INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

• SUBJECT CODE : 18MPA44E • PREPARED BY : DR.P.MAGUDAPATHY Asst. Professor • DEPARTMENT : PG & Research Department Of Public Administration • CONTACT NO. : 9994672379 • E-MAIL : [email protected]

The content is prepared according to the text book and reference book given in the syllabus. INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Year Subject Title Sem. Sub Code

2018 -19 Indian Parliamentary System IV 18MPA44E Onwards

UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION Legislature: Meaning, Importance and kinds-Functions of the Legislature: Law Making and Non- Law making function. UNIT – II: STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN PARLIAMENT Evolution of the Indian Parliament- LokSabha: Its structure, composition and powers – RajyaSabha: Its structure, composition and powers- and his role. UNIT – III: FUNCTIONING OF THE INDIAN PARLIAMENT Opening of the parliament-Session by the President-Sessions of the parliament: Budget Session, Monsoon session and Winter session-Question hour: Zero hour- Types of Questions-Unstarred questions, short notice questions, questions by private members- Motions: its kinds: motion, Call attention motion, Cut Motions-No confidence motion, Resolution. UNIT – IV: OFFICERS OF THE PARLIAMENT Chairman and Deputy chairman of LokSabha -RajyaSabha-Their Powers and Functions- Parliament Secretariat: LokSabha Secretariat: Its Structure and Functions- RajyaSabha Secretariat and its Structure and Functions. UNIT – V: PARLIAMENT PROCEDURE Procedures during the presentation of the Budget- Procedures during the making of the Bill- Parliamentary : Joint Parliamentary - Adhoc Committees-Standing Committees- Other Committees- Parliamentary forums: Objectives of the Forum- Parliamentary Groups: Their composition and functions. Reference Books

1. ArunShourie,The Parliamentary System In India,Rupa,Newdelhi,2007.

2. Shukla.V.N. Constitution Of India,Eastern Book Company,Lucknow,2013.

3. Basu.D.D.Introduction To The Constitution Of India, Lexis Nexis, Publishing House,

INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Degree: II M.A. SUB.CODE: 18MPA44E

Semester: IV

UNIT-III

Indian Parliament – Functions of Indian Parliament

The legislative powers of the federal government lie within the . Thus, the laws that are framed by the parliament of India are enforced throughout the country. In India, the parliament is divided into two categories, and . Thus, the functions of Indian parliament depend on the various power given by the government. So, the laws made by the parliament are executed by both the houses.

Functions of Indian Parliament

The functions of parliament are divided based on the powers it has. These are

• Executive powers

• Legislative powers

• Constituent powers

• Judicial powers • Financial powers

• Electoral powers

• Executive powers

The executive is responsible for the acts and policies of the parliament. This enacted by the parliament form of the government. Thus, there are various measures that the parliament uses to control.

These are questioned hour, committees, zero hours, etc. Furthermore, ministers are also collectively responsible for the measures taken in the parliament

Members of Parliament India Rajya Sabha

The maximum allowed capacity of Rajya Sabha is 250. 238 members are elected by the State and 12 members are nominated by the President for their contribution in the fields of art, literature, science and social services. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of the total Rajya Sabha members retire every second year, and are replaced by the newly elected members. Each member in Rajya Sabha is elected for a term of six years. Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha or the lower house of Parliament is composed of representatives of people that chosen after the direct election on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage. The maximum strength of Lok Sabha members is 552 members – 530 members to represent the States, 20 members to represent the Union Territories, and 2 members to be nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian Community. The current strength of Lok Sabha is 545. Members of Lok Sabha hold their seat for 5 years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. Functions of Parliament of India

The functions of the Parliament can be classified under several categories like Legislative Functions, Executive Functions, Financial Functions, etc.

Legislative Functions

1. Parliament legislates on all matters that are mentioned in the Union and the Concurrent List. 2. In case of the Concurrent List, where the state legislatures and the Parliament have joint jurisdiction, the union law will prevail over the states unless the state law had received the earlier presidential assent. However, Parliament can any time, make a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing a law made by a state legislature. 3. The Parliament can even pass laws on items in the State List under the following circumstances:

• If an emergency has been placed, or any state is placed under Presidential Rule, then Parliament can enact laws on items in the State List as well.

• Parliament can make laws on items in the State List if the upper house of parliament passes a resolution by a two-third of its present members and voting, which is necessary for the Parliament to make laws on any item enumerated in the State List, in the national interest.

• Parliament can pass laws on the State List items if it is required for the implementation of international agreements or treaties with foreign powers. • If the legislatures of two or more states pass a resolution to the effect that it is desirable to have a parliamentary law on any item listed in the State List, then Parliament can make laws for those states.

Executive Functions (Control over the Executive)

In the parliamentary form of government, the executive is responsible to the legislature. Therefore, the Parliament exercises control over the executive by several measures.

1. By a vote of no-confidence, Parliament can remove the Cabinet (executive) out of power. It can also reject a budget or any other bill proposal that has been presented by the Cabinet. 2. Members of Parliament can ask questions to the ministers on their ommissions and commissions. Any kind of lapse on the part of the government can be exposed in the Parliament. 3. Parliament appoints a Committee on Ministerial Assurances that look after the promises made by the ministers to the Parliament are fulfilled or not. 4. Censure Motion: A censure motion is moved by the members of the opposition party in the House to strongly disapprove any policy of the government. It can be moved only in the Lok Sabha. Immediately after a censure motion is passed, the government has to seek the confidence of the House. Unlike in the case of the no- confidence motion, the Council of Ministers need not resign if the censure motion is passed. 5. Cut Motion: This motion is used to oppose any demand in the financial bill that has been brought by the government.

Financial Functions

Parliament has the ultimate authority when it comes to finances. The Executives cannot spend a single pie without the approval from the parliament.

1. The Union Budget that is prepared by the Cabinet is submitted for approval by the Parliament. All proposals to impose taxes must also be approved by the Parliament. 2. There are two standing committees (Public Accounts Committee and Estimates Committee) of the Parliament that keeps a check on how the money granted has been spent to it by the legislature.

Amending Powers

The Parliament has the power to the Constitution of India. Both the Houses of the Parliament have equal powers Amendments will have to be passed in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha for them to be effective.

Electoral Functions

The Parliament also takes part in the election of the President and the Vice President. The electoral that elects the President comprises of, among others, the elected members of both Houses. The President can be removed by a resolution passed by the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

• Judicial Functions In case of breach of privilege by members of the House, the Parliament has the powers to punish them. A breach of privilege is an infringement of any of the privileges enjoyed by the MPs.

1. A privilege motion is moved by a member when he/she feels a member/minister has committed a breach of privilege of the House. 2. The power of the Parliament to punish its members is usually not a subject to judicial review. 3. Other judicial functions of the Parliament include the power to the President, the Vice President, the judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts, Auditor-General, etc. Sessions of Parliament A parliament session of the Indian Parliament is the period during which a House meets almost every day to manage the country. There are generally 3 sessions in a year. The process of calling all members of Parliament for parliament session is called Summoning of Parliament. President is the one who summons the Parliament. 1. Budget session of Parliament (February to May) 2. Monsoon session of Parliament (July to September) 3. Winter session of Parliament (November to December) Parliament Budget Session 1. The budget session of Parliament is held from February to May. 2. Since 2017, the Union Budget is being presented on the first of February, every year. Before that, it used to be presented on the last day of February. 3. All the members discuss the various provisions of the budget and matters concerning taxation after the Finance Minister presents the budget. 4. The budget session is mostly split into two periods with a gap of one month between them. 5. The session starts with the President’s Address to both Houses.

Parliament Monsoon Session 1. The monsoon session of parliament is held from July to September every year. 2. It starts after a break of two months after the budget session. 3. Matters of public interest are discussed.

Parliament Winter Session

1. The winter session of Parliament is held from mid-November to mid-December.

2. It is the shortest session of all the three sessions

3. The Session takes up the matters that could not be considered earlier and makes up for the absence of legislative business during the second session of the Parliament.

Sessions of Parliament

A session of the Indian Parliament is the period during which a House meets almost every day uninterruptedly to manage the business. There are typically three sessions in a year. A session contains many meetings.

The process of calling all members of the Parliament to meet is called Summoning of Parliament. It is the President who summons Parliament.

In general, the sessions are as follows: • Budget session (February to May)

• Monsoon session (July to September)

• Winter session (November to December)

Budget Session

• The budget session was usually held from February to May every year.

• It is considered to be a highly crucial session of the Parliament.

• The Budget is usually presented on the last working day of the month of February.

• Here, the members discuss the various provisions of the budget and matters concerning taxation, after the Finance Minister presents the budget.

• The budget session is generally split into two periods with a gap of one month between them.

• This session every year starts with the President’s Address to both Houses.

Monsoon Session

• The monsoon session is held in July to September every year.

• This is after a break of two months after the budget session.

• In this session, matters of public interest are discussed.

Winter Session

• The winter session of Parliament is held in mid-November to mid-December every year.

• It is the shortest session of all. It takes up the matters that could not be considered upon earlier and makes up for the absence of legislative business during the second session of the Parliament

QUESTION HOUR Question Hour is the first hour of a sitting session of India's Lok Sabha devoted to questions that Members of Parliament raise about any aspect of administrative activity. The concerned Minister is obliged to answer to the Parliament, either orally or in writing, depending on the type of question raised. Questions are one of the ways Parliament can hold the Executive accountable.

ZERO HOUR:

Zero Hour is the time when Members of Parliament (MPs) can raise Issues of Urgent Public Importance. For raising matters during the Zero Hour, MPs must give the notice before 10 am to the / Chairman on the day of the sitting. The notice must state the subject they wish to raise in the House. However, Speaker, Lok Sabha / Chairman, Rajya Sabha may allow or decline a Member to raise a matter of importance. ‘Zero Hour’ is not mentioned in the Rules of Procedure. Thus, it is an informal device available to MPs to raise matters without any notice 10 days in advance. This is because, generally, the matters are of public importance and such matters cannot wait for 10 days.

Half an hour Discussion Members have a right to get information from the Government on any matter of public concern by means of questions to Ministers. When a member feels that the answer given to a question, Starred or Un starred or Short Notice, is not complete or does not give the desired information or needs elucidation on a matter of fact, he may be allowed by the Speaker to raise a discussion in the House for half an hour. The procedure is, therefore, termed as ‘Half-an-Hour Discussion’.

Motions in India Parliament (Six Motions)

Classification of motions

There are different types of motions. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR) divides motions into five classes:[11]

1. Main motions, those that bring business before the assembly when no other motion is pending. This is the most common type of motion.

2. Subsidiary motions, which affect the main motion being considered.

3. Privileged motions, which are urgent matters that must be dealt with immediately, even if they interrupt pending business.

4. Incidental motions, which relate in different ways to the business at hand.

5. Motions that bring a matter again before the assembly. Classes 2, 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as "secondary motions".The Standard Code of treats the fifth class as a type of main motion, under the title "Restorative Main Motions".

Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure has a similar classification of motions. The United States Senate and House of Representatives have their own specialized motions as provided in the Standing Rules of the United States Senate and the procedures of the United States House of Representatives, respectively. Parliaments also have their own specialized motions.

In Parliament of India we have broadly three categories of motion:-

1) Substantive Motion

2) Substitute Motion 3) Subsidiary Motion- it is further classified into ancillary motion, supersiding motion and amendment.

Main motion

A main motion is a motion that brings business before the assembly. Main motions are made while no other motion is pending. Any of the subsidiary, incidental and privileged motions may be made while the main motion is pending, and in many cases these motions, if passed, will affect the assembly's consideration of the main motion.

When greater formality is desired, the main motion may be made in the form of a resolution, which is always submitted in writing. A preamble containing several paragraphs explaining background information or justification for the proposed action is often included, but is not required. Normally, this is a motion that introduces a substantive question as a new subject, in which case it is also called an original main motion. Otherwise, it is an incidental main motion, examples of which are the motions to adopt recommendations of a committee, to ratify action previously taken without a , to rescind an action previously taken, or to adjourn or while no main motion is pending. Unlike original main motions, incidental main motions cannot have an objection to the consideration of the question applied to them.

Subsidiary motion

A subsidiary motion is a type of motion by which a deals directly with a main motion prior to (or instead of) voting on the main motion itself.[12] Each subsidiary motion ranks higher than the main motion and lower than the privileged motions, and also yields to applicable incidental motions. Some of the subsidiary motions may also be applied to certain other subsidiary motions, incidental motions and privileged motions.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised recognizes seven subsidiary motions. Ranked lowest to highest in order of precedence, they are the motions to: —to end consideration of the main motion for the balance of that session, without a direct vote on the main motion.

1. Amend—to change the main motion. (May also be applied to certain other motions). 2. Commit or Refer—to send the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to a committee for consideration. 3. Postpone to a certain time (or Postpone Definitely, or Postpone) -- to delay consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions. 4. Limit or extend limits of debate—to change limitations on number or length of speeches from those previously adopted. 5. —to close debate, preclude any further amendments and vote immediately. (May apply to any motion or pending series of motions.) 6. Lay on the Table—to suspend consideration of the main motion and any pending subsidiary motions to allow for immediate consideration of more urgent business.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure differs as follows:

• The motion to Postpone Indefinitely is omitted. The motion to Table (or Postpone Temporarily) is used instead. The motion for the Previous Question is instead called the motion to Close Debate . Privileged motion

A privileged motion is a motion that is granted precedence over ordinary business because it concerns matters of great importance or urgency. Such motions are not debatable, although in case of questions of privilege, the chair may feel the need to elicit relevant facts from members.

According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the privileged motions are, in order of precedence: Fix the time to which to adjourn, if another question is pending.

1. Adjourn, but not if qualified or if adjournment would dissolve the assembly. 2. Take a recess, if another question is pending. 3. Raise a question of privilege 4. Call for orders of the day

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure omits Fix the time to which to adjourn, instead providing that the motion to adjourn may be amended with regard to the time to which to adjourn. This book also omits Call for orders of the day, on the grounds that any member may raise a if the scheduled order of business is not being followed.

CALLING ATTENTION MOTION :

It is introduced in the Parliament by a member to call the attention of a minister to a matter of urgent public importance, and to seek an authoritative statement from him on that matter. Like the zero hour, it is also an Indian innovation in the parliamentary procedure and has been in existence since 1954. However, unlike the zero hour, it is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.

ADJOURNMENT MOTION :

When there is an urgent matter of public importance then a member may propose that the business of the house be adjourned for discussing that matter. This motion can be moved only with the consent of the Speaker. Generally such motions are discussed in the afternoon at 4.00 p.m.

Incidental motion An incidental motion is a motion that relates in varying ways to the main motion and other parliamentary motions.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised lists the following incidental motions: the decision of the chair, consideration by paragraph or seriatim, , division of the assembly, motions relating to , motions relating to methods of voting and the polls, objection to the consideration of a question, point of order, request to be excused from a duty, suspend the rules, and the (parliamentary inquiry, request for information, request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, request to read papers, and request for any other privilege). Most incidental motions are un-debatable.

Unlike the privileged and subsidiary motions, incidental motions have no order of precedence among themselves. They take precedence over any pending question out of which they arise. Some incidental motions are only legitimately incidental at certain times or under certain conditions. For instance, the objection to the consideration of a question can only be raised before there has been any debate.

Motions that bring a question again before the assembly

Motions that bring a question again before the assembly are types of motions that are used to consider again a question that was previously disposed of.

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised groups four motions under the classification name of "Motions that bring a question again before the assembly", because by their adoption or by their introduction, they serve the function described by the name of the class: Take from the table, Rescind or amend something previously adopted, Discharge a committee, and Reconsider. Except for the motion to Reconsider, these motions are main motions and can only be made when no business is pending.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure classifies five "bring back" motions under the classification of main motions but lists them under the title of "Restorative Main Motions": Amend a previous action, Ratify, Reconsider, Rescind, and Resume Consideration. This book treats the motion to rescind and the motion to amend something previously adopted as two distinct motion forms under the "Restorative Main Motions" title. Also, the motion to discharge a committee is not used in this book because it allows a motion previously referred to committee to be withdrawn from the committee by the assembly. The motion to ratify is also included in this group.

Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure uses the term, "restoratory", for a group of six motions that restored or brought a question back before the assembly:[37] Expunge, Ratify, Rescind, Reconsider, Reconsider and Enter, and Take from the table. These "restoratory" motions are quasi-main motions that restore the status quo of a question; that is, they bring a question back to its original status—as it was prior to the last vote on it.[38]

Rules on use

Generally only one motion can be considered at a time. There is a precedence, or ranking of the motions, when multiple motions are made.[39] Each type of motion exists for a specific purpose. However, motions have been used beyond their stated purpose. Motions should not be made for dilatory or improper uses.

Strategic use of motions

Motions can accomplish results beyond their stated and obvious purpose. An example in Robert's Rules of Order is using the motion to postpone indefinitely in order to enable members who have exhausted their right of debate on the main question an opportunity to speak further and to test the strength of opposition to the question, since straw polls are not in order.[40][41] Another example of strategic use of motions is moving to reconsider in order to "clinch" a decision on the primary motion and prevent its reconsideration later, since a failed motion to reconsider cannot be reconsidered without .[42] Since it is not possible to amend an amendment to an amendment, a member desiring to prevent amendments to his proposed language can do so by including it in a secondary amendment.[43]

Another parliamentary maneuver, which has been used in the United States Senate, is the so-called "nuclear option" in which a majority sidesteps the two-thirds vote requirement to suspend the rules by raising a point of order in favor of their favored interpretation of the rules, followed by an appeal in which the interpretation is then imposed by a majority vote.[44][45]

Dilatory tactics and motions

Dilatory tactics or motions are those tactics used to delay or obstruct business, annoy the deliberative assembly, or, in legislative procedure, to delay consideration of a subject. Unlike using motions for strategic purposes, using them for dilatory purposes is not allowed. Reasonableness is often used as a criterion in deciding whether a motion is dilatory. Some types of motions are suitable only for specific circumstances, and their use is otherwise absurd and dilatory.

For instance, a motion to refer (commit) a resolution to a committee is dilatory if its object would be defeated by the delay in taking action.[46] A motion to appeal the ruling of the chair is dilatory if there cannot possibly be two reasonable opinions about the ruling.[47] Likewise, a motion for a division of the assembly is dilatory if the results of the are already clear to any reasonable person.[48] The repetitive use of privileged motions can also be dilatory, such as repeatedly moving to adjourn when it has been voted down and nothing indicates that the assembly wants to end the meeting.[49]

A presiding officer has a duty to protect the assembly from the abuse of parliamentary processes for dilatory purposes.[50] The chair can rule the motions out of order or refuse to recognize the member, but the maker of the motion should be given the benefit of the doubt.[50]

In legislative bodies, dilatory motions can take the form of demanding quorum calls and votes at every opportunity. Another dilatory tactic is for members to not answer when their name is called during the quorum roll call. The problem of dilatory tactics in such bodies dates back to the beginnings of parliamentary procedure in England and the United States. Jefferson's Manual, for instance, only requires the Speaker to direct a bill to be read upon the desire of any member "if the request is really for information and not for delay."[51] In the US Senate, there are no formal rules against dilatory tactics except under .[52] Between 1831 and 1900, dilatory votes to adjourn composed more than 10 percent of all Senate votes, and successfully delayed recognition of Louisiana's Reconstruction government until 1868.[53] According to Sarah Binder, in the 46th , motions to adjourn consumed 23 percent of all votes.[54] Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed famously took countermeasures against dilatory tactics, such as ruling dilatory motions out of order, and was sustained by the house. Some legislatures impose quotas on dilatory motions. For instance, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly imposes a maximum of one motion to , one motion to refer to a committee, and one reasoned amendment per reading.[55] The Rules of the U.S. Congress as revised in 1911 declare that no dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker. The term "dilatory motion" does not always refer to an ill-intentioned motion. In Canada, "dilatory" motions refer to those "designed to dispose of the original question before the House either for the time being or permanently," and includes, for instance, motions to proceed to the orders of the day; postpone definitely; adjourn; and so on.[24] Jeremy Bentham held that such types of dilatory motions are useful, stating, "Precipitation may arise from two causes: from ignorance, when a judgment is formed without the collection of all the information required—from passion, when there is not the necessary calm for considering the question in all its aspects."[56]

Renewal of motions Renewal of a motion is the act of bringing up again a motion that has already been disposed of by the deliberative assembly. Generally, the assembly cannot be asked to decide the same question, or substantially the same question, as one it has already decided upon in the same session.

The underlying principle behind the non-renewal of a motion dates back to at least April 2, 1607, when the House of Commons adopted a rule "That a question being once made, and carried in the affirmative or negative, cannot be questioned again, but must stand as a judgement of the House".[57] Over the past 400 years, various rules have evolved by precedent to allow and manage renewal of motions under specific circumstances.

Renewal of motions is closely tied to the parliamentary concept of "session". Sessions in ordinary societies usually consist of one meeting, but legislative sessions can continue for months or years. A motion that has been rejected (voted down) in one session, cannot be easily brought up again in that session, but can be renewed in following sessions as a new motion. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised provides exceptions to non-renewal through the motions to Reconsider, Rescind, or Amend Something Previously Adopted.

In the British House of Commons, a motion or an amendment which is the same, in substance, as a question which has been decided during a session may not be renewed again in that same session.[58] Such substantive motions can be renewed in succeeding sessions as new motions. Reversals of earlier decisions can be done by of a Standing Order, Annulment, or Rescission. The repeal of a standing order is normally made as part of an order creating a new standard order. An annulment is used to declare proceedings to be null and void because of some form of irregularity in procedure. Renewals in the form of a rescission of a resolution made in earlier sessions is not prohibited by the practice of the House of Commons, but is seldom done. Technically it is regarded as a new question: the form being to read the previous resolution of the House and to move that it be rescinded. This power of rescission has been used sparingly and then only in the case of substantive motions. The reasons why open rescission is so rare is that the House instinctively realizes that parliamentary government requires the majority to abide by a decision regularly come to, however unexpected, and that it is unfair to resort to methods, whether direct or indirect, to reverse such a decision. Essentially this is a safeguard for the rights of the minority.

Question Hour, is usually the first hour of every sitting of the house. Usually, members ask questions and ministers’ answer. There are three kinds of questions viz. starred questions, un-starred questions and short notice questions.

• A starred question is distinguished by an asterisk and needs an oral answer. Since the answer is oral, supplementary questions might follow a starred question. • An un-starred question requires written answer. Since the answer is given in written, there cannot be supplementary questions that follow an un-stared question

• A question relating to a matter of public importance of an urgent character asked with notice shorter than ten days is called a “Short Notice Question” Short Notice questions are generally answered orally.

Types of question

There are four types of question—Starred, non-starred, short notice question and questions to private members.

1) Starred Questions are those for which an oral answer is expected. The member is allowed to as after the reply is obtained from the Minister concerned. Answer to such question may be followed by supplementary questions by member.

These questions are printed in green colour and are marked with asterisk sign '*', in order to distinguish from other questions.

2) Non-starred questions are those for which a written reply is expected. After the reply has been provided, no supplementary question can be asked. A notice period is to be given to the minister to reply to a question.

These questions are printed in white colour and not more than 230 questions can be listed for a day in lok sabha.

3)Short notice questions are those which are asked on matters of urgent public importance and thus, can be asked on a shorter notice i.e. less than 10 days. These questions can be answered orally and supplementary questions can be asked.

These questions are printed in light pink colour. 4) Questions to private members are those which are asked to members who are not ministers. These questions are related to private member bill, parliamentary committees, private member resolutions.

These questions are printed in Yellow colour.

However, if a Member seeks to ask a question urgently and cannot wait for the duration of the notice period, then the member can do so provided it is accepted by the Speaker. Such questions are called supplementary questions.