills the market spread across several areas in South Sulawesi. Coconut character as a determinant of consumer attractiveness. In addition, the character of a plant can be used as a step in conservation, cultivation, and germplasm efforts. One solution is to characterize the morphology of these plants. This study aims to analyze and determine the morphological characters of C. nucifera from Bone Selayar Islands district. This research was conducted in the mountainous area of and the coastal area of . The coconut plant samples observed were deep type coconut plants (C. nucifera L. var typical). Each area was observed as many as 10 accessions of C. nucifera which were randomly selected in the farmer's. The object of the analysis used a descriptive method based on the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) coconut descriptor manual (International Plant Genetic Resources). The sampling technique was carried out by accidental sampling. Morphological characters C. nucifera observed were tree height, stem diameter, number of fruits, fruit size, and leaf color. The results showed that coconut plants from Bone and the Selayar Islands generally had almost the same morphological characters, the only difference being in the average number of fruits per tree, fruit size, trunk diameter and tree trunk height. Keywords: C. nucifera, Characteristics, Morphology.

produce the first ripe fruit. C. nucifera plant INTRODUCTION age is estimated to reach 80-90 years C. nucifera is a member of the Cocos (Tjitrosoepomo, 1989). This type of genus, Arecaceae family. Has a tree coconut takes many roles in people's lives. habitus, unbranched, rounded trunk, According to Kriswiyanti (2013) of the 11 midrib leaves; fruit, oblong; the color of the coconut cultivars used in religious fruit is green, bright orange, and yellow. ceremonies on the Bali Province is better This plant consists of two varieties, namely most of them are deep type coconuts (C. the deep coconut (C. nucifera L. var nucifera var. typical). typical) and the early coconut (C. nucifera Coconut (C. nucifera) is a strategic L. var Griff). (Chan & Elevitch, 2006). commodity that has social, cultural, and The inner type coconut (C. nucifera L. economic roles in the lives of Indonesian var typical) is generally cross pollinated, people. The benefits of coconut plants lie the tree height is about 15 - 35 m, the not only in the flesh of the fruit which can base of the tree has a bulb (the base of be processed into coconut milk, copra, and the stem looks like swelling), the length of coconut oil, but all parts of the coconut the leaves ranges from 5-7 meters, plant have great benefits. (Lenrawati & generally flowers 7-10 years after planting, Purnamasari, 2020). it takes 12 months after pollination to Copyright © 2021. The authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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The main reason that makes coconut a contain oil content above 61%. (Heliyanto commercial commodity is that all parts of & Tenda, 2010). Morphological the coconut can be used for various characterization of C. nucifera L. var purposes. This plant has high economic typical has never been done in South value (Leterulu et al., 2019). All parts of Sulawesi. This research is the first step to the coconut tree can be used for human find coconut plants that have superior benefit, so this tree is often called the tree characters. The effort taken is to of life. Roots, stems, leaves and fruit can characterize the morphology of several be used for daily human needs. According coconut plants that are popular in the local to research results (Diba et al., 2018) market. The diversity of morphological conducted with literature studies, characteristics of plants is an important interviews, surveys and observations thing to study. because it is a guide to get showed that there were 68 types of important characters that can be used for medicinal herbs used by the The Sultanate conservation, germplasm, and cultivation of Yogyakarta royal family made from purposes (Reed, 2008). There are several coconut. environmental factors that can affect morphological characters including This plant with a million benefits comes climate, temperature, soil type, soil from the coastal areas of tropical Asia and conditions, altitude, and humidity (Sitompul the Pacific. While the center of diversity is & Guritno, 1995). Based on this spread almost all over the world. In description, researchers are interested in general, this plant likes humid tropical identifying the character of coconuts that areas and grows well at an altitude of 100- grow in different areas. The purpose of the 500 m above sea level (Hartawan & study was to determine the morphological Sarjono, 2016). character of the deep coconut plant that Selayar Islands is one part of South grows in the Bone Regency and Selayar Sulawesi which is known as a center for Islands Regency. producing coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). This area is unique because the land is characterized by a undulating earth MATERIALS AND METHODS morphology so that it has many hills, but a. Research Time and Place the eastern part of Selayar Island is directly adjacent to the sea, This research was conducted on March 30–April 10, 2020 in two places, namely: Eleven sub-districts of the Selayar 1) in the mountainous area of Lamuru Islands Regency can produce as much as Village, Tellu Siattinge District, Bone 25,138.99 tons of coconut, with a Regency. 2) in the coastal area of Lalang plantation area of 19,808.00 Ha. (RPI2JM, Bata Village, Buki District, Selayar Islands 2013). Coconuts from plantations are Regency. generally used by the Selayar people for daily needs, traditional ceremonies and for b. Research tools and materials trading (Lenrawati 2020). The materials used in this study were Almost all areas of South Sulawesi 10 accessions belonging to farmers in have coconut plantations. So it can be Lamuru Village, Tellu Siattinge District, assumed that each region has a specific Bone Regency and 10 accessions in diversity of C. nucifera germplasm origin. Lalang Bata Village, Buki District, Selayar (Novarianto & Tempeke, 2007). Islands Regency. It has been found that the superior type The tools used include global of deep type coconut plant is specific for positioning service (GPS), meters, rulers, Gorontalo Province. There are several camera to take pictures of coconut plants, advantages, namely the potential to and stationery. produce >3 tons of Copra ha-1 y-1, and

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c. Research methods Slattinge District, Bone Regency and in The research begins by determining the Lalang Bata Village, Buki District, Selayar research locations based on the ecology Islands Regency, the average results are of the land. Furthermore, each land as presented in table 1. ecology selected plantations intentionally Table 1. Characters observed, average (purposive sampling) and determined two observations of C. nucifera in sample farmers who have coconut Bone District and Selayar Islands plantations (Damayanti et al., 2018). District The sampling method uses the

accidental sampling method (Damayanti et N Observed Kab. Kab. al., 2018) namely random sampling O characters Bone Selayar technique. The plants that were sampled 1 Tree tHeight 8-15 15-20 were seen by the coordinates and altitude meter meter of the place using GPS. Observations 2 Circumference or 20-30 20-40 were made by visiting coconut plantations Diameter of the cm cm owned by farmers in Bone and Selayar rod Islands districts. The sample plants observed were deep coconut plants with a 3 Long 70-100 70-100 production age of 15-25 years. Sheath cm cm

This research is descriptive research. 4 Circumference or (4x5)+ (5x5)+ The data were obtained by looking at the Diameter of the (4x5) (5x5) morphological characteristics of deep fruit coconut plants which include a) Tree trunk height using the method of estimating the Number of fruit 6-10 10-20 length of coconut plants, b) Stem 5 per tree. fruit fruits diameter/circumference, using a meter. It (Average) is calculated by taking the average stem circumference at the base of the stem; c) 6 Leaf Color Dark Dark Green The length of the frond is measured by Green measuring the old frond so that it can be Sandy measured from the base of the frond to (colour : the tip of the frond by using a tape 7 Soil texture Clay faded dark measure; d) Fruit circumference by brown measuring the circumference of ripe fruit ) using a measuring tape; e). The number of Ten accessions of C. nucifera observed fruit per tree is calculated by counting in each area showed similar manually on a coconut tree; g) Leaf color characteristics to the population. This seen with the naked eye on the average research is in line with (Makmur et al., leaf in the area, h). Soil characteristics in 2020) who identified 27 accessions of Bone and Selayar (IPGRI, 2015). basil (Ocimum x africanum Lour.). All of The data obtained from the field the observed O. x africanum accessions were analyzed using a comparison method came from several regions in Indonesia. between coconut plants growing in The analysis was carried out by reviewing mountainous areas (Bone) and coconut morphological characters based on plants growing in coastal areas (Selayar). descriptor guidelines and genetic The results of the analysis are then characters using ISSR (Inter Simple averaged and poured in tabulated form. Sequence Repeat) molecular markers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the analysis built in the dendrogram tree and PCA showed that Based on the results of research that each accession was clustered with other has been carried out on 20 deep coconut accessions from the same region. accessions in Lamuru Village, Tellu

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Cocos nucifera L. var. typical in Bone coconuts. Coconuts from the Selayar shows the character of plant height 8-15 Islands Regency that live near the coast meters, circumference or diameter of the can bear as many as 10-20 fruit per tree. trunk 20-30 cm, the average number of Coconut trees that grow in places close to fruit per tree is 6-10 fruit. In Selayar, the moving water such as on the banks of deep coconut has a plant height of 15-20 rivers, near the coast, generally grow very meters, trunk circumference or diameter well. This is because the moving water 20-40 cm, the average number of fruit per contains a lot of oxygen (O2), which is tree is 10-20 fruit. Morphological character important for root respiration. The soil pH data of C. nucifera var. typical shows that also plays an important role in the growth coconut from the Selayar Islands district of coconut plants (Konan et al., 2008). has superior characters, namely in terms According to (Konan et al., 2008) coconut of the number of fruits per tree, fruit size plants require soil pH 4.5-8.0 (top layer: 0- and stem size. Morphological characters 30), at an effective depth of >50 cm. are the result of the interaction between C. nucifera var typical fruit from Selayar the genotype and the environment in Islands Regency has a larger fruit which a plant grows. The optimal circumference than the coconut from Bone environment will support the optimal Regency. Fruit size is affected by expression of plant genes as well. photosynthetic activity. The low The plantations of C. nucifera var photosynthetic activity of coconut plants in typical from the Selayar Islands Regency the highlands causes low photosynthesis which are used as observation locations and energy for the development of are coastal areas. Coastal areas are coconut fruit (Taiz & Zeiger, 2009). Slow characterized sandy soil. Sandy soil is soil fruit development causes fruit that contains as much as 70% sand. Soil circumference and fruit weight with dominated by sand has many macro pores coconut fibre in the highlands to be so that the water and nutrient storage smaller and lighter than coconuts in the capacity is low. Conditions like this are lowlands and mediumlands. (Hartawan & generally less beneficial for the plants that Sarjono, 2016). Although the fruit grow on them (Henrianto et al., 2019). development of coconut trees in the The water holding capacity and the highlands was slower, usually the weight depth of the soil are important for of seeds or weight of uncoated coconuts maintaining optimum coconut growth. in the highlands was not significantly Sandy soils are usually less fertile than different from the weight of seeds or clayey soils, because sand-dominated uncoated fruit in other areas. This is soils have many macro pores while clay- because the food reserves of coconut dominated soils will have many micro plants in the highlands are mostly stored pores. (Henrianto et al., 2019). The in seeds so that although they are small, storage capacity of water and nutrients in they have a heavy mass. (Hartawan & sandy soil is also very low so it is not Sarjono, 2016). profitable for the plants that grow on it. Each plant has different growing conditions. As in C. nucifera var typical, it prefers a sandy loam texture (Konan et al., 2008). This is in line with this study, namely that coconut plants from the Selayar Islands Regency that grow on sandy land produce more fruit per tree than coconuts grown on bone which grow in plantations with a clay texture. a b

Good drainage conditions can also optimize the growth and production of

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height of ± 30 m (Konan et al., 2008). The ecology of each observation site has its own character. Selayar Islands Regency has a lowland ecology while Bone Regency is a highland regency. A suitable growing environment will produce plants that grow optimally. The temperature of the coastal area is capable of making coconut plants from this area grow well. c d The tropics with an average temperature of 27°C can help coconuts grow optimally Figure 1. a). The population of deep (Konan et al., 2008). coconuts in the Selayar Islands district, b). coconut tree trunks in CONCLUSION Selayar, c) population of deep Based on the research that has been coconuts in bone, d). deep coconut done, it can be concluded that: tree trunk in Bone 1. Cocos nucifera var typical in the Based on the data above, it shows Selayar Islands district has the that the inner coconut growing in Selayar characteristics of higher stem size, has a more fertile impression because the larger stem diameter, larger fruit size, stem appears fatter than the inner coconut and more fruit per tree than C. nucifera in Bone (figure 1). The difference in var typical growing in Bone district. phenotype is influenced by the ecology in 2. Cocos nucifera var typical which grows which it grows (Hartawan & Sarjono, in sandy soil structure has the 2016). The ecology of the place where it characters of longer stem height, larger grows has an impact on the fulfillment of stem diameter, larger fruit size, and light intensity, the highland sky is generally coconut production and fruit production filled with clouds, thereby reducing the which is much higher than C. nucifera intensity of light that will be received by var typical which grows in the plants. The influence of light is not limited mountains with a higher structure Clay. to the intensity of light, but there are more than one factor in light, namely the ACKNOWLEDGMENT wavelength of the light (Konan Thank you, The researchers gratefully et al., 2008). thank students majoring in biology class Plants in the mediumland produce 2018, science and technology at UIN more photosynthesis than plants that grow Alauddin Makassar, who assisted in data in the highlands. Photosynthate is the collection in the field. result of the photosynthesis process of REFERENCE plants in the plains getting good lighting and a pH that supports the plant growth Chan, E., & Elevitch, C. R. (2006). Cocos process. The growth frond length, stem nucifera (Coconut). Spesies Profile for size and number of fruit in each bunch is Pacific Island Agroforestry, 2(1), 301– influenced by the amount of 334. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90- photosynthesis produced. Plants that can 481-8661-7_45 produce a lot of photosynthate then plant Damayanti, R., Siregar, L. A. M., & growth and development of reproductive Hanafiah, D. S. (2018). Karakter cells will be good and if the photosynthate Morfologis dan Hubungan Kekerabatan produced by plants is low then plant Genotipe Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) di growth and reproduction will be hampered Kecamatan Silau Laut Kabupaten (Taiz & Zeiger, 2009). Asahan. Jurnal Agroteknologi FP USU, C. nucifera naturally grows in coastal 6(4), 874–884. areas up to the mountains reaching a Diba, F., Hastuti, D., & Jumari. (2018). Kelapa Sebagai Komponen Bahan

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