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Final Dissertation Laura Scheiber Post Defense April 14 Social Entrepreneurs In Rio De Janeiro: Learning Experiences and Social Capital Laura Scheiber Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Laura Scheiber All rights reserved ABSTRACT SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS IN RIO DE JANEIRO: LEARNING EXPERIENCES AND SOCIAL CAPITAL Laura Scheiber The purpose of this study is to gain insight into how social entrepreneurs dedicated to violence prevention in Rio de Janeiro learn to take on the role of a social entrepreneur. Based on a two-tiered interview process with 27 social entrepreneurs in Rio de Janeiro conducted over a period of nine months, the study explores the breadth of experiences they rely upon to learn the necessary skills and knowledge to be a social entrepreneur. Built on the notion that social relations have the potential to provide social entrepreneurs with valuable information and resources, this dissertation also examines the social capital that is embedded in their social networks and the role it plays in the social entrepreneurial process. Findings show that leaders relied on a convergence of experiences and social capital in order to learn different skills, and knowledge relevant to social entrepreneurship. In particular, direct experience with inequality, interaction over an extended period of time with those most negatively affected by social problems, volunteer work, experiences with religious institutions, social activism, formal education, professional experience, reading and intercultural interactions proved to be crucial experiences in the learning trajectories of these leaders. Findings also revealed that opportunities for social capital associated with the leaders’ initiatives’ target population and a network of actors, or what I refer to as a community of innovation, were crucial in the leaders' social entrepreneurial trajectories. This study adds to our understanding of how social entrepreneurs learn to take on their leadership roles. Counter to prior literature that focused on personality traits of the social entrepreneur, my dissertation presents a more nuanced understanding of how the interplay among experiences, learning processes and social capital informed these leaders in taking on their social entrepreneurial role. The study is relevant to scholars and practitioners committed to fostering social entrepreneurship, particularly those dedicated to violence prevention and youth empowerment in urban areas. It offers educators, practitioners and policy-makers insights into how social entrepreneurs are learning and realizing their roles, including ways that are not currently part of formal programs in social entrepreneurship. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 1 Research Purpose ............................................................................................. 4 Initial Interest ................................................................................................... 5 José: The Story of a Social Entrepreneur ............................................ 6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 11 Setting: Social Issues in Brazil ....................................................................... 13 Overview of Chapters .................................................................................... 14 II. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................... 16 Social Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurs ........................................ 16 Defining a Social Entrepreneur ................................................................. 16 Stages of Social Entrepreneurship ............................................................ 18 The Skills and Knowledge of a Social Entrepreneur ................................ 21 Limitations and Strengths of the Construct of Social Entrepreneurship ... 23 Social Capital ................................................................................................. 26 Defining Social Capital ............................................................................. 27 Benefits and Risks of Social Capital ......................................................... 31 Types of Social Capital Conducive to Social Entrepreneurship ............... 32 Learning ......................................................................................................... 33 Conceptualizations of Learning ................................................................ 33 i Acquisition Metaphor ............................................................................... 34 Participation Metaphor .............................................................................. 36 Knowledge Creation Metaphor (Innovative Learning) ............................. 38 Community of Innovation .................................................................. 40 The Third Sector ............................................................................................ 44 III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 46 Introduction .................................................................................................... 46 Site Selection .................................................................................................. 49 Participant Selection ....................................................................................... 50 Data Collection ............................................................................................... 55 Review of Web Sites and Other Written Data .......................................... 55 Gaining Access ......................................................................................... 56 Pilot Study ................................................................................................. 57 Structured Interviews ................................................................................ 59 Life History Interviews with the Social Entrepreneurs ............................. 61 Follow-up Interviews with the Social Entrepreneurs ........................ 62 Interviews with Key Informants ............................................................... 62 Interview Data Across Research Participants ........................................... 63 Participant Observation ............................................................................. 63 Analysis .......................................................................................................... 64 Structured Interview Analysis ................................................................... 65 Semi-Structured Life History Interview and Other Qualitative Data Analysis..................................................................................................... 65 ii Limitations ..................................................................................................... 68 IV. THE BRAZILIAN CONTEXT ............................................................................. 74 Introduction .................................................................................................... 74 Overview of Brazil ......................................................................................... 74 Brazil’s Colonial Roots .................................................................................. 75 Brazilian History From 1964 to 1985 ............................................................ 77 Urbanization During the Military Regime ................................................ 78 Civil Resistance ........................................................................................ 79 The Democratization of Brazil, 1985 to Present ............................................ 81 Brazil Today ................................................................................................... 83 Rio de Janeiro ................................................................................................. 90 Inequality .................................................................................................. 90 Favelas ...................................................................................................... 91 Contributing Factors to Violence in Rio de Janeiro .................................. 95 Drug Trade ......................................................................................... 95 Increase in Firearms ........................................................................... 97 Police Brutality .................................................................................. 98 Street Children ........................................................................................ 100 The Third Sector .......................................................................................... 101 V. LEARNING THROUGH EXPERIENCES ........................................................ 103 Introduction .................................................................................................. 103 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................ 105 Experiential Learning .............................................................................
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