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Que Es El Zen?

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Que Es El Zen? UNIVERSIDAD DEL AZUAY FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN ESCUELA DE PSICOLOGÍA CLÍNICA ZEN, PSICOANÁLISIS Y PSICOTERAPIA TESIS PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE PSICÓLOGA CLÍNICA ALUMNA: MARÍA CECILIA SALAZAR ICAZA DIRECTOR: MÁSTER GERARDO PEÑA CASTRO CUENCA, JULIO DEL 2013 1 A mis hijos Alberto e Iván 2 AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco a toda la Realidad, por mostrarme un camino espiritual auténtico y haberme dado la fortaleza de culminar mis estudios académicos para así poder ayudar a los demás, guiada por la verdadera compasión. A mi esposo y a mis padres, por apoyarme cada momento en mis objetivos de vida y uno de ellos es realizarme como profesional orientada al servicio de los demás. A la Universidad del Azuay, por su excelencia académica, y a mis profesores, ya que sus enseñanzas y valores han contribuido para que mi visión sea clara y enmarcada en la ética y profesionalismo. Finalmente, y de manera muy especial, agradezco a mi director de tesis, Máster Gerardo Peña Castro, quien con su enorme labor académica y su gran valor personal y espiritual me ha guiado para que esta investigación sea un éxito espiritual, personal y profesional. 3 INDICE INTRODUCCION ........................................................................... 7 1. ZEN ................................................................................................ 9 1.1 ¿QUE ES EL ZEN? ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2. DESDE EL BUDISMO HASTA EL ZEN JAPONÉS .............................................. 12 1.3. CONCEPCIÓN DEL HOMBRE DENTRO DEL BUDISMO ZEN ........................ 19 1.4. LAS ESCUELAS DE ZEN ....................................................................................... 20 2. EL ARTE DEL ZAZEN ............................................................ 23 2.1. BASES DEL ZEN .................................................................................................... 23 2.2. PRINCIPALES TEXTOS SOBRE LA PRACTICA ................................................ 32 2.2.1 EL FUKANZAZENGI DE DOGEN ZENJI ....................................................... 32 2.2.2 EL ZAZEN YOJINKI DE KEIZAN ZENJI ....................................................... 34 2.2.3. EL ZAZEN WASAN DE HAKUIN ZENJI ...................................................... 35 2.3. EL KOAN .................................................................................................................. 36 2.4. FRUTOS DE LA PRÁCTICA .................................................................................. 38 3. PSICOANÁLISIS ....................................................................... 41 3.1 ASPECTOS PSICOLÓGICOS .................................................................................. 45 3.1.1 PSICOLOGÍA SEGÚN EL ZEN ........................................................................ 48 3.2. RELACIÓN ENTRE EL PSICOANÁLISIS DE FREUD Y EL ZEN ...................... 52 3.3. RELACIÓN ENTRE CARL GUSTAV JUNG Y EL ZEN ...................................... 59 3.4. RELACION ENTRE ERICK FROMM Y BUDISMO ZEN .................................... 62 3.5. PSICOANÁLISIS COMO PSICOTERAPIA. .......................................................... 67 4. ZAZEN Y LA PSICOTERAPIA .............................................. 75 4.1. PSICOTERAPIA TRADICIONAL ........................................................................... 75 4.2. BENEFICIOS DE LA PSICOTERAPIA. ................................................................. 78 4.3. KARLFRIED DURCKHEIM.................................................................................... 80 4.4. CASOS ILUSTRATIVOS ......................................................................................... 85 CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................... 98 RECOMENDACIONES .............................................................. 100 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................... 101 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS ..................................................... 103 6 INTRODUCCION La presente investigación se ha realizado gracias a una profunda motivación espiritual, personal y profesional, la cual indica la manera como podemos acercarnos a una realidad universal, así como también, tratar de explicar por medio de palabras y experiencias de grandes maestros Zen el camino adecuado al “despertar”, sinónimo occidental de “felicidad” Quizá sea esta la primera puerta que se abre a la investigación del Zen para la práctica psicológica, donde se ha llegado a establecer las relaciones que existe entre el Zen, el psicoanálisis y una nueva propuesta de psicoterapia. Vinculando las dos teorías, zen y psicoanálisis, el paciente o practicante zen intentaría por primera vez distanciarse de su pasado y futuro al recurrir incesantemente, por medio de la practica zazen y psicoterapia Zen, a vivir intensamente lo único que existe al momento, su presente. Así, su síntoma (por decirlo de esta manera) quedaría disuelto y desconectado de su ser real con el propósito de dar un paso a otro nivel de conciencia. Lo que resulta interesante de estos dos caminos, el científico y el espiritual, es que hay muchos puntos en común, lo que hace ver que la psicología sí ha de continuar innovando para ayudar a las personas a ser más felices, necesariamente deberá explorar lo que le aporta no solo las nuevas teorías que puedan surgir del estudio del comportamiento humano, sino también la sabiduría oriental cuyas raíces se encuentran más de 2,500 años antes de nuestro tiempo. Pero, ¿por qué tomar en cuenta al zen y no a otras tradiciones orientales antiguas? En primer lugar, está la motivación personal, y en segundo lugar, basada en la convicción de que el Zen que conocemos de primera mano es un camino serio, con una tradición extensa y profunda basada en las experiencias de maestros que, transmitiendo la enseñanza de corazón a corazón, generación tras otra, ha llegado a influenciar nuestra vida como lo ha hecho el estudio de la psicología. ¿Por qué decimos que el zen es un camino serio? Porque es difícil encontrar personas que se llamen a si mismas “maestros” y porque los maestros que si lo son, han sido reconocidos como tales no por el cumplimiento de cursos académicos ni un número específico de retiros, sino por su experiencia, refiriéndonos a la experiencia de la realidad última que configura al ser humano. Aquellos que han tenido la diligencia para profundizar en su práctica para llegar a experimentar esa realidad, y a manifestarla en la vida diaria, son los maestros zen, y ello puede tomar años o décadas. En otras tradiciones es fácil encontrar “maestros” quienes obtienen su “titulo” luego de un fin de semana o un “curso de maestros.” El zen es lo opuesto. Por medio de una intensa investigación sobre grandes Psicoanalistas y grandes maestros Zen, se ha podido conocer las semejanzas y diferencias entre Zen y Psicoanálisis con el propósito de situarnos lo más cerca a la profundidad del ser humano. De esta forma, uniendo los recursos del Zen y Psicoanálisis proponemos una nueva Terapia Psicológica basada en el arte del zazen, lo cual permitirá al paciente profundizar más en su psicología y contar con una herramienta que podrá continuar utilizando luego de la terapia, la meditación. 7 Esta investigación consta de cuatro capítulos, el primer capítulo se titula “Zen”, el cual explica una reseña histórica e indica su concepto mediante algunas frases y experiencias de maestros zen, incluye la concepción del hombre dentro de la visión Zen y las escuelas de Zen. El segundo capítulo trata sobre la importancia del cuerpo humano para su propia realización espiritual, por lo tanto abarca todas las bases del zazen con el fin de explicar la postura y actitud correcta que debe tener el hombre para el “despertar.” El tercer capítulo se habla del psicoanálisis en lo que se refiere a los aspectos psicológicos y la relación con el Zen, así como también referencias de grandes psicoanalistas que han expuesto sus puntos de vista con relación al Zen y Psicoanálisis. Por último, se expone en el cuarto capítulo un modelo de psicoterapia, uniendo recursos del Zen, psicoanálisis y la psicoterapia tradicional. Este capítulo se ha podido realizar gracias a los aportes de maestros Zen (Berta Meneses, mi maestra Zen), psicoanalistas y aportes psicoterapéuticos. 8 1. ZEN “Es mejor una hora de meditación que seis años de actos de culto.” Profeta Mohammed Tradición profética Hadith. “Tu visión será más clara solo cuando puedas ver dentro de tu corazón. Aquel que mira al exterior, sueña; quien mira al interior, despierta.” Carl G. Jung Escribir sobre zen no es una tarea fácil. Esto no se debe a que su enseñanza resulte ser sumamente compleja o que requiera amplias explicaciones de teoría, filosofía o doctrina alguna. De hecho ocurre lo contrario, ya que su enseñanza es sumamente sencilla. La dificultad que presenta el explicar lo que es radica en que todo lo que se diga sobre el zen no es más que el dedo que apunta a la luna. Las palabras que se utilicen para explicar lo que es y no es (generalmente así lo hacen los maestros) tienen la limitación de que quienes aprenden sobre el zen pueden quedarse perdidos en las palabras, como decía el maestro Dogen Zenji “el necio se quedará mirando el dedo y se perderá la luna”. En este capítulo se tratará sobre las verdades del Zen como una realidad universal. 1.1 ¿QUE ES EL ZEN? El Zen es una manera de vivir, en la que el ser humano
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