The Capabilities Approach As a Foundation for an Ethical-Political Theory of the Good

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The Capabilities Approach As a Foundation for an Ethical-Political Theory of the Good Université de Montréal The Capabilities Approach as a Foundation for an Ethical-Political Theory of the Good par Daniel Kurstak Département de Philosophie, Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Ph.D. en Philosophie Décembre, 2011 © Daniel Kurstak, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-78962-9 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-78962-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : The Capabilities Approach as a Foundation for an Ethical-Political Theory of the Good Présentée par : Daniel Kurstak a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Yvon Gauthier Président-rapporteur Christine Tappolet Directrice de recherche Ryoa Chung Codirectrice Daniel Weinstock Membre du jury Colin Macleod Examinateur externe André Martens Représentant du doyen de la FES i Résumé L’approche des capabilités a été caractérisée par un développement fulgurant au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années. Bien que formulée { l’origine par Amartya Sen, détenteur du Prix Nobel en économie, Martha Nussbaum reprit cette approche dans le but de s’en servir comme fondation pour une théorie éthico-politique intégrale du bien. Cependant, la version de Nussbaum s’avéra particulièrement vulnérable à plusieurs critiques importantes, mettant sérieusement en doute son efficacité globale. À la lumière de ces faits, cette thèse vise { évaluer la pertinence théorique et pratique de l’approche des capabilités de Nussbaum, en examinant trois groupes de critiques particulièrement percutantes formulées à son encontre. Le premier groupe d’objections concerne la nature de l’objet { distribuer par les capabilités et affirme que l’analyse de ce dernier révèle une sous- détermination ainsi que des ambiguïtés. Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous contestons cette allégation en démontrant qu’elle repose sur des difficultés propres aux modes de rédaction de Sen et de Nussbaum, et qu’une reconstruction conceptuelle de l’objet { distribuer par les capabilités peut, en fait, être accomplie avec succès en examinant leurs écrits originaux sur ce sujet. De plus, il est démontré que l’approche par les capabilités fut déjà mise en opération depuis un certain temps, tel qu’illustré par plusieurs discussions { ce sujet apparues au cours de la dernière décennie. Finalement, nous arguons que toute inquiétude résiduelle à cet égard peut être éliminée en adoptant une version standardisée de l’objet des capabilités, basée sur son noyau conceptuel originel, et en éliminant les formulations plus problématiques de Sen et Nussbaum. Le deuxième groupe de critiques concerne la justification morale de l’approche de Nussbaum. Ce dernier remet en question l’efficacité des nombreuses tentatives faites par Nussbaum en vue de justifier sa théorie par la voie de ses ii ‘quatre approches au raisonnement moral’, ainsi que par ses réponses { quatre contre-arguments de nature relativiste formulés contre celle-ci. Contre ces objections, cette thèse démontre que l’usage d’une forme institutionnalisée de la théorie de l’observateur idéal permettrait de formuler un jugement définitif concernant la valeur morale réelle de l’approche de Nussbaum, et que ce jugement serait probablement de nature positive. De surcroit, la prétention des ‘capabilistes’ selon laquelle leur approche est moralement supérieure aux théories rivales resourcistes et welfaristes a été remise en cause. Mais nous démontrons que ces dernières s’avèrent forcées d’incorporer une distribution des capabilités de base dans leurs théories respectives, révélant ainsi la supériorité de l’approche par les capabilités à un niveau fondamental. Le troisième ensemble de critiques s’attarde à la question des relations de pouvoir propres { nos sociétés humaines, argumentant que les ‘capabilistes’ omettent de prendre suffisamment en considération ce phénomène complexe dans leurs formulations quelque peu idéalistes. Contre ce dernier groupe d’objections, cette thèse affirme que la création et le maintien constant d’un triangle fondamental d’informations véridiques, d’individus alertes, et de formes appropriées de protection institutionnelle peuvent être proposés pour remédier à cet important défaut de l’approche par les capabilités. De plus, le fait qu’il soit inévitable et nécessaire de faire face à une multitude de choix difficiles lors de l’implémentation de l’approche de Nussbaum, ainsi que la nécessité et l’existence de régimes libéraux démocratiques appuyés par la communauté internationale en tant que prérequis au bon fonctionnement de cette approche sont également examinés. iii En conclusion, j’affirme que, bien qu’imparfaite, l’approche par les capabilités de Nussbaum ne fait finalement face à aucune objection fatale, et que l’on peut donc défendre et promouvoir son développement. Mots-clés : Sen, Nussbaum, approche par les capabilités, universalisme, pluralisme, relativisme, théorie de justice distributive, théorie de l’observateur idéal, Realpolitik iv Abstract The capabilities approach has seen significant development over the past quarter century, branching out into a variety of fields and directions. Originally developed by Nobel Prize Laureate Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum has sought to extend this approach beyond its mainly instrumental role into a tangible foundation for a full-fledged ethical-political theory of the good. However, this move has attracted a great number of criticisms levelled against Nussbaum’s specific version of the capabilities approach. In this thesis, I identify three main groups of observations under which said criticisms can be classified, and assess their respective strength and tenability. The first group includes various charges of ambiguity and underdetermination befalling the proposed object of distribution by the capabilities approach. I dispute this claim, pointing out that these charges can be traced back to difficulties associated with the respective writing styles of Sen and Nussbaum, and that a successful reconstruction of the capabilities object can in fact be achieved by examining their initial writings dealing with this approach. Also, I point out that a successful operationalization of the capabilities approach already has been achieved for some time now, as attested by numerous discussions that have flourished during the last decade. Furthermore, I argue that any remaining worries can be alleviated by advocating for a standardized account of the capabilities metric, based heavily on its initial conceptual core, and by disregarding some of the more problematic formulations that have initially been made by Sen and Nussbaum. The second group claims that Nussbaum’s attempts to defend her capabilities approach by way of her ‘four approaches to moral reasoning’, together with her treatment of four relativistic counterarguments levelled against it, is both problematic and inadequate. Against these assertions, I advocate for the use of an v institutionalized form of ideal observer theory in order to produce a definitive moral judgment regarding the overall value of her project, and I provide a positive anticipatory response of its likely outcome. Furthermore, capability theorists have also claimed moral preferability over resourcist and welfarist competitors. While I argue that this initial claim is unfounded, this is only in light of the fact that the competition ends up endorsing a form of basic capability distribution as well. The third group claims that capability theorists have paid insufficient attention to the nature of power-relations in our human societies. Against this claim, I advocate for the creation and constant preservation of an underlying
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