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M.Sc Final Thesis INDICATOR INVERTEBRATES: DETERMINING CHANGE IN BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES DUE TO DEPOSITED SEDIMENT IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science In the Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Brittney Marie Hoemsen Copyright Brittney Marie Hoemsen, April, 2015. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5E2) i ABSTRACT Excessive sedimentation is a major stressor to ecosystem health in freshwater systems globally. Benthic macroinvertebrates are excellent bioindicators of ecosystem health because they have a range of environmental tolerances and are typically associated with certain substrate types. This study tested the hypothesis that sedimentation is a driver of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by determining their responses to increased deposited sediment levels in the Northern Great Plains using both experimental and survey approaches. In both approaches, the effects of deposited sediment were isolated, the responses of specific indicator invertebrates were characterized and finally, indices that commonly respond to deposited sediment were analyzed for their sensitivity. At the community level, the overall multivariate redundancy model was not significant and deposited sediment accounted for only 0.2% of the total variation in species composition in the river survey. Indicator species analysis identified taxa that were associated with sediment impairment classes in both studies. Index sensitivities indicated that Percent Swimmers responded to sediment and can potentially be used as an index of deposited sediment in this region, however this index was not sensitive to sediment in the landscape-scale survey. Although individual taxa that responded to sediment deposition may be used as bioindicators of sediment impairment in further studies, the relatively small effect of sediment at the community level and on univariate composition metrics suggests benthic macroinvertebrate communities are adapted to deposited sediment in the Northern Great Plains. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For your commitment to my success, a sincere thank you goes to my Supervisor, Dr. Douglas Chivers, and my Advisory Committee, Dr. Jill Johnstone and Dr. Tim Jardine. I am grateful for your expertise, comments, and patience throughout the writing process, and for sticking to a strict schedule. I appreciate your hard work and dedication to the learning process. Financial assistance was provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council, Fish and Wildlife Development Fund, Department of Biology including the Margaret MacKay Award in Entomology, and the R. Jan. F. Smith Award in Ecology. A special thank you goes to the Entomological Society of Saskatchewan for recognition through the Arthur Brooks Award, and for providing a platform to practice presentations in an encouraging space. Thank you to Water Security Agency for in-kind support of this project. Thank you to the TRoutreach SK crew, Iain Phillips and Aaron Bell, for battling through Tickville (Upper Qu’Appelle River) for the collection of the cobble baskets. Dale Parker, thank you for the guidance in aquatic invertebrate ecology and expertise in taxonomy. Working with you is an invaluable experience and I will forever appreciate your dedication. Your passion for aquatic ecology is contagious. iii Dedication This work is dedicated to my guardian angels. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Sediment as an Ecological Stressor 1 1.2 Potential Ecological Damage Due to Excessive Sedimentation 1 1.3 Biomonitoring using Benthic Macroinvertebrates 3 1.4 Development of Regional-Specific Metrics 4 1.5 Objectives 6 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF SEDIMENT DEPTH 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Methods 8 2.2.1 Study Site ............................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Experimental Design ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.3 Sample Processing ............................................................................................... 11 2.2.3.1 Field collection.............................................................................................. 11 2.2.3.2 Laboratory processing ................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Statistical Analyses .............................................................................................. 12 2.2.4.1 Redundancy analysis ..................................................................................... 12 2.2.4.2 Indicator species analysis .............................................................................. 13 2.2.4. Index Sensitivities ........................................................................................... 13 2.3 Results 14 2.3.1 Distance-Based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA) ............................................... 15 2.3.2 Indicator Species Analysis ................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Index Sensitivities ................................................................................................ 16 2.4 Discussion 17 2.4.1 Community Analysis ........................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Species Response to Sediment ............................................................................. 19 2.4.3 Index Sensitivities ................................................................................................ 20 v 3.0 LANDSCAPE-SCALE SURVEY OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN RELATION TO DEPOSITED SEDIMENT 22 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Methods 24 3.2.1 Sampling Methods ............................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Statistical Analyses .............................................................................................. 27 3.2.2.1 Data standardizations .................................................................................... 27 3.2.2.2 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ......................................................................... 27 3.2.2.3 Indicator species analysis .............................................................................. 28 3.2.2.4 Index Sensitivities ......................................................................................... 29 3.3 Results 29 3.3.1 Community Analyses ........................................................................................... 29 3.3.2 Indicator Species Analysis ................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Index Sensitivity .................................................................................................. 33 3.4 Discussion 33 3.4.1 Community Responses to Sediment .................................................................... 34 3.4.2.0 Species Response to Sediment .......................................................................... 35 3.4.2.1 Class 1 (Poor; very highly embedded) .......................................................... 36 3.4.2.2 Class 2 (Marginal; highly embedded) ........................................................... 36 3.4.2.3 Class 3 (Suboptimal; somewhat embedded) ................................................. 36 3.4.2.4 Class 4 (Optimal; low embeddedness) .......................................................... 37 3.4.3 Index Sensitivity .................................................................................................. 37 4.0 SYNTHESIS 39 4.1 Discussion 39 4.2 Conclusion 42 LIST OF REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX A 52 APPENDIX B 53 APPENDIX C 54 vi LIST OF TABLES Table page Table 1: Indicator species and their associated treatment group from a mesocosm experiment whereby deposited sediment was manipulated. Group A= control and Group D= Moderately Impaired treatment. ....................................................................................................16 Table 2: Indicator species identified from landscape-scale survey of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Northern Great Plains and their associated indicator value, significance, specificity and fidelity to a group. Sediment Class 1 is considered impaired and sediment class 4 is optimal sediment levels..............................................................................................32
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