DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2009 No story, of course, can be so brave and splendid as our Some rights reserved own "rough island story." No story can touch our hearts as that story touches it. Yet in the history of other nations there are This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization things worth knowing. Men of other nations have done brave dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the deeds, they have fought for the right, they have struggled for promotion of the works of traditional history authors. freedom even as we have done, and a pity it is that we should not The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and know of it. For a brave deed is a brave deed all the world over, are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced and the language of a brave deed is one that we all can within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. understand, whatever our nationality may be. The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, however, are The history of Germany is of great importance; it is more the property of Heritage History and are licensed to individual users with some important perhaps than any other European history, and in it restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity there is many a thrilling tale to be found. Yet I fear some of us of the work itself, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that know little about it. For outside school books (and there are few compromised or incomplete versions of the work are not widely disseminated. of these) no simple history of the German Empire exists in the In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright English language. by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are included at the foot of every page of text. We request all electronic and printed versions of this text include Than that fact no further excuse or apology for this book these markings and that users adhere to the following restrictions. is necessary. But if indeed excuse were needed I should find it in some words of Lord Haldane. "It is want of knowledge of each 1) This text may be reproduced for personal or educational purposes as long as other," he said, "that renders the great nations suspicious. It is the original copyright and Heritage History version number are faithfully the influence of real knowledge that alone can dispel the clouds reproduced. of suspicion, and set us free from the burden of preparing against 2) You may not alter this text or try to pass off all or any part of it as your own attacks that are in truth contemplated by none of us." work. We all admit nowadays that it is little use trying to 3) You may not distribute copies of this text for commercial purposes unless reform the grown-ups, for they are too set in their old ways, you have the prior written consent of Heritage History. whether they be good or bad. The cry is "get hold of the children." So in doing my little bit to remove the ignorance of 4) This text is intended to be a faithful and complete copy of the original which we are guilty, I make my appeal to the children of the document. However, typos, omissions, and other errors may have occurred during preparation, and Heritage History does not guarantee a perfectly nation. reliable reproduction. H.E. MARSHALL Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] Original Copyright 1913 by H. E. Marshall. 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS HENRY II THE HALT .............................................................. 62 CONRAD II ............................................................................ 65 ABOUT THE GOD TEW AND HIS CHILDREN ............................. 5 HENRY III THE BLACK .......................................................... 69 TEUTONS AND ROMANS .......................................................... 6 HENRY IV ............................................................................. 73 ARIOVISTUS, THE FIRST GREAT GERMAN ............................... 9 HENRY IV ............................................................................. 76 HERMANN, THE HERO OF GERMANY .................................... 11 HENRY V .............................................................................. 80 THE HUNS AND GOTHS ......................................................... 14 LOTHAR THE SAXON ............................................................. 82 WINFRID, THE APOSTLE OF THE GERMANS ........................... 15 CONRAD III ........................................................................... 84 CHARLEMAGNE .................................................................... 17 FREDERICK I, REDBEARD ...................................................... 88 CHARLEMAGNE (CONTINUED) .............................................. 19 FREDERICK I, REDBEARD ...................................................... 92 CHARLEMAGNE (CONTINUED) .............................................. 21 HENRY VI ............................................................................. 94 CHARLEMAGNE(CONTINUED) ............................................... 22 PHILIP OF SWABIA ................................................................. 96 LEWIS THE GERMAN ............................................................. 25 OTTO IV ............................................................................... 97 LEWIS I AND CHARLES THE FAT ........................................... 30 FREDERICK II, THE WORLD'S WONDER ................................. 99 ARNULF OF CARINTHIA ........................................................ 34 CONRAD IV AND THE GREAT INTERREGNUM ...................... 101 LEWIS THE CHILD ................................................................. 36 RUDOLPH OF HAPSBURG ..................................................... 102 CONRAD I ............................................................................. 39 ADOLPHUS I OF NASSAU ..................................................... 106 HENRY I THE FOWLER .......................................................... 42 ALBERT THE ONE-EYED...................................................... 107 OTTO I THE GREAT ............................................................... 46 HENRY VII OF LUXEMBURG ............................................... 109 OTTO I THE GREAT ............................................................... 51 LEWIS IV AND FREDERICK THE HANDSOME ........................ 111 OTTO II THE RED .................................................................. 55 LEWIS IV AND FREDERICK THE HANDSOME ........................ 113 OTTO III ............................................................................... 59 Original Copyright 1913 by H. E. Marshall. 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 CHARLES IV—THE STEP-FATHER OF THE EMPIRE .............. 114 JOSEPH II............................................................................. 162 WENCESLAUS OF BOHEMIA AND RUPERT THE MILD .......... 117 LEOPOLD II ......................................................................... 165 SIGMUND ............................................................................ 118 FRANCIS II .......................................................................... 165 ALBERT II ........................................................................... 122 UNDER THE HEEL OF NAPOLEON ........................................ 168 FREDERICK III .................................................................... 123 UNDER THE HEEL OF NAPOLEON ........................................ 172 MAXIMILIAN I .................................................................... 124 UNDER THE HEEL OF NAPOLEON ........................................ 174 CHARLES V ........................................................................ 127 THE DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON .......................................... 176 CHARLES V ........................................................................ 131 DIVIDED GERMANY ............................................................ 177 CHARLES V ........................................................................ 133 DIVIDED GERMANY ............................................................ 179 FERDINAND I AND MAXIMILIAN II ...................................... 137 THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA .............. 181 RUDOLPH II ........................................................................ 138 WILLIAM I—UNITED GERMANY ......................................... 182 MATTHIAS .......................................................................... 139 FREDERICK THE NOBLE AND WILLIAM II ............................ 185 FERDINAND II ..................................................................... 141 FERDINAND II ..................................................................... 144 FERDINAND III .................................................................... 147 LEOPOLD I .......................................................................... 148 LEOPOLD I .......................................................................... 151 JOSEPH I AND CHARLES VI ................................................. 152 THE
Recommended publications
  • Theories and Images of Creation in Northern Europe in the Twelfth Century

    Theories and Images of Creation in Northern Europe in the Twelfth Century

    Art History ISSN 0141-6790 Vol. 22 No. 1 March 1999 pp. 3-55 In the Beginning: Theories and images of creation in Northern Europe in the twelfth century Conrad Rudolph 'Logic has made me hated by the world!' So Peter Abelard thought and wrote to his former lover, the brilliant Heloise, in probably his last letter to her before his death in 1142, after having been virtually driven from Paris by Bernard of Clairvaux, the austere Cistercian mystic and perhaps the most powerful ecclesiastical politician of Western Europe.1 Characteristically for Abelard in matters of self-conception, he was exaggerating. Logic had made him hated not by the world but by only a portion of it. While this was certainly an influential portion and one that had almost succeeded in destroying him, it could never do so entirely. In fact, logic had made Abelard 'the Socrates of the Gauls, the great Plato of the West, our Aristotle ... the prince of scholars'2- and this, this great fame and the almost unprecedented influence that accompanied it, was as much the problem as logic was. In a word, Abelard had been caught up in the politics of theology. The time was one of great theological inquiry, challenging, as it did, the very authority of divine revelation on the most fundamental level, and at a moment when both interest in secular learning and the number of students were dramatically increasing - all factors that can hardly be over-emphasized. But for certain elements within the Church, more still was at stake. And this was nothing less than a perceived assault on one of the basic underpinnings of the complex relationship between religion, theology, society and political power.
  • The First Life of Bernard of Clairvaux

    The First Life of Bernard of Clairvaux

    CISTERCIAN FATHERS SERIES: NUMBER SEVENTY-SIX THE FIRST LIFE OF BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX CISTERCIAN FATHERS SERIES: NUMBER SEVENTY-SIX The First Life of Bernard of Clairvaux by William of Saint-Thierry, Arnold of Bonneval, and Geoffrey of Auxerre Translated by Hilary Costello, OCSO Cistercian Publications www.cistercianpublications.org LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Cistercian Publications title published by Liturgical Press Cistercian Publications Editorial Offices 161 Grosvenor Street Athens, Ohio 45701 www.cistercianpublications.org In the absence of a critical edition of Recension B of the Vita Prima Sancti Bernardi, this translation is based on Mount Saint Bernard MS 1, with section numbers inserted from the critical edition of Recension A (Vita Prima Sancti Bernardi Claraevallis Abbatis, Liber Primus, ed. Paul Verdeyen, CCCM 89B [Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2011]). Scripture texts in this work are translated by the translator of the text. The image of Saint Bernard on the cover is a miniature from Mount Saint Bernard Abbey, fol. 1, reprinted with permission from Mount Saint Bernard Abbey. © 2015 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, College- ville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. 123456789 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vita prima Sancti Bernardi. English The first life of Bernard of Clairvaux / by William of Saint-Thierry, Arnold of Bonneval, and Geoffrey of Auxerre ; translated by Hilary Costello, OCSO.
  • Ambassadors to and from England

    Ambassadors to and from England

    p.1: Prominent Foreigners. p.25: French hostages in England, 1559-1564. p.26: Other Foreigners in England. p.30: Refugees in England. p.33-85: Ambassadors to and from England. Prominent Foreigners. Principal suitors to the Queen: Archduke Charles of Austria: see ‘Emperors, Holy Roman’. France: King Charles IX; Henri, Duke of Anjou; François, Duke of Alençon. Sweden: King Eric XIV. Notable visitors to England: from Bohemia: Baron Waldstein (1600). from Denmark: Duke of Holstein (1560). from France: Duke of Alençon (1579, 1581-1582); Prince of Condé (1580); Duke of Biron (1601); Duke of Nevers (1602). from Germany: Duke Casimir (1579); Count Mompelgart (1592); Duke of Bavaria (1600); Duke of Stettin (1602). from Italy: Giordano Bruno (1583-1585); Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (1601). from Poland: Count Alasco (1583). from Portugal: Don Antonio, former King (1581, Refugee: 1585-1593). from Sweden: John Duke of Finland (1559-1560); Princess Cecilia (1565-1566). Bohemia; Denmark; Emperors, Holy Roman; France; Germans; Italians; Low Countries; Navarre; Papal State; Poland; Portugal; Russia; Savoy; Spain; Sweden; Transylvania; Turkey. Bohemia. Slavata, Baron Michael: 1576 April 26: in England, Philip Sidney’s friend; May 1: to leave. Slavata, Baron William (1572-1652): 1598 Aug 21: arrived in London with Paul Hentzner; Aug 27: at court; Sept 12: left for France. Waldstein, Baron (1581-1623): 1600 June 20: arrived, in London, sightseeing; June 29: met Queen at Greenwich Palace; June 30: his travels; July 16: in London; July 25: left for France. Also quoted: 1599 Aug 16; Beddington. Denmark. King Christian III (1503-1 Jan 1559): 1559 April 6: Queen Dorothy, widow, exchanged condolences with Elizabeth.
  • RUDOLF HIESTAND Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth-Century Germany

    RUDOLF HIESTAND Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth-Century Germany

    RUDOLF HIESTAND Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth-Century Germany in ALFRED HAVERKAMP AND HANNA VOLLRATH (eds.), England and Germany in the High Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) pp. 235–265 ISBN: 978 0 19 920504 3 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 10 Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth-Century Germany RUDOLF HIESTAND The title of ·this essay may seem paradoxical. Otto of Freising's chronicle contains a well-known passage deploring that because of the schism, Urban II's proclamation at Clermont 'Francos orientales minus permovit' .1 As for the Second Crusade, in which he had participated, he declares quite frankly that he will not discuss it at any length. 2 Most modern historians of the crusades accept his account. They describe the First Crusade as an enterprise in which no Germans except for Geoffrey of Bouillon and his men from Lorraine
  • Collecting and Representing Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral

    Collecting and Representing Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE International Projects with a Local Emphasis: Collecting and Representing Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art History by Daniel A. Powazek June 2020 Thesis Committee: Dr. Kristoffer Neville, Chairperson Dr. Randolph Head Dr. Jeanette Kohl Copyright by Daniel A. Powazek 2020 The Thesis of Daniel A. Powazek is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS International Projects with a Local Emphasis: The Collecting and Representation of Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral by Daniel A. Powazek Master of Arts, Graduate Program in Art History University of California, Riverside, June 2020 Dr. Kristoffer Neville, Chairperson When the Albertine Dukes of Saxony gained the Electoral privilege in the second half of the sixteenth century, they ascended to a higher echelon of European princes. Elector August (r. 1553-1586) marked this new status by commissioning a monumental tomb in Freiberg Cathedral in Saxony for his deceased brother, Moritz, who had first won the Electoral privilege for the Albertine line of rulers. The tomb’s magnificence and scale, completed in 1563, immediately set it into relation to the grandest funerary memorials of Europe, the tombs of popes and monarchs, and thus establishing the new Saxon Electors as worthy peers in rank and status to the most powerful rulers of the period. By the end of his reign, Elector August sought to enshrine the succeeding rulers of his line in an even grander project, a dynastic chapel built into Freiberg Cathedral directly in front of the tomb of Moritz.
  • 1. Blacks, Jews, and Race-Thinking in the Three Kings of Cologne

    1. Blacks, Jews, and Race-Thinking in the Three Kings of Cologne

    Race and Conversion in Late Medieval England by Cord J. Whitaker Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Fiona Somerset, Supervisor ___________________________ David Aers ___________________________ Sarah Beckwith ___________________________ Ruth Nissé Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT Race and Conversion in Late Medieval England by Cord J. Whitaker Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Fiona Somerset, Supervisor ___________________________ David Aers ___________________________ Sarah Beckwith ___________________________ Ruth Nissé An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Cord J. Whitaker 2009 Abstract Despite general consensus among scholars that race in the West is an early modern phenomenon that dates to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, late medieval English texts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries expend no small amount of effort depicting the differences between people—individuals and groups—and categorizing those people accordingly. The contexts for the English literary concern with human difference were the Crusades and associated economic expansion and travel into Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Scholars who have argued that race is present in medieval texts have generally claimed that race is subordinate to religion, the dominant cultural force in medieval Europe. In “Race and Conversion in Late Medieval England,” I argue that race is not necessarily subordinate to religion. Rather, racial and religious discourses compete with one another for ideological dominance.
  • The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns

    The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns

    The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns Abstract: The Second Crusade (1145-49) is thought to have encompassed near simultaneous Christian attacks on Muslim towns and cities in Syria and Iberia and pagan Wend strongholds around the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. The motivations underpinning the attacks on Damascus, Lisbon and – taken collectively – the Wendish strongholds have come in for particular attention. The doomed decision to assault Damascus in 1148 rather than recover Edessa, the capital of the first so-called crusader state, was once thought to be ill-conceived. Historians now believe the city was attacked because Damascus posed a significant threat to the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem when the Second Crusaders arrived in the East. The assault on Lisbon and the Wendish strongholds fell into a long-established pattern of regional, worldly aggression and expansion; therefore, historians tend not to ascribe any spiritual impulses behind the native Christians’ decisions to attack their enemies. Indeed, the siege of Lisbon by an allied force of international crusaders and those of the Portuguese ruler, Afonso Henriques, is perceived primarily as a politico-strategic episode in the on-going Christian-Muslim conflict in Iberia – commonly referred to as the reconquista. The native warrior and commercial elite undoubtedly had various temporal reasons for engaging in warfare in Iberia and the Baltic region between 1147 and 1149, although the article concludes with some notes of caution before clinically construing motivation from behaviour in such instances. On Christmas Eve 1144, Zangī, the Muslim ruler of Aleppo and Mosul, seized the Christian-held city of Edessa in Mesopotamia.
  • The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin Mcmurdie George Fox University, Jmcmurdie09@Georgefox.Edu

    The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin Mcmurdie George Fox University, [email protected]

    Digital Commons @ George Fox University Seminary Masters Theses Seminary 5-1-2014 The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation McMurdie, Justin, "The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict" (2014). Seminary Masters Theses. Paper 16. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/seminary_masters/16 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Seminary at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seminary Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. A MASTER’S THESIS SUBMITTED TO GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY FOR CHTH – 571-572: THESIS RESEARCH AND WRITING DR. DAN BRUNNER (PRIMARY ADVISOR) SPRING 2014 BY JUSTIN MCMURDIE THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR: EXAMINING THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF CORPUS CHRISTIANUM’S DEFINING CONFLICT APRIL 4, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Justin M. McMurdie All rights reserved CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1: THE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 6 Corpus Christianum: The Religious, Social, and Political Framework of the West from Constantine to the Reformation 6 The Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Intractable Problems for the “Holy Roman Empire of the
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century

    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century

    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ,6%1KDUGFRYHU ,6%1SDSHUEDFN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.
  • Cousin-Hunting in Scandinavia

    Cousin-Hunting in Scandinavia

    o " * a I ^ or**? ^-..^^ .^ U •- '•NT--, **?ri»^ aO ^^-••:^u :^^% ** • 4 o^ V-, V ... /^ f^y , , . *% *^\^jr:^^\ oo^^^.>o y^^i^/*-^^ oo*. kP'A ^ y''^^. r < e H 9 ^^ * '^..S'^ * <^ °v^ -.^ Riddarholra's Church, Stockholm COUSIN-HUNTING IN SCANDINAVIA BY MARY WILHELMINE WILLIAMS ILLUSTRATED BOSTON: RICHARD G. BADGER TORONTO: THE COPP CLARK CO., LIMITED Copyright, 1916, by Mary W. Williams All Rights Reserved J3iil6 NOV 24 1916 The Gorham Press, Boston, U. S. A. Made in the United States of America ©C!,A446580 TO MY FRIEND ELLA MAY ADAMS PREFACE As every one knows, the mother land of the American nation is England. But what is the grandmother land? A short glance at England's past will show that it is Scandinavia. Though the English people are exceedingly composite, there exists in them a very important Scandinavian strain. The Northern blood was contributed primarily by two great immigrations directly from Scandinavia, and one from Normandy, by people only a century and a half removed from Scandinavia ; but it should be borne in mind also that the somewhat mysterious Jutes, Angles, and Saxons, whose continental home was in the peninsula of Jutland and about its base, must have borne a very close relationship to their contemporaries and neighbors to the north. With the introduction of Scandinavian blood came Scandinavian manners and customs which made an impress upon the English population only recently recognized. Of the various parts of Europe which contributed elements to the English people during their forma- tive period, Scandinavia is the only one whose popu- lation has remained relatively pure and in the orig- inal home, unjostled and unmixed by foreign inva- sions.
  • AAKASH PATEL Contents

    AAKASH PATEL Contents

    History AAKASH PATEL Contents Preface. 1 1. Dawn of Civilization. 2 Mesopotamia . 2 Ancient Egypt . 3 Indus River Valley . 5 2. Ancient Europe . 6 Persian Wars . 6 Greek City-States. 8 Rome: From Romulus to Constantine . 9 3. Asian Dynasties. 23 Ancient India. 23 Chinese Dynasties . 24 Early Korea . 27 4. The Sundering of Europe . 29 The Fall of Rome. 29 Building a Holy Roman Empire . 31 Islamic Caliphates . 33 5. Medieval Times . 35 England: A New Monarchy . 35 France: The Capetians. 42 Germany: Holy Roman Empire. 44 Scandinavia: Kalmar Union. 45 Crusades . 46 Khans & Conquerors . 50 6. African Empires . 53 West Africa . 53 South Africa. 54 7. Renaissance & Reformation. 56 Italian Renaissance . 56 Tudor England . 58 Reformation. 61 Habsburg Empires . 63 French Wars of Religion. 65 Age of Discovery. 66 8. Early Modern Asia . 70 Tsars of Russia . 70 Japan: Rise of the Shogun. 72 Dynastic Korea . 73 Mughals of India. 73 Ottomans of Turkey. 74 9. European Monarchy . 76 Thirty Years' War . 76 Stuart England and the Protectorate . 78 France: Louis, Louis, and Louis . 81 10. Colonies of the New World . 84 Pilgrims and Plymouth . 84 Thirteen American Colonies . 85 Golden Age of Piracy . 88 11. Expansionism in Europe. 89 Ascension of the Romanovs. 89 Rise of Prussia . 91 Seven Years' War . 92 Enlightenment . 93 Hanoverian Succession. 94 12. American Independence . 96 Colonies in the 18th Century . ..
  • A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons About Islam," Quidditas: Vol

    A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons About Islam," Quidditas: Vol

    Quidditas Volume 32 Article 6 2011 Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth- Century Latin Sermons about Islam Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Upton, Todd P. (2011) "Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons about Islam," Quidditas: Vol. 32 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol32/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Quidditas 30 Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons about Islam Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado This paper investigates how Christian writers from late antiquity through the twelfth century transformed explanations of encounters with Middle Eastern peo- ples and lands into a complex theological discourse. Examinations of sermons and narrative sources from antiquity through the first century of Crusades (1096- 1192) serve as evidentiary bases because of the polemical way in which Pope Urban II’s 1095 sermon at Clermont defined Muslims. In that sermon, chroniclers recorded that the pope rallied Frankish support for an armed pilgrimage by dis- paraging Muslims who had overrun Jerusalem and the Holy Sites – calling them a “race utterly alienated from God” (gens prorsus a Deo aliena) -- and associating late-eleventh century Arabs with the return of what Richard of St.