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Universidad San Francisco De Quito UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades La televisión educativa como herramienta de aprendizaje: Estudio expositivo de Sesame Street y su aplicación en Latinoamérica María Paz Gortaire Carrera Claudia Tobar, M. Ed., Directora del Trabajo de Titulación Trabajo de Titulación presentado como requisito para la obtención del Título de Licenciada en Educación Quito, mayo de 2014 Universidad San Francisco de Quito Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades HOJA DE APROBACIÓN DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN La televisión educativa como herramienta de aprendizaje: Estudio expositivo de Sesame Street y su aplicación en Latinoamérica. María Paz Gortaire Carrera Claudia Tobar, M. Ed. Directora del Trabajo de Titulación ______________________________________ Karla Diaz, Ph. D. Miembro del Trabajo de Titulación ______________________________________ Ma. Dolores Lasso, M. Ed. Directora del Programa ______________________________________ Carmen Fernández – Salvador, Ph. D. Decana del Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades ______________________________________ Quito, mayo de 2014 © DERECHOS DE AUTOR Por medio del presente documento certifico que he leído la Política de Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito y estoy de acuerdo con su contenido, por lo que los derechos de propiedad intelectual del presente trabajo de investigación quedan sujetos a lo dispuesto en la Política. Asimismo, autorizo a la USFQ para que realice la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de investigación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. Firma: _____________________________________ Nombre: María Paz Gortaire Carrera C. I.: 1717415101 Fecha: Quito, mayo de 2014 5 DEDICATORIA Quiero dedicarles este trabajo a Diosito y a mi familia. A mis papis que han sido el mejor ejemplo de amor y han estado conmigo en cada paso del camino apoyándome y me han dado a mi ñaño que ha cultivado en mí el valor de la responsabilidad, mi ñaña que me ha enseñado a ser mejor cada día y a mi Nicky que con su vida y cariño me ha inspirado para embarcarme en la increíble y única aventura de educar. 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a mis todas mis profesoras y profesores de la USFQ, en especial a Claudia Tobar, Cristina Cortez y Ma. Dolores Lasso por enseñarme la importancia de amar el arte de educar, el verdadero significado de nuestra profesión e inspirarme para dejar mi huella y cariño en cada uno de mis estudiantes. De igual manera agradezco a EDUCA por su buena disposición y aporte a la recopilación de datos para la realización de mi trabajo de titulación. Finalmente a Carlos Peñaherrera por su ayuda, experiencia y colaboración. 7 RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar si la televisión educativa puede ser catalogada como una herramienta útil para el aprendizaje de sus televidentes. Se busca enfocar la atención de los lectores en los estudios que se han realizado alrededor del tema y que ayudan a definir si existen o no beneficios en el uso de este controversial y tan criticado medio de comunicación como un instrumento didáctico en la educación. Desde su aparición la televisión ha causado polémica en la sociedad y en el campo de la psicología y la educación. Han sido muchos los que se han cuestionado sobre los mensajes que transmiten la programación a sus televidentes y su verdadero valor dentro de la sociedad. Teniendo varios estudios sobre los efectos de la televisión como antecedentes y reconocimiento del potencial didáctico e instructivo del medio se crean los programas de televisión educativa. En esta investigación se pretende realizar una diferenciación entre la programación infantil de entretenimiento y la televisión educativa de calidad, al exponer su significado y analizar los principios de uno de los mejores programas de televisión educativa a nivel mundial, Sesame Street. 8 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyze whether or not educational television can be classified as a useful learning tool for its viewers. This paper focuses on studies performed on the subject, to help define the existence or non-existence of benefits in the use of such a controversial and criticized mean of communication as a teaching resource. Since it first appeared, television has caused great controversy in society, namely, in the fields of psychology and education. Many have questioned the actual message transmitted to viewers by some TV programs and their true value to society. Based on several studies on the effects of television, plus the recognition of educational and instructive potential by way of this media, educational television programs have been created. This research attempts to differentiate between regular children entertainment programs and high quality educational television by presenting their significance and by citing Sesame Street, the top televised educational program recognized worldwide. 9 TABLA DE CONTENIDO Resumen ............................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 8 Tablas .................................................................................................................................. 10 Figuras ................................................................................................................................ 11 Introducción al problema ................................................................................................. 12 Antecedentes .................................................................................................................... 13 El problema ..................................................................................................................... 14 Hipótesis .......................................................................................................................... 16 Tema de investigación ..................................................................................................... 17 Contexto y marco teórico ................................................................................................ 17 Definición de términos .................................................................................................... 18 Revisión de la literatura .................................................................................................... 21 Metodología para el proceso de revisión de literatura ..................................................... 21 Formato de la revisión de la literatura ............................................................................. 22 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................................... 54 Análisis del tema de investigación .................................................................................. 54 Propuesta para posibles estudios acerca del tema ........................................................... 58 Resumen del estado actual de la investigación acerca del tema ...................................... 59 Relevancia de este estudio ............................................................................................... 61 Limitaciones en el proceso de revisión de literatura ....................................................... 61 Referencias ......................................................................................................................... 63 10 TABLAS Tabla 1. Distribución de Investigaciones por Década. La Televisión y los Niños ............. 25 Tabla 2. Objetivos para la primera temporada de Sesame Street ....................................... 37 Tabla 3. Elementos básicos para la coproducción Internacional de CTW ......................... 41 Tabla 4. Resultados de las opiniones de los padres de familia ........................................... 44 11 FIGURAS Figura 1. Modelo de producción CTW (Sesame Workshop) ............................................. 33 Figura 2. Sesame Workshop alrededor del mundo ............................................................. 42 Figura 3. Ficha Metodológica 1 de Educa - "Mi Voz Mi Mundo” .................................... 50 Figura 4. Ficha Metodológica 2 de Educa - "Mi Voz Mi Mundo” .................................... 51 Figura 5. Indicador seguimiento en Quito y Guayaquil de Febrero 2014 .......................... 52 12 INTRODUCCIÓN AL PROBLEMA Hoy en día los medios de comunicación se han convertido en una herramienta efectiva para el aprendizaje de niños y niñas (Camps, 2009). Sin embargo la televisión sigue siendo el medio de comunicación más usado y con más impacto alrededor del mundo (Méndez, 2008; Rideout, 2014). Normalmente al hablar de la televisión en la primera palabra que se piensa es entretenimiento (Murray & Wartella, 2007). Es innegable, como Gabelas (2005) comenta en su estudio que “lo audiovisual fascina, impacta. Es imagen, que tiene el poder de lo concreto, inmediato y gratificante […]. En el momento de percibir este estímulo, el sujeto siente la necesidad de implicarse, activando su campo emocional” (p. 142). Esta afirmación hace que se concluya que los estímulos de la televisión que reciben los espectadores los cautiva y produce en ellos cierto aprendizaje (Nigro, 2011). El hecho de considerar al medio televisivo como un aparato válido para la educación
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