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Sesame Street “ Magisterarbeit Titel der Magisterarbeit „Perspektiven für bildungsorientierte Vorschulprogramme im österreichischen Kinderfernsehen anhand des Fallbeispiels Sesame Street “ Verfasserin Evamaria Bauer, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, März 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 841 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuerin: PD Mag. Dr. Gerit Götzenbrucker Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich allen, die mich auf dem Weg zu dieser Magisterarbeit begleitet haben, ein herzliches Dankeschön aussprechen. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinen InterviewpartnerInnen Lisa Annunziata vom „Sesame Workshop“, Thomas C. Brezina, Alexandra Schlögl und Mag. Andreas Vana vom ORF, Dr. Ingrid Geretschlaeger, Univ. Prof. Dr. Ingrid Paus-Hasebrink, Prof. Dr. Mag. Christian Swertz, Dr. Petra Herczeg, Dr. Maria Schwarz-Herda, Mag. Mari Steindl, Mag. Anu Pöyskö und Mag. (FH) Karim Saad für die spannenden Gespräche, Einblicke in ihre Tätigkeitsfelder und ihre fachliche Einschätzung, die diese Magisterarbeit sehr bereichert haben. Weiters bedanke ich mich bei meiner Betreuerin, PD Mag. Dr. Gerit Götzenbrucker, für den Freiraum, mich einer Thematik zu widmen, die mir persönlich sehr am Herzen liegt. Ebenso danke ich meiner Familie, deren Unterstützung und Verständnis es mir ermöglicht haben, mit viel Energie und Freude an der Magisterarbeit zu schreiben. Meiner Mutter, Lidwine Bauer, danke ich für ihre große Geduld, die aufmunternden Worte und den bedingungslosen Einsatz beim Korrekturlesen der Magisterarbeit. Herzlichen Dank möchte ich auch meinem Freund Christian aussprechen – für konstruktive Kritik, Anregungen und Denkanstöße, aber ganz besonders für den liebevollen Rückhalt während der langen Monate des Schreibens. Meiner Kollegin und guten Freundin Barbara Hauck danke ich für den anregenden und mitfühlenden Austausch auf dem herausfordernden Weg zu unseren Magisterarbeiten. Danken möchte ich weiters meinen KollegInnen bei OKTO für ihre Anteilnahme und Hilfsbereitschaft. Insbesondere die konstruktiven Gespräche mit Georg Lindner, haben mir im Zuge des Forschungsprozesses wertvolle Impulse geliefert. I Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung .................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Sesame Street – Pionier des Vorschulfernsehens ........................................................... 7 1.1 Meilensteine einer 40-jährigen Erfolgsgeschichte ..................................................... 7 1.2 Kritik an der Sesame Street ........................................................................................ 9 1.3 Philosophie und Kernauftrag.................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Bildungsziele der Sesame Street ...................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Das Sendungskonzept der Sesame Street ......................................................... 13 1.4 Initiativen und Spezialprojekte................................................................................. 15 1.5 Sesame Street international ...................................................................................... 16 1.6 Forschungsüberblick ................................................................................................ 20 2 Einflüsse gesellschaftlicher Wandlungsprozesse auf kindliche Lebenswelten ......... 25 2.1 Lebenswelt-Konzepte - Begriffsklärung und theoretische Verortung ..................... 25 2.2 (Medien)sozialisation - Annäherungen an die Begrifflichkeit................................. 27 2.3 Sozialisationsinstanzen im Wandel.......................................................................... 29 2.3.1 Die Familie....................................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Kindergarten und die Peer-Group .................................................................... 33 2.3.3 „Medienkindheit“ - Aufwachsen in mediatisierten Gesellschaften ................. 36 2.3.4 Mediatisierte Kindheit im Kontext der Konsum- und Wissensgesellschaft .... 39 2.4 Bildungsungleichheit in Österreich.......................................................................... 41 2.5 Schwerpunkt: Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund.................................................... 43 2.6 Möglichkeiten medialer Integration......................................................................... 47 3 Klein- und Vorschulkinder als Fernsehrezipienten .................................................... 52 3.1 Medienverhalten von Klein- und Vorschulkindern.................................................. 52 3.2 Wie Klein- und Vorschulkinder fernsehen............................................................... 55 3.2.1 Fernsehnutzung und Vorlieben ........................................................................ 55 3.2.2 Nutzungsmotive von Klein- und Vorschulkindern .......................................... 58 3.3 Warum dürfen Vorschulkinder fernsehen? Fernsehkonsum aus der Perspektive der Eltern........................................................ 60 3.4 Fernseherziehungskonzepte ..................................................................................... 62 II 3.5 Gemeinsames Fernsehen von Eltern und Kindern ................................................... 63 3.6 Fernsehnutzung bei Kindern aus sozial benachteiligten Familien........................... 65 3.7 Fernsehnutzung bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund......................................... 68 3.8 Wie gehen Klein- und Vorschulkinder mit Medien um? Entwicklungs- und medienpsychologische Grundlagen.......................................... 70 3.8.1 Entwicklungsaufgaben und –themen ............................................................... 71 3.8.2 Wahrnehmung, Verarbeitung und Verstehen von Fernsehinhalten ................. 73 4 Fernsehen als Bildungsmedium für Vorschulkinder .................................................. 78 4.1 Qualitätsdebatte „Kinderfernsehen“......................................................................... 82 4.2 Kindgerechte Fernsehdramaturgie und Wissensvermittlung ................................... 85 4.3 Interaktivität und Lernerfolg - Möglichkeiten multimedialer Medienformen ......... 87 5 Kinderfernsehen in Österreich ..................................................................................... 89 5.1 Entwicklung des Kinderfernsehens in Österreich.................................................... 89 5.2 Momentaufnahme des Fernsehangebots für Vorschulkinder im ORF..................... 92 5.3 Kritik am gegenwärtigen Programmangebot für Kinder.......................................... 92 5.4 Trends im Vorschulfernsehen .................................................................................. 94 6 Erläuterung der empirischen Vorgehensweise ............................................................ 96 6.1 Forschungsfragen ..................................................................................................... 96 6.2 Methodik .................................................................................................................. 97 6.3 Auswertung der Experteninterviews mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ................. 99 7 Diskussion der Forschungsergebnisse ........................................................................ 101 8 Resümee und Ausblick ................................................................................................. 125 9 Literaturverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... 135 10 Anhang .......................................................................................................................... 146 Abbildungsverzeichnis 1. Kulturtheoretisches Modell n. Bachmair (2008).................................................................... 3 2. Das Sesame Workshop Modell............................................................................................. 12 1 Einleitung „At its best, educational television can provide children with enormous opportunities. Educational television can serve as a window to new experiences, enrich academic knowledge, enhance attitudes and motivation, and nurture social skills.” (Fisch 2004:1). Problemstellung Im Rahmen dieser Magisterarbeit sollen Perspektiven eines österreichischen Bildungsfernsehprogramms 1 für Kinder im Vorschulalter nach dem Vorbild der renommierten US-Serie Sesame Street diskutiert werden. Bildungsorientiertes Vorschulfernsehen hat sowohl international als auch auf dem deutschsprachigen Kinderfernsehmarkt eine jahrzehntelange Tradition. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass auch Angebote des Kinderfernsehens heute vorwiegend unter strategisch-ökonomischen Kriterien betrachtet und beurteilt werden, gewinnt die Frage nach Notwendigkeit, Sinn und Bedeutung von qualitätsvollen Kinderprogrammen mit pädagogischem Wert erheblich an Brisanz. So stellt Hans Dieter Erlinger (1998:5) bereits Ende der 90er ernüchtert fest: „ Entscheidend ist nicht, welche Programme Kinder ‚brauchen’, entscheidend für Bestand und Entwicklung des Kinderprogramms sind die (…) ermittelten Zuschauerzahlen. “ Nichtsdestotrotz sind Programme mit Lernorientierung wie bspw. Die Sendung mit der Maus , Löwenzahn oder auch die Sesamstraße beim jungen Publikum und ihren Familien ausgesprochen beliebt. In diesem Sinne ist es Anliegen der Magisterarbeit,
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