Recreation Classification, Tourism Demand and Economic Impact Analyses of the Federal Protected Areas of Brazil
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
RECREATION CLASSIFICATION, TOURISM DEMAND AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSES OF THE FEDERAL PROTECTED AREAS OF BRAZIL By THIAGO DO VAL SIMARDI BERALDO SOUZA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Thiago do Val Simardi Beraldo Souza To all park rangers, analysts and managers from Brazil and all over the world who dedicate their lives to conservation of protected areas. The link between protected areas and tourism is as old as the history of protected areas. Protected areas need tourism, and tourism needs protected areas. Though the relationship is complex and sometimes adversarial, tourism is always a critical component to consider in the establishment and management of protected areas (Eagles et al., 2002, preface). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completing a dissertation is like trekking a long distance trail for the first time, it requires extraordinary determination, commitment and persistence. Such an adventure cannot be undertaken without support and, in my case, many friends who contributed to this accomplishment. All of them have earned my sincere appreciation and gratitude. First, I would like to express my gratitude to Nature for the opportunity to be here on this amazing planet with infinite beauty and outdoor recreation opportunities. I am eternally grateful to my wife for her love, support and understanding during the trip; to my daughters for completing the jorney with joy and happiness; to my father for his constant encouragement and financial support in the difficult moments and to my mother for making me the person that I am. I would like to thank my advisory committee members--Brijesh Thapa, Lori Pennington-Gray, Brain Child and Wayne Freimund--for introducing me to the trek, keeping me on track and guiding me all the way. Your unique skills and knowledge provided the inspiration and confidence to reach the summit. In different moments and ways, each of you believed in me and guided me on this path, and most important, you pushed me beyond my initial limits. I give special recognition to my advisor, Brijesh, for his willingness to accept me and guide me through all the hard training and preparations for this unforgettable adventure. Thanks to the University of Florida, an amazing base camp that provided me with all the necessary resources for the journey. Thanks to the Department of Tourism, Recreation & Sport Management (TRSM), and the School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE), that hosted me during these four years. The faculty, staff and students whom I met were always pleasant and helpful. A special thanks to Karen Bray, 4 Catherine Ritchie and Julie Grath. Also, my gratitude to Tom Frazer, who accepted me at SNRE and, with Brijesh Thapa, believed that I could complete the 90 credits for the Ph.D. in four years, even without previously having a master’s degree. Thank you to the Brazilian Government for providing the scholarship Science without Borders, to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and to the Academic and Professional Programs for the Americas (LASPAU) for the all staff support. My appreciation to Denise Imori and Camila Rodrigues, who helped me gather data and develop some economic skills that went beyond my initial route, however turned out to be really useful. Also, thanks to Edenice Brandão, manager of São Francisco de Paula National Forest, and Cintia from Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, for providing me with e-mail lists of their protected area visitors; to the National Parks of Tijuca, Cipó, Itajaí, São Joaquim and Itatiaia and the National Forests of Silvânia, Ipanema and Carajás for their willingness to support the research; to Ernesto Vivieros de Castro for his advices and insights; and to all colleagues, analysts and managers of national parks and forests who completed the questionnaires of PA attributes. Thank you to all new friendships that were made during the journey and to the old friendships, which were strengthened. Happiness to everybody. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 18 Statement of Rationale ........................................................................................... 20 Protected Areas Management in Brazil................................................................... 23 National System of Protected Areas of Brazil ................................................... 26 Visitation in the National System of PAs of Brazil ............................................. 28 Purpose of Study .................................................................................................... 32 Project Significance ................................................................................................ 32 Dissertation Format ................................................................................................ 35 2 ECOTOURISM IN BRAZILIAN PROTECTED AREAS: IDENTIFYING CLASSES OF RECREATIONAL USE ...................................................................................... 37 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 38 Recreation Resources Classification ................................................................ 38 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) ......................................................... 39 System Approaches for ROS and Tourism Demand ........................................ 41 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum in Destination Context ................................ 43 Federal System of Protected Areas of Brazil .......................................................... 45 Methods .................................................................................................................. 48 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 48 Operationalization of Variables ......................................................................... 49 Internal settings .......................................................................................... 49 External settings ........................................................................................ 49 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 50 Descriptive Analysis ......................................................................................... 52 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 53 Results - Descriptive Analysis ................................................................................. 53 Internal Setting Classification ........................................................................... 53 Internal physical attributes ......................................................................... 53 Internal social attributes ............................................................................. 54 Internal managerial attributes ..................................................................... 55 6 Overall internal setting ............................................................................... 57 External Setting Classification .......................................................................... 59 External physical attributes ........................................................................ 59 External social attributes ............................................................................ 60 External managerial attributes ................................................................... 61 Overall external setting .............................................................................. 62 Overall Internal and External Classification ...................................................... 63 Overall Final Classification ............................................................................... 66 Results - Statistical Analysis ................................................................................... 69 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 70 Concluding Remarks............................................................................................... 74 3 RECREATION DEMAND ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL PROTECTED AREAS OF BRAZIL ................................................................................................................... 76 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 78 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) ......................................................... 78 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum