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Bodenrecht Und Bodenordnung Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Abt. 4250 / Division 4250 STUDY FOR THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES: LAND TENURE IN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION STUDIE ZUM ORIENTIERUNGSRAHMEN: BODENRECHT UND BODENORDNUNG Autor / Author: Girma Tolossa Zegeye Asfaw Titel / Title: Land Tenure Structure and Development in Ethiopia: A Case Study of 10 Peasant Associations in Wara Jarso Woreda Region: Ethiopia Jahr / Year: 1995 Study of the Sector Project: Studie des Sektorprojekts: “The Importance of „Die Bedeutung von Bodenrecht Land Tenure in und Bodenordnung in Development Cooperation” Entwicklungsländern“ Contents 1. Summary................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 The State of the Law ................................................................................ 5 1.3 Oromia specific Land Tenure Issues........................................................ 6 1.4 Recommendations ................................................................................... 9 1.5 Some Issues for Policy Dialogue ........................................................... 10 1.6 Role of Donors ....................................................................................... 10 2. Objective.............................................................................................................. 11 3. Assessment of National Laws Regarding Tenure Structure........................... 11 3.1 Overview of tenure development............................................................ 11 3.1.1 Land Policy...................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Tenancy relationships and land re-redistribution............................. 13 3.1.3 Urban Land Markets ....................................................................... 14 3.2 The Role of Institutions at Policy Level.................................................. 15 3.2.1 Visions of Major Institutions and Donors on Land Tenure Policy ................................................................................................... 15 3.2.2 Steps to be Planned to Operationalize Existing Laws ..................... 16 4. Land Tenure Regulations and Experiences in Oromia.................................... 18 4.1 Debates for policy changes during Derge period................................... 18 4.2 Oromia specific perspectives for tenure changes .................................. 20 4.3 Institutions and their mandate................................................................ 22 4.4 Perceptions on land tenure at zonal and woreda level .......................... 23 5. Land Tenure and related Issues in ten Peasant Associations of Wara Jarso Woreda.................................................................................................... 24 5.1 Background of the Study Area ............................................................... 24 5.1.1 Geographical Location .................................................................... 24 5.1.2 Physical Environment...................................................................... 25 5.1.3 Demographically Characteristic of the study area........................... 27 5.1.4 The Literacy .................................................................................... 27 5.1.5 Age & Sex Composition .................................................................. 27 5.1.6 Literacy Levels ................................................................................ 28 5.1.7 Households ..................................................................................... 28 5.1.8 Agriculture....................................................................................... 29 5.1.9 Crop Production .............................................................................. 30 5.1.10 Livestock Production ..................................................................... 30 5.2 Land Tenure Structure and its Historical Development.......................... 31 5.2.1 The Emperor's period...................................................................... 32 5.2.2 Derg and post Derg period.............................................................. 32 5.2.3 Informal tenancy arrangement........................................................ 35 5.2.4 Land redistribution........................................................................... 36 5.2.5 Beneficiaries of the land reform programme ................................... 36 5.3 The perception of "landless" persons .................................................... 36 5.3.1 Peasant farmers of Dugda Dera peasant association..................... 37 5.3.2 Perceptions of some selected individual farmers ............................ 38 5.4 Investments and farmers' perceptions.................................................... 40 5.4.1 Terracing......................................................................................... 41 5.4.2 Flood diversion structures............................................................... 41 5.4.3 Tree planting and protection of wood lands .................................... 41 5.5 Conflict scenarios and procedures for resolving them ........................... 43 5.6 Perceptions of Project officials and extension workers .......................... 44 5.7 Role and mandate of local administration and institutions..................... 46 5.8 Institutional strengthening and the role of donors in land tenure development. ......................................................................................... 46 6. Recommendations at Federal and State Levels (including lower levels organs) ................................................................................................... 48 6.1 Ownership of rural land.......................................................................... 48 6.2 User right................................................................................................ 48 6.3 Security of tenure................................................................................... 49 6.4 Competencies of the Federal Government and State Councils ............. 51 7. Recommendations at the Project Level............................................................ 52 7.1 Constraints to investments..................................................................... 52 7.2 Common property management............................................................. 52 8. Some Issues for Policy Dialogue....................................................................... 52 9. The Role of Donors............................................................................................. 53 Z. Asfaw & G. Tolossa: Land Tenure Structure and Development in Ethiopia: A Case Study of 10 Peasant Associations in Wara Jarso Woreda 1. Summary 1.1 Introduction This is a summary report of a study on land tenure structure and development in Ethiopia with special reference to ten peasant associations of Wara Jarso Woreda (north Oromia). The thrust of the study was on the assessment of national and regional laws as they impact on land tenure structure for sustainable resource management. In addition, the study was structured to solicit perceptions of officials of the Oromo Council at different levels of administrative hierarchies and of peasant farmers in the ten peasant associations. The country has been grappling with issues of land reform for almost a period of fifty years starting from the period of Emperor Haile Selassie. This national effort culminated in a land reform law of 1975 which was issued by the military government that has assumed power after the collapse of the monarchy. This law having abolished all feudal land tenure structures instituted a user right which it conferred on peasant farmers who in the vast majority of the cases were share croppers to former land owners. The same law decreed rural land as the collective property of the Ethiopian people. Peasant associations which were established as primary organs of governance were entrusted with full responsibility to implement the new land reform law and in particular to see to it that target beneficiaries of the law can access land for their livelihood. The law while achieving redistributive justice in guaranteeing access to land by peasant farmers was regarded as defective because the user right it had conferred on peasant farmers was not secured enough for sustainable resource management. Other institutions such as the producers' cooperatives and state farms enjoying preferential treatment to take over individual land holdings for their real and apparent expansion had their share against security of tenure. The military government positively reacted to the insecurity of tenure by conferring transferable and inheritable life-long lease on peasant farmers. But the government did not go far enough to change government ownership of rural land. This step has effectively removed threats to security of tenure which have been identified and substantiated by many studies. Many people including donors who wanted to see re- instatement of private ownership of land did not welcome the gesture as a substantive reform measure. The Transitional Government which was established in 1991 did not want to tinker with land and land tenure issues. It deferred the matter to be decided at a later date through a national referendum
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