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Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2008

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Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2008 Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Investigations 2008 Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team Photo courtesy of Steve Ard Data contained in this report are preliminary and subject to change. Please obtain permission prior to citation. To give credit to authors, please cite the section within this report as a chapter in a book. Below is an example: Moody, D.S., K. Frey, and D. Meints. 2009. Trends in elk hunter numbers within the Primary Conservation Area plus the 10-mile perimeter area. Page 39 in C.C. Schwartz, M.A. Haroldson, and K. West, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2008. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA. Cover: Female #533 with her 3 3-year-old offspring after den emergence, taken 1 May 2008 by Steve Ard. YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEAR INVESTIGATIONS Annual Report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team 2008 U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Game and Fish Department National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks U.S. Forest Service Idaho Department of Fish and Game Edited by Charles C. Schwartz, Mark A. Haroldson, and Karrie West U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 2009 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 This Report ............................................................................................................................................. 1 History and Purpose of the Study Team ................................................................................................. 2 Previous Research ................................................................................................................................... 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 4 Bear Monitoring and Population Trend .................................................................................................. 4 Marked Animals ......................................................................................................................... 4 Assessing Trend and Estimating Population Size from Counts of Unduplicated Females ................................................................................................................ 9 Occupancy of Bear Management Units by Females with Young .............................................. 15 Observation Flights .................................................................................................................... 16 Telemetry Relocation Flights ..................................................................................................... 19 Estimating Sustainability of Annual Grizzly Bear Mortalities .................................................. 20 Key Foods Monitoring............................................................................................................................ 26 Spring Ungulate Availability and Use by Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone National Park ............ 26 Spawning Cutthroat Trout .......................................................................................................... 29 Grizzly Bear Use of Insect Aggregation Sites Documented from Aerial Telemetry and Observations ........................................................................................................................ 32 Whitebark Pine Cone Production ............................................................................................... 35 Habitat Monitoring ................................................................................................................................. 37 Grand Teton National Park Recreation Use ............................................................................... 37 Yellowstone National Park Recreational Use ............................................................................ 38 Trends in Elk Hunter Numbers within the Primary Conservation Area and 10-mile Perimeter Area .............................................................................................................. 39 Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ................................................. 40 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix A: Assessing Habitat and Diet Selection for Grizzly and American Black Bears in Yellowstone National Park: 2008 annual progress report ......................................................... 48 Appendix B: 2008 Wyoming Bear Wise Community Project update ............................................................. 50 Appendix C: 2008 Wind River Indian Reservation Grizzly Bears grizzly bear camera study ....................... 56 Appendix D: Monitoring whitebark pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 2008 annual report ......... 62 Appendix E: Grizzly bear habitat monitoring report: Greater Yellowstone Area National Forests and National Parks ..................................................................................................................... 69 • Monitoring unduplicated females with COY Introduction for the entire Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). The IGBST developed improved methods to (Charles C. Schwartz, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study estimate the annual number of females with Team; and David S. Moody, Wyoming Game and Fish COY and we detail them in this years report Department) (see Assessing trend and estimating population size from counts of unduplicated females). This Report • Calculating a total population estimate for The contents of this Annual Report summarize the entire GYA based on the model averaged results of monitoring and research from the 2008 Choa2 estimate of females with COY. field season. The report also contains a summary Methods used to estimate the number of of nuisance grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) independent females and independent males management actions. (age ≥2 year) are also provided (see Assessing The Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team trend and estimating population size from (IGBST) continues to work on issues associated with counts of unduplicated females). counts of unduplicated females with cubs-of-the-year • Monitoring the distribution of females with (COY). These counts are used to estimate population young of all ages and having a target of at least size, which is then used to establish mortality 16 of 18 Bear Management Units (BMUs) thresholds. A recent review published in the Journal within the Primary Conservation Area (PCA) of Wildlife Management (Schwartz et al. 2008) occupied at least 1 year in every 6, and no suggest that the rule set of Knight et al. (1995) returns 2 adjacent BMUs can be unoccupied over conservative estimates, but with minor improvements, any 6-year period (see Occupancy of Bear counts of unduplicated females with COY can serve Management Units by females with young). as a reasonable index of population size useful for • Monitoring all sources of mortality for establishing annual mortality limits. As a follow up independent (≥2 years old) females and males to the findings of Schwartz et al. (2008), the IGBST within the entire GYA. Mortality limits are set held a workshop in October 2007 (IGBST 2008). at ≤9% for independent females and ≤15% for The purpose of the workshop was to discuss the independent males from all causes. Mortality feasibility of developing new models that improve our limits for dependent young are ≤9% for known ability to distinguish unique females with COY. The and probable human-caused mortalities (see outcome of that workshop was a research proposal Estimating sustainability of annual grizzly detailing methods to develop a hierarchical model bear mortalities). that should improve the methods used to distinguish unique females with COY. Multiple agencies who Habitat monitoring includes documenting the are members of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear abundance of the 4 major foods throughout the GYA Coordinating Committee are providing funding for including winter ungulate carcasses, cutthroat trout this project and funds are currently being transferred. (Oncorhynchus clarkii) spawning numbers, bear use We anticipate starting this project in summer 2009, of army cutworm moth (Euxoa auxiliaris) sites, and and we expect results to be available by winter 2009. whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) cone production. The grizzly bear was removed from protection These protocols have been monitored and reported under the Endangered Species Act on 30 April by the IGBST for several years and are reported here. 2007 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] Additionally, we continued to monitor the health of 2007a). Under the Revised Demographic Recovery whitebark pine in the ecosystem in cooperation with Criteria (USFWS 2007b) and the demographic the Greater Yellowstone Whitebark Pine Monitoring monitoring section of the Final Conservation Strategy Working Group. A summary of the 2008 monitoring for the Grizzly Bear in the Greater Yellowstone is also presented (see Appendix D). The protocol has Area (USFWS 2007c), the IGBST is now tasked been modified to document mortality rate in whitebark with reporting on an array of required monitoring pine from all causes, including mountain pine beetle programs. These include
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