1 Profil Deforestasi Di Sulawesi Selatan Dan Sulawesi Barat

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1 Profil Deforestasi Di Sulawesi Selatan Dan Sulawesi Barat Profil Deforestasi di Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Barat Deforestation Profile of Regency Level in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province Azhari Ramadhan 1), Syamsu Rijal.2), Roland, A. Barkey2) 1) Mahasiswa Laboratorium Perencanaan dan Sistem Informasi Kehutanan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, [email protected] 2) Staf Pengajar, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar ABSTRACT Deforestation is a permanent change of forest cover area to permanent non-forest cover area. The area of forests of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi in 2015 covering an area of 2,216,212.98 ha. The conversion of forests to non-forests needs to be known in their respective characteristics per time period so that the deforestation profile of deforestation occurring in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi can be better explained. The period of this research is from 1990-2000, 2000-2010, 2010-2016. This study also relates the existence of forests with the policy of regional autonomy before and until the validity (actual). This study aims to identify the profile of deforestation occurring in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi as well as the usefulness of this research as information in recognizing and controlling deforestation in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi. This study was conducted from early May until the end of September 2017 using land cover data of BPKH wil. VII Makassar for 1990, 2000, 2010, 2016, and administrative data of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces, overlapping as secondary data of this study. The land cover class is divided into 2 coverings, forest area and not forest area. The first is deforestation analysis by looking at reduced forest area, then deforestation profile analysis to identify variables that affect deforestation incidence, and calculation of deforestation rates. The result yielded 13 dominant deforestation profiles of small-lately-low deforestation that occurred in 7 regencies/cities. Deforestation in the Province that needs special attention are Wajo Regency, Mamuju Regency, Bone Regency, Gowa Regency, Selayar Islands District, Maros Regency, Pinrang Regency, Parepare City, Sinjai Regency, Soppeng Regency, Tana Toraja Regency, due to deforestation. Keywords: Profile, Deforestation, Rate of Deforestation PENDAHULUAN Kondisi Hutan di Sulawesi merupakan salah 10%. Deforestasi telah menjadi masalah nasional satu yang memiliki banyak flora dan fauna endemik karena berdampak terhadap kondisi perekonomian yang hidup di dalam hutan Indonesia. Ekosistem nasional, kesejahteraan masyarakat dan menjadi hutan yang baik mampu menyediakan jasa ancaman bagi keanekaragaman hayati yang lingkungan untuk ekosistem yang ada disekitarnya terkandung di dalam hutan (Nawir dan Rumboko, (Turner dkk. 2007). Penurunan fungsi hutan 2008). menjadi ancaman bagi sebuah ekosistem. Deforestasi terjadi karena faktor alami Deforestasi adalah salah satu penyebab turunnya berupa perubahan iklim atau bencana alam atau fungsi hutan. faktor aktivitas/gangguan manusia. Deforestasi Deforestasi merupakan perubahan tutupan yang terjadi akibat peristiwa alam dapat berupa hutan menjadi tutupan bukan hutan yang terjadi kejadian cuaca ekstrim, kekeringan dan kebakaran secara permanen. Definisi deforestasi menurut hutan (Eckert dkk 2015). Perilaku manusia menjadi FAO (2000) adalah konversi hutan menjadi penyebab yang paling berkontribusi terhadap penggunaan lain dengan penutupan tajuk dibawah terjadinya deforestasi dan dapat berkaitan langsung 1 dengan aktor atau pelakunya (Geist dan Lambin, Kejadian deforestasi perlu diketahui 2002). Sunderlin dan Resudarmo (1997) karakteristiknya masing-masing per periode waktu menyatakan bahwa penyebab deforestasi ada tiga sehingga karakteristik (profil) deforestasi yang tingkatan. Penyebab pertama adalah pelaku (actor) terjadi di Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Barat yang merupakan pihak yang melakukan deforestasi dapat dijelaskan dengan lebih baik. Penelitian ini (petani/perambah hutan, HTI atau perusahan HPH bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya deforestasi dan perkebunan). Penyebab yang kedua adalah yang terjadi per periode waktu (1990—2000, penyebab langsung yakni parameter yang 2000—2010, 2010—2016). Penelitian ini juga mempengaruhi keputusan atau perilaku (harga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi profil deforestasi komoditi, aksessibilitas, pasar, perkembangan yang terjadi pada Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan teknologi dan kebudayaan). Penyebab pada Sulawesi Barat. Kegunaan dari penelitian ini yaitu tingkatan ketiga adalah penyebab yang mendasari sebagai informasi dalam mengenali dan (underlaying causes) adalah kekuatan pada tingkat mengendalikan deforestasi di Sulawesi Selatan dan nasional, regional maupun global yang Sulawesi Barat. berpengaruh terhadap penyebab langsung (parameter). Nawir dan Rumboko (2008) juga METODE PENELITIAN menyatakan bahwa deforestasi yang terjadi di Prosedur Penelitian Indonesia disebabkan oleh faktor penyebab Prosedur penelitian ini terdiri dari langsung berupa perambahan kawasan hutan, pengumpulan data tutupan lahan dan data penebangan liar dan kebakaran hutan, selain itu administratif, dan klasifikasi tutupan hutan dan non laju deforestasi juga terjadi karena adanya hutan, Data ini kemudian dimanfaatkan menjadi penyebab tidak langsung yaitu kegagalan data sekunder pada penelitian ini. kebijakan, kegagalan pasar berupa rendahnya 1. Pengumpulan data harga kayu dan persoalan sosial ekonomi dan Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini politik dalam negeri. Penelitian ini melihat tren yaitu data tutupan lahan dan data administrasi terjadinya deforestasi sebelum disahkannya Sulsel-Bar. Data tutupan lahan yang digunakan otonomi daerah hingga saat ini. diperoleh dari Balai Pemantapan Kawasan Hutan Rijal (2016) menyatakan nilai laju Wilayah VII Makassar. Data administrasi diperoleh deforestasi tidak mampu mengambarkan secara melalui website Badan Informasi Geospasial detail proses terjadinya deforestasi. Bahkan, dalam Indonesia. Data tutupan lahan dan administrasi keadaan tertentu, nilai laju deforestasi berpotensi kemudian di overlay sesuai lokasi penelitian. memberikan informasi yang keliru. Diantaranya adalah nilai laju yang rendah tidak semua berarti 2. Analisis Hutan dan Non Hutan per Periode bahwa kondisi hutannya baik. Laju yang rendah Pengamaatan dapat disebabkan oleh rendahnya luas hutan awal Analisi tutupan lahan Kementerian yang tersisa atau kondisi hutan yang telah habis Kehutanan yang terdiri dari 23 kelas tutpan (PIPK, pada peristiwa deforestasi sebelumnya. 2008). Enam kelas tutupan yakni hutan primer, Luas kawasan hutan Provinsi Sulawesi hutan sekunder, hutan rawa primer, hutan rawa Selatan dan Sulawesi Barat (Sulsel-Bar) menurut sekunder, hutan mangrove primer dan hutan Kementerian Kehutanan tahun 2015 yaitu mangrove sekunder digabung menajdi kelas 2.216.212.985 ha. Undang undang 41 tahun 1999 tutupan hutan. Hutan tanaman tidak dimasukkan dalam pasal 18 ayat menyebutkan, bahwa luas dalam klasifikasi hutan, karena diasumsikan tidak kawasan hutan yang harus dipertahankan minimal mengalami perubahan tutupan secara permanen. 30% (tiga puluh persen) dari luas daerah aliran Tutupan lain (17 tutupan lahan) digabungkan sungai dan atau pulau dengan sebaran yang menjadi kelas tutupan bukan hutan (Rijal, 2016) proporsional. Zulkarnaen (2015) menyatakan data tutupan lahan juga diolah untuk menghasilkan pemerintah tidak menempatkan perlindungan hutan data luas hutan awal tiap Kabupaten/Kota tahun sebagai prioritas. Hal itu terlihat dari alih fungsi 1990, 2000, 2010, dan 2016. lahan dan pembalakan liar yang berlangsung selama 10 tahun belakangan. Hutan umumnya berganti menjadi tambang dan perkebunan. 2 luas hutan yang kecil (small), nilai PLH dengan nilai 30 hingga 50% termasuk dalam kategori sedang ANALISIS DATA (medium), dan nilai PLH lebih besar 50% (large). 1. Analisis deforestasi Nilai proporsi kejadian deforestasi (PKD) lebih Analisis deforestasi membutuhkan kalkulasi laju besar pada periode pertama dikategorikan sebagai deforestasi. Analisis laju deforestasi dilakukan kejadian deforestasi yang tinggi pada periode untuk mengetahui laju dan luas deforestasi, yang awal/desentralisasi (early deforestation) (Rijal dkk. dilakukan pada semua periode pengamatan. Luas 2016). Nilai PKD yang tinggi pada akhir periode dan laju deforestasi selama periode pengamatan dikategorikan sebagai kejadian deforestasi periode pada tiap Kabupaten dijelaskan secara deskriptif. akhir/berlakunya desentralisasi (lately Laju deforestasi tahunan dihitung menggunakan formula sebagai berikut (Puvyravaud, 2003): deforestation). Nilai PKD yang tinggi pada kedua 1 퐴 periode dikategorikan sebagai middle deforestation. r = ( ) x ln ( 2) (푡2 − 푡1) 퐴1 Nilai rata-rata laju deforestasi (LD) yang lebih kecil keterangan: 1% dikategorikan sebagai low deforestation, nilai r : Laju deforestasi LD 1% hingga 2% dikategorikan sebagai moderate A1 : Luas tutupan awal akhir pengamatan deforestation, sedangkan LD yang lebih dari 2% A : Luas tutupan akhir periode pengamatan 2 tergolong high deforestation. t1 : Tahun awal periode pengamatan Kombinasi antara proporsi luas hutan awal, t2 : Tahun akhir periode pengamatan kejadian deforestasi dan laju rata-rata deforestasi 2. Analisis Profil Deforestasi membentuk 27 profil deforestasi. Kategorisasi profil Analisiss profil deforestasi dilakukan untuk deforestasi dibangun menggunakan matrik spasio- mengidentifikasi variabel yang berpengaruh temporal deforestasi yang memodifikasi matrik terhadap kejadian deforestasi. Analisis profil skenario sejarah penggunaan
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