Many Crops, Many Plantings to Maximize High Tunnel Production Efficiency ©Pam Dawling 2018 Twin Oaks Community, Central Virginia Author of Sustainable Market Farming and The Year-Round Hoophouse
SustainableMarketFarming.com facebook.com/SustainableMarketFarming What’s in this Presentation
1. Multi-crop Hoophouses 2. Suitable Crops for Cold Weather 3. Suitable Crops for Warm Weather 4. Suitable Crops for Hot Weather 5. Packing More Crops in: Follow-on Crops, Filler Crops, Interplanting, Bare-root Transplanting 6. Succession Planting 7. Crop Rotations 8. Planning and Scheduling 9. Record-keeping 10. Resources I live and farm at Twin Oaks Community, in central Virginia. We’re in zone 7, with an average last frost April 30 and average first frost October 14. Our goal is to feed our intentional community of 100 people with a wide variety of organic produce year round.
Our Hoophouse at Twin Oaks
• We have one 30’ x 96’ FarmTek ClearSpan gothic arch hoophouse. • We put it up in 2003, and like many growers we had the primary goal of growing more winter greens, early tomatoes and peppers. • We grow many different crops, rotating them as best we can. • Our hoophouse is divided lengthwise into five 4’ beds and a 2’ bed along each edge. • Our paths are a skinny 12” wide - maximum growing space. Winter Hoophouses Protection of 2 layers of plastic and an air gap: 8F (5C) warmer than outside on cold nights . Single layer hoophouses are not much warmer at night than outdoors. Plants tolerate colder temps than they do outside, even without adding any inner rowcover In our double layer hoophouse in zone 7, without inner rowcover, salad greens survive when it’s 14F (-10C) outside. Crop quality, especially leafy greens, is superb. With thick rowcover for an inner Photo Wren Vile tunnel, they can survive when it’s For details, see my slideshow Hoophouse in Fall and -12F (-24C) outside Winter on SlideShare.net Plants grow faster Suitable Crops for Cold Weather • Salad crops • Cooking greens • Roots: beets, carrots, fennel, turnips, radishes • Alliums: scallions, bulb onions • Bare root transplants for setting outdoors in February and March. We aim to harvest greens in the hoophouse after the outdoor crops slow down, and turnips after the stored outdoor fall turnips have all been eaten, or as a delectable alternative.
Photo Wren Vile Choosing Cold-Hardy Crops Use the Winter-kill temperature chart for crops that will survive your lowest temperatures, taking your crop protection into account. Look for the hardiest varieties. At our Zone 7 farm, we overwinter greens in our For more details, see my hoophouse that would not slideshows • Hoophouse in Spring and survive outdoors. Summer We also overwinter crops we • Hoophouse in Fall and Winter grow outdoors, but the ones • Cold-Hardy Winter inside grow faster and prettier. Vegetables on SlideShare.net
Winter-Kill Temperatures – Frosty Weather – 35° to 25°F (2°C to -4°C) Some starting numbers of killing temperatures outdoors (without rowcover unless otherwise stated). In a double-layer hoophouse (8F/5C warmer than outside) plants can survive 14F/8C colder than outside, without extra rowcover; 21F/12C colder than outside with thick rowcover (1.25 ozTypar/Xavan). See the handout for more variety names. • 35°F (2°C): Basil. • 32°F (0°C): Cucumbers, eggplant, melons, okra, peppers, tomatoes. • 27°F (–3°C): Many cabbage, Sugarloaf chicory. • 25°F (–4°C): Some cabbage, chervil, chicory roots for chicons and hearts, Chinese Napa cabbage, dill, endive (Escarole more frost- hardy than Frisée), some fava beans, annual fennel, some Asian greens (Maruba Santoh, mizuna, most pak choy, Tokyo Bekana), some onion scallions (many varieties are hardier), radicchio. Colder from 22°F down to 15°F • 22°F (–6°C): Some arugula (some varieties are hardier), Bright Lights chard, large leaves of lettuce (protected hearts and small plants will survive colder temperatures), rhubarb stems. • 20°F (–7°C): Some beets, broccoli heads (maybe OK to 15°F/ -9°C), Brussels sprouts, some cabbages (the insides may still be good even if the outer leaves are damaged), celeriac, celtuce (stem lettuce), some head lettuce, some mustards/Asian greens, flat leaf parsley, radishes, most turnips . • 15°F (–9.5°C): Some beets, beet greens, some broccoli, some cabbage, rowcovered celery, red chard, cilantro, endive, some fava beans, Russian kales, kohlrabi, some lettuce, especially small and medium-sized plants with 4-10 leaves, curly parsley, rutabagas if not covered, broad leaf sorrel, turnip leaves, most covered turnips, winter cress. Colder Still down to 10°F • 12°F (–11°C): Some beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, some cabbage, carrots, most collards, some fava beans, garlic tops if fairly large, most fall varieties of leeks, large tops of potato onions, covered rutabagas, Senposai leaves - the core of the plant may survive 10°F (–12°C), some turnips. • 10°F (–12°C): Covered beets, Purple Sprouting broccoli for spring harvest, a few cabbages, green chard (hardier than multi-colored types), some collards (Morris Heading can survive at least one night at 10°F (–12°C), Belle Isle upland cress, some endive, young bronze fennel, Blue Ridge kale, probably Komatsuna, some leeks, some covered lettuce, covered Asian winter radish (including daikon), large leaves of savoyed spinach (more hardy than flat leafed varieties), tatsoi, Yukina Savoy. Coldest down to 0°F
• 5°F (–15°C): Garlic tops even if small, some kale, some leeks, some bulb onions, potato onions and other multiplier onions, smaller leaves of savoyed spinach and broad leaf sorrel, many Even’ Star greens varieties are OK down to 6°F (-14°C), some unprotected small lettuces. • 0°F (–18°C): Chives, some collards (Blue Max, Morris Heading, Winner), corn salad (mâche), garlic, horseradish, Jerusalem artichokes, Even’ Star Ice-Bred Smooth Leaf kale, a few leeks (Alaska, Durabel), some bulb onions, some onion scallions (Evergreen Hardy White, White Lisbon), parsnips, salad burnet, salsify, some spinach (Bloomsdale Savoy, Olympia). Unthinkably Cold
• -5°F (-19°C): Leaves of overwintering varieties of cauliflower, Vates kale survives although some leaves may be too damaged to use. • -10°F (-23°C): Reputedly, Walla Walla onions sown in late summer • -30°F to -40°F (-34°C to -40°C): Narrow leaf sorrel, Claytonia and some cabbage (January King?) are said to be hardy in zone 3 • Use this table to decide what to grow and when to harvest it.
Salad Crops
• Growing winter salads is easy and efficient. • Plants can freeze every night and thaw every morning without damage. • Lettuce heads may survive much colder temperatures than you ever imagined! • Baby lettuce mix is popular and easy • Many cooking greens can be used as salad crops while plants are small. • Several small greens are very winter-hardy.
Winter Lettuce in the Hoophouse • Lettuces can tolerate cold nights when they have the relief of warm 80°F–85°F (27°C–29°C) days. • For harvest from October to April we grow both leaf lettuce and baby lettuce mix in our hoophouse. • We transplant leaf lettuce in October, sow baby lettuce mix between October 24 and Feb 15
See my slideshow Lettuce Year Round on www.slideshare.net for a list of varieties and more information Red Tinged Winter and Tango lettuce in December. Photo Wren Vile Hoophouse Lettuce • Avoid depending on new sowings at the slow- growing time of year – transplant lettuce in the fall to remain in the hoophouse until spring and simply harvest individual leaves from the plants all winter. • If you want baby lettuce mix reliably every week, use the graph-making method coming up.
Baby lettuce mix in December Photo Pam Dawling Lettuce Varieties for Fall and Winter Particularly cold-hardy for outdoors: Brune d’Hiver Buckley Ezrilla Green Forest Hampton Lollo Rossa Merlot North Pole Red Tinged Winter Revolution Rouge d’Hiver Lettuce Rouge d’Hiver Credit Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Tango The Salad Bowls are not so good outdoors Winter Marvel in cold weather but do well under cover. Icebergs do not survive frost.
Baby Lettuce Small-leaf lettuces: Osborne’s Lettuce Mixes Multileafs, Johnny’s Salanovas, High Mowing’s Eazyleaf; Photo Lettuce Mix. Photo Twin Oaks Community Tango, Oscarde, Panisse. Osborne Seeds
For details, see my slideshow Lettuce Year-Round on www.slideshare.net
Brassica (Mustard) Salad Mixes • Interesting mustard mixes are sold for salad mixes • We often mix our own Brassica Salad Mix from leftover random brassica
seeds. For a single cut, Wild Garden Pungent Mix. 40 days to harvest. almost all brassicas are suitable – just avoid turnips and radishes with prickly leaves! • We sow between 10/2 and 11/14 for winter harvest and from 12/4 to
2/12 for March and early Pink Petiole Mix, Ready in 40 days. April harvests. Photos Wild Garden Seed
Mizuna/Kyona
• Ferny leaves - add loft in salad mixes • Mild flavor • Available in green or purple (but Ruby Streaks is much better then Purple Mizuna!) • Regrows vigorously after cutting • Use for baby salads after only 21 days • or thin to 8"–12" (20–30 cm) apart, to grow to maturity in 40 days • Very easy to grow, tolerates cold wet soil. • Fairly heat tolerant (well, warm tolerant) • Cold tolerant to 25°F (-4°C) Young Mizuna Plants Photo Ethan Hirsh Ruby Streaks, Golden Frills, Scarlet Frills, Red Rain Johnny’s Red Splendor Ruby Streaks Credit Southern Exposure Seed Exchange
Golden Frills
Other Salad Crops
• Sylvetta, Surrey and Astro varieties of arugula are particularly cold-hardy. Even’Star arugula photo credit SouthernExposure Seed Exchange
• Parsley, Belle Isle upland cress, winter purslane, salad burnet and mâche (corn salad) are also very winter-hardy. Belle Isle Upland Cress. Photo Credit Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Spinach For salad or cooking Spinach is a challenge to start in hot weather! Optimum germination temp 70°F (21°C) Max 85°F (29°C). Wait for fall soil temp to drop. Use a soil Tyee spinach thermometer. For earlier planting, pre- Photo Kathryn Simmons sprout seeds one week. Cold hardy to 0°F (–18°C) Spinach grows whenever the temperature is above 40°F (5°C). We loved Tyee and now grow Escalade, Reflect, Acadia and smooth leaf Renegade Renegade makes good Nov/Dec growth Acadia, Escalade yield well Jan – April January sown Reflect does well Leafy Cooking Greens
Spinach Russian Kales Chard and beet greens Endives and chicories Asian greens Unusual greens Photo Tatsoi, Wren Vile Russian Kales Germination temperatures 41°-95°F (5°-35°C) Russian kales (napus varieties) grow better in the hoophouse than Vates (blue curled Scotch oleracea type). Most napus kales (Siberian and Russian) make faster growth during the low-light, colder months of winter, compared to oleracea kales like Vates. Many oleracea kales are more cold tolerant than napus sp., but they enter a dormant phase and then bolt in spring. Thanks Clara Coleman Red Russian bolts before White Russian We tried Black Magic Lacinato kale but it didn’t do as well. Cold hardy to 0°F (–18°C) Sow 9/24, harvest 12/8 Days to maturity 75. Harvesting Russian kales in the hoophouse in late winter. Photo Wren Vile Chard and Beet Greens • Chard germinates best at 85°F (29°C) - useful when it is too hot to sow spinach. Beets prefer soil temperatures of 50°F–85°F (10°C–29°C) • Most chard is hardy indoors to 12°F (–11°C) without rowcover, 0°F (–18 °C) with. • Green chard is hardier than the multi-colored Bright Lights • Days to maturity: 61 – 103 days – Sow 9/15, harvest 11/15 – 5/10 – Sow 10/26, harvest 2/6 – 5/10 Fordhook Giant chard. • Bulls Blood beet greens for salad Photo Bridget Aleshire
Endives and Chicories Related to wild chicory and dandelions, naturally bitter. 3 main species: endive, wild endive and common chicory
Endives and Chicories
Wild Common Endive Endive Chicory
Frisée Escarole The Belgian (curly (Batavian Radicchio Sugarloaf endive) endive) weeds endive Asian Greens Blues Napa Chinese cabbage Photo Ethan Hirsh Quick-growing, bring fast returns Huge range of attractive varieties Grow when you normally grow kale Short spring season, bolt when it gets hot Long fall season, no bolting. Grow particularly well all winter in the hoophouse in zone 7 For details, see my slideshow Producing Asian Greens on www.slideshare.net
Advantages of Asian Greens Better able to germinate in hot weather than lettuce. Faster growing than lettuce Transplant 2-3 weeks after fall sowing, or direct sow A catch crop for spaces where other crops have finished early or failed. Keep a flat or a row of seedlings ready, pop plants into empty spaces as they
November hoophouse greens. Photo Ethan Hirsh occur.
Healthful Diversity!
Flavors vary from mild to peppery - read catalog descriptions before growing lots Colors cover the spectrum: chartreuse, bright green, dark green and purple. Nutritious as well as tasty. A diversity of crops without a diversity of growing methods! Photo Ethan Hirsh
Asian Greens – Many Types • Senposai • Pak Choy • Komatsuna • Chrysanthemum greens • Yokatta-na • Tatsoi • Ruby Streaks, Scarlet Frills & other mustards • Napa Chinese Cabbage • Mizuna • Tokyo Bekana • Maruba Santoh • Yukina Savoy • Mizspoona • Toraziroh • Thick-stemmed mustard • Hon Tsai Tai • Mustard-based salad mixes
Senposai - Our Star of Asian Greens • Senposai is quite heat and cold tolerant, a big plant with large, round, mid-green leaves. • Transplant it at 12"–18" (30–45 cm) spacing. • Only 40 days to mature. • Usually harvested leaf-by-leaf. It can be very productive. • Cooks quickly (much quicker than collards), and has a delicious sweet cabbagey flavor and tender texture. • A cross between komatsuna and regular cabbage. Senposai. Photo Ethan Hirsh Komatsuna • Also known as mustard spinach (as Pak Choy is too!) and Summer Fest • Green or red (purple) Photo credit Fothergill Seeds • Baby salad size in 21 days, full size in 35 days • Grows into a large plant 18" (45 cm) tall • Individual leaves can be picked and bunched • Or the whole plant can be harvested • The flavor is much milder than the English name suggests - mildly peppery • Cold-tolerant to 15°F (-9.5°C), perhaps 10°F (-12°C) Photo Fothergill Seeds Tat Soi/Tah Tsoi • A small flat rosette of shiny, dark green spoon-shaped leaves, green-white stems • 21 days for baby salads; 45 days for cooking • Mild flavor, an attractive appearance • Very cold tolerant, hardy to 10°F (–12°C) • Direct sow and then thin into salad mixes, leaving some to mature at 10" (25 cm) across for cooking greens. • Can transplant at 6" (15 cm) Photo Ethan Hirsh
Yukina Savoy
• Like a bigger tatsoi, 12" (30 cm) tall • Blistered dark green leaves and stems • Delicious flavor • Tolerant to heat and cold – down to 10°F (-12°C) • Transplant at 12" (30 cm) • 21 days to reach baby size, 45 days to full size • OP Yukina Savoy seems more cold-hardy than Photo Ethan Hirsh hybrid Koji
Wong Bok Chinese cabbage • Very tender, light green leaves • Excellent for stir-fries and pickling. • Hardy to about 25°F (–4°C) • The cylindrical Michihli produces 16" (40-cm) tall heads 6" (15 cm) across. Barrel-shaped Napa cabbage produce less in the same space. • Michihli is more stress tolerant and resistant to bolting and black speck than Napa cabbage. • Napa cabbage stores longer. • We like Blues Napa cabbage (52 days from seed to harvest) and Jade Pagoda (72 days) and the OP Michihli (72 days) Photo Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Celery Cabbage, Pe Tsai: Tokyo Bekana and Maruba Santoh • Fast-growing, loose-leaf, non- Photo Johnnys Seeds heading vegetables with tender chartreuse (yellow-green) leaves and white stems. • Mild flavor • Can be harvested as baby leaves after 21 days • Or the leaves and wide white stems of the mature plant provide crunch for salads from 35 days after sowing. • Or whole plants can be chopped and lightly cooked • More heat tolerant than Napa. Cold tolerant to 25°F (-4°C). Fairly bolt resistant
Pak Choy/Bok Choi • Sturdy white stems, big green leaves. Usually harvested as a head 12"–15" (30–38 cm) tall • 45–55 days to maturity • Hardy down to 32°F (0°C), most varieties to 25°F (-4°C) • Can be picked as individual leaves, for bunches of mixed braising greens or stir-fry combinations • We grow Prize Choy or Joy Choi • There is also red choi (a 45-day, red-veined baby leaf or maroon- leaved full-size version) • Photo Johnnys Seeds Unusual Greens
3 hot weather greens 3 cold weather greens Malabar spinach Miners Lettuce/Claytonia Jewels of Opar Upland Cress Purslane Minutina
3 “all season” greens Orach Sorrel Saltwort Root Crops: Beets
• Beets prefer soil temperatures of 50°F–85°F (10°C–29°C) • Only 3.5 days to emerge at 86°F (30°C), but 14.6 days at 50°F (10°C). • In late summer, you can maintain a soil temperature below 86°F for a few days using shadecloth. • Hand-sowing pre-sprouted seed is an option if the season is relentlessly hot. • Sow 1/2″-1″ deep, tamp the soil, and keep the surface damp with daily watering until they emerge. • Varieties suitable for winter hoophouse use include Bulls Blood (for beautiful leaves), Cylindra, Babybeat (small, perfectly formed round beets but slow-growing).
Crosby Egyptian Beet. Photo Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Root Crops: Carrots • Carrots prefer soil temperatures of 45°F–85°F (7°C–29°C), • They germinate in 4 or 5 days at 80°F (27°C). • Keep the soil surface damp until they come through. • For winter hoophouse growing, try Napoli or Mokum. Nelson is no longer available.
Photos Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Bulb Fennel The crunchy white “bulb” • Cool-weather short-lived perennial grown consists of the swollen as an annual in zone 6 and warmer. stem bases of the leaves. • In zones 2-5 it grows as a biennial. Has a vaguely licorice-like • Fall crops are likely to be more successful flavor. than spring ones.
• Can be sown when there is no danger of hard frost (28°F) • Depending on your climate, sow in early spring, late summer or early fall. In zone 7, sow in the hoophouse in August-Sept • Grow fast, provide plenty of water and harvest before flower stems form • Sensitive to day-length and sudden chilly spells • If your spring crop bolts before forming a good bulb, your conditions are too hot for spring planting - stick to fall crops in future, or start earlier in the spring
Radishes Small radishes • Varieties we like: Easter Egg, Large winter radishes White Icicle, and Cherry Belle. • Radishes germinate at temps • Sparkler got too fibrous for us, as 41°F–95°F (5°C–35°C) did Cherry Belle after mid Oct. • Sow large winter radish types August-Sept – they bolt if sown • We make 6 sowings 9/6 – 1/26 earlier. • Small radishes take 27–52 days to – Harvest before maturity, not counting days too temperatures drop to 20°F cold to grow. (-7°C) – Store well in plastic bags
under refrigeration Easter Egg – Popular for making Kim radishes Chee, salads and stir-fries. Photo Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Scarlet Ohno Revival turnip. Roots: Turnips Photo Southern Exposure Seed • Turnips + greens excel in the hoophouse. Exchange • We sow our first ones Oct 15 (around our first frost date) for harvest from Dec 4. • We do a second sowing Oct 24-Nov 9 and a small third sowing Dec 10. • We like Red Round and Hakurei and have tried Oasis and White Egg to find a cheaper replacement for Hakurei (Oasis is closer). • Hakurei is delicious, but is one of the least cold-tolerant, and does not survive dips below 10 °F (-12 °C) very well, as almost the entire root is above the soil. • In cold climates, try Purple Top White Globe • Germination 41°–104°F (5°–40°C)
White Egg turnip. Photo Wren Vile• Days to maturity 52 – 99 days. Onions Scallions Bulbing onions • We sow 9/6 for harvest 12/1 - 3/1; • We have sown for growing to 11/18 (following radishes) for maturity in the hoophouse harvest in early spring. Trying • We have grown seedlings for 10/20 in 2018 planting outdoors. • Evergreen Hardy White and White Onions planted in front of peppers Lisbon scallions are hardy down to Photo Kathryn Simmons 0°F (-18°C) Photo Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Cold Weather Legumes • Dwarf snap peas (sown 2/1). Fava beans sown 11/15 and Pea shoots are also possible. harvested mid-May. • Photo Bridget Aleshire Photo Kathryn Simmons Bare-root Transplants • Plants dug up from a nursery seedbed and transplanted elsewhere.
• Save time and money, compared to growing starts in flats. • Save on greenhouse space. • Very sturdy plants - full depth of soil to develop big roots In October we sow “filler” • Little extra care needed - greens and lettuce to use in the less prone to drying out than hoophouse during the winter seedlings in flats. In November we sow bulbing Vates kale transplants for outdoors. onions to plant outdoors 3/1 Photo Pam Dawling Jan 24 we sow kale, collards, spinach to plant outdoors in Mar. Our Three Hoophouse Seasons • We plant cool weather crops in September and October to harvest till April and May • We plant early summer crops in March and April to harvest May to the end of July • We plant high summer crops in July to harvest in August and September Fall Bed Prep Over-view • By 9/6: 1 “early bed” for Bulls Blood beets, scallions #1, radish #1, spinach #1, tatsoi #1 • By 9/30: 1/2 bed for Tokyo Bekana/Maruba Santoh, Chinese cabbage, Pak Choy, brassica fillers #1 • By 10/13: 1/4 bed for chard #1; 1/2 bed for turnips #1; 1/2 bed for lettuce #1 • By 10/21: 1/2 bed for kale (+ Yukina Savoy, frilly mustards, radishes, to suppress nematodes) • By 10/23: 1/2 bed lettuce #2; 1/2 bed senposai; 1/4 bed for spinach #2; 1/4 bed for lettuce mix #1; 1/4 bed for turnips #2; 1/4 bed for tatsoi #2 Seasonal transitions Transition to cool Transition from cool to warm weather weather crops crops • We clear a bed • We flag planting spots every 2’ (60 cm) • Add compost down the mid-line of the bed • Broadfork • Harvest crops that are too close • Rake • Dig holes • Sow or transplant • Add a shovelful of compost in the hole • Plant the warm weather crop Broadfork • Over the next few weeks, harvest to the from Way Cool Tools south of the new plants, and anything between them that’s too close • Over the following few weeks, harvest the rest of the greens between the new plants and then crops to the north. Selecting Early Summer Crops Suitable candidates crops you’d like earlier crops that grow in warmer climates crops that grow better in drier climates ideally, crops that are not in the same families as your main crops in other seasons.
For more ideas, see my slideshow Diversify Your Vegetable Crops on Lady Bell sweet pepper. www.slideshare.net Photo Kathryn Simmons Our Early Summer Crops • We grow early dwarf snap peas Sugar Ann (sown 2/1) and upright bush beans Strike (sown 3/15). • We transplant tomatoes 3/15, and peppers, cucumbers, summer squash on 4/1. A month earlier than we would plant outdoors. 4-6 weeks before the last frost date. • Our cucumbers and peas finish in mid July, the squash and tomatoes at the end of July. We keep our peppers through the summer until cold weather arrives (November). Other Possibilities • Eggplant, melons, cowpeas, edamame. • Seed crops • For more ideas, see my Cut flowers slideshow Diversify Your • Other decorative non-food crops (gourds etc) Vegetable Crops on www.slideshare.net Early Green Beans We choose an upright bush variety, such as Strike. We sow 3/15. We harvest from 5/9. We clear them 6/15. We have found the edge beds too cold for beans, so if the rotation would put the beans in one of those, we forsake beans and sow something else (beets for example) Photo Kathryn Simmons Tomatoes • We grow only early tomatoes in our hoophouse. • We start them 1/24, grow them on a heating mat, • We transplant in the hoophouse 3/15, after clearing winter crops from the bed middles. • We harvest them from the very end of May to the end of July. • One bed of fast varieties (less than 70 days) Glacier, Stupice, SunGold, Mountain Magic, Garden Peach Young tomato plant. Credit Kathryn Simmons • One bed of workhorse Tropic and various heirlooms Peppers • We keep sweet peppers and Baby black snakes control hornworms, hot peppers growing in our perhaps? hoophouse from April 1 till October or November. • We use Florida string weaving, but you could train them up twine if you prune them. • A good place to grow unusual hot peppers! Fewer different people harvest in our hoophouse, compared to outdoors, so unusual varieties do better, as there's less chance of them being harvested at the wrong stage. Eggplant
• Outdoors we keep eggplant under rowcover until they flower, to keep fleabeetles off, but because the hoophouse is warmer, we tried without rowcover. Crop failure! So, eggplant can work, if you guard against fleabeetles. • Eggplant can be pruned and trained up twine, if you want a long season. • Epic and Traviata are good varieties for hot conditions.
Nadia Eggplant. Photo Kathryn Simmons Cucumbers We usually grow one row of early bush cucumbers, Spacemaster, sown 3/1, transplanted 4/1. Tomatoes, squash and cucumbers Photo Twin Oaks Community West Indian Gherkins • I first saw these unusual pickling cucumbers at Monticello. • The seed was probably brought to Virginia by people enslaved by Thomas Jefferson. • Very heat tolerant and disease resistant. • Resistant to Peanut Root Knot Nematodes, which is why we started growing them. • We sow 3/31, transplant 4/21, harvest starting 6/12 • We trellis them in our hoophouse (they are long sprawling vines.)
Photo Bridget Aleshire Summer Squash and Zucchini
Our goal is earliness, so we choose a fast-maturing variety. Gentry summer squash, sown 3/1, transplanted 4/1 in the center of a bed of Bulls Blood beets. Note wire hoop for night time rowcover on cold nights. Photo Kathryn Simmons Possible High Summer Crops • If you are in a Zone colder than 6, you likely keep your tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, sweet potatoes or okra going all summer. • People in warmer zones grow tomatoes, peppers, okra, etc outdoors. We can grow another crop indoors, if they will finish by the time we want to plant our winter crops. • Summer crops have from mid July at the earliest to early November at the latest. • Food crops: salad crops, melons, cowpeas, edamame, sweet potatoes • Tropical food crops: ginger, turmeric, galangal • Cut flowers • Cover crops: legumes, buckwheat Cowpeas in the hoophouse. • Seed crops: legumes, lettuce, brassicas Photo Kathryn Simmons Salads for High Summer Harvests • It is possible to grow fast-turnaround salad crops like arugula, baby lettuce mix, Tokyo Bekana in the summer if you water enough and harvest very promptly. • You would probably shade your hoophouse, and you might use nets against insects.
Melons • We tried late melons our first summer, but they didn’t do well. • We sowed the melons (cantaloupe and watermelons) in pots 6/1 and transplanted 7/1 • They failed because the earlier yellow squash and cucumber plants had enticed in lots of striped cucumber beetles and the melon transplants got gobbled up before they grew their 4th leaf. (Demonstrating once again the importance of crop rotation!) Delicious 51 Muskmelon and Crimson Sweet Virginia Select watermelon. Photos Southern Exposure Seed Exchange
Cowpeas • Cowpeas can be grown in high summer for fresh eating, seed or Mississippi Silver cowpeas. Photo Kathryn Simmons dry soup beans. • Cowpeas can also be sown later than outdoors, to provide a late succession following on from outdoor crops. • Make sure your summer crops are finished before you need to plant winter crops. • We like Mississippi Silver and Carolina Crowder. Both are resistant to nematodes.
Cowpeas • We sow 2 rows in a 4’ bed in mid-June to mid- July, when we pull up our early warm-weather crops such as cucumbers, early tomatoes and squash. • We install a 5’ stake each side of the planting every 6-10 feet, and use twine every foot up the stakes in a modified single-sided Florida weave to make a “corral” around the planting. A July sowing of Carolina Crowder peas in our hoophouse. Photo Nina Gentle Cowpea String-Weaving Cats Cradle
How we support the cowpeas in our hoophouse. Photo Nina Gentle Edamame • Humid climates and September hurricanes can make for ugly spotty bean pods outdoors in late summer. • Growing them in the hoophouse means beautiful pods. This matters particularly for edamame, where the diners see the pods. • Edamame have the advantage of being a crop that is picked all at once –you do not want a crop that requires slow daily harvesting in high summer in your hoophouse, Envy edamame. Photo Kathryn Simmons unless you live in the far north. • We like Envy edamame, a short bush type that matures quickly. We sow July 27 and harvest October 4- 13, or November 9 for seed.
Sweet potato smother crop • It is definitely better to keep roots in the ground, than to leave bare soil • One idea is to plant the entire house with rows of sweet potato slips. • Remember to run the irrigation! • The vines will cover the ground and help the soil life thrive. • Sweet potatoes take at least 90 days from planting to standard-sized sweet potatoes. • Have you got 90 days between your early warm weather crops and your fall planting date? • Or, if less, would you be satisfied with small sweet potatoes? • The leaves are edible too. Baby Ginger
• Fresh baby ginger sells at $9- $20/pound. • A yield of 8:1 is good. 4:1 is poor. You could get 17:1 • Planting rate is 30 lbs/100 feet, with one 2oz seed piece/5” • Start in mid-March in zone 7. • It needs a heated space from mid-March to mid-May, while the plants are young. • Condition the seed pieces for 10-14 days • When buds are obvious, plant in Ginger in the hoophouse. lightweight crates. Credit Kathryn Simmons • Keep crates at 70-80°F (night Virginia State University is working on tissue min in high 40’s). cultured ginger to supply planting material
Growing Ginger • When hoophouse soil is 55°F and rising (check first thing in the morning), transplant at 5” in-row, rows 24” apart. • Feed and hill 4 times with 2- 3” soil, every 2-4 weeks • Harvest early to mid-October (5 months after sprouting) before the soil temperature cools to 50-55°F. Dig and lift roots carefully. Photo Kathryn Simmons • Refrigeration will turn ginger For details, see my slideshow rubbery. OK to use for Hoophouses in Spring and Summer cooking, pickling, or candying on www.slideshare.net another day
Turmeric and Galangal • Other tropical root crops. • Turmeric is not hilled. The rhizomes grow out and slightly downwards so will only need hilling an inch or two if the rhizomes appear above the soil during growth. • It needs less feeding than ginger. • Turmeric contains curcumins, which have valuable medicinal properties. • Planting rate is 6" between seed pieces. 10-16 pieces per pound. • Galangal (guh-lang-guh) looks Freshly harvested Turmeric, Photo like ginger but with a piney http://www.quallaberryfarm.com citrus flavor. Qualla Berry Farm Cut Flowers • Research is being done at Virginia State University and elsewhere. Hoophouses can boost production, and improve quality. See the Association for Specialty Cut Flower Growers and other resources listed. • Flowers grown in hoophouses are protected from battering winds, rain, deer and to some extent Japanese beetles. • In the south east, in the period from July to September, cut flowers can be scarce. • You can have Campanula blooming at the end of July. • Campanula latifolia — Photo: monteregina
Cover Crops • Hoophouse growing burns up the organic matter at a fast rate. If you don't need to grow another cash crop in the summer, you could grow cover crops to replenish the OM, ready for your next fall plantings. • Short term, manageable, fast-growing cover crops are what are needed, – Clovers are too slow. – Winter cereal grains won't grow in the summer. – Beware of huge hot weather grain crops, like Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. • Buckwheat, soy, cowpeas and the shorter millets all work well. Maybe Sunnhemp? • Because of harlequin bugs, we avoid growing brassicas as cover crops, but if you don't have this pest, brassicas may be a good choice, as they have a biofumigation effect on the soil, tackling some soil- borne diseases. • On the other hand, if you grow lots of winter greens, Buckwheat photo brassica cover crops might be a poor idea, even Southern Exposure Seed without Harlequin bugs. Exchange
Seed Crops • Clifton Slade in Virginia overwintered collard greens for a seed crop the next spring. He is in zone 7b. He grew a whole tunnel full. • Clif direct seeded Champion collards 12/1. • On 2/15 he started rolling up the side curtains every day, to vernalize the plants. • 90 days from sowing, 3/1, he had greens. • Although he had not intended to sell greens, he did sell about 1000 lbs (450 kg). • On 3/10, the plants flowered. Seed matured earlier than outdoors. • Clif harvested the tops of the plants into totes, using pruners. He had 100 lbs (45 kg) of pods, which gave 30 lbs (14 kg) of cleaned seed. • The yield was double that grown outdoors. • Seeds were bigger than outdoor-grown seed, with good germination • After pulling the collard seed crop, Clif transplanted okra Packing More Crops in It’s important to know when crops will bolt, and how to plant sensible quantities • Keep the space filled with useful crops. • Transplant from outside in fall • Follow-on crops, • Filler crops • Bare root transplanting • Interplanting • Succession Planting
For details, see my slideshow Hoophouse in Fall and Winter on SlideShare.net December harvests Photo Wren Vile Fall Sowings to Transplant Inside • Sept 15 and Sept 24: We make outdoor sowings of crops to later transplant into the hoophouse at 2–4 weeks old. We use hoops and ProtekNet, and water frequently • Sept 15: 10 varieties of hardy leaf lettuce and romaines; pak choy, Chinese cabbage, Yukina Savoy, Tokyo Bekana, Maruba Santoh, chard
Sept 24: another 10 varieties of lettuce; Red and White Russian kales, Senposai, more Yukina Savoy, mizuna and arugula
ProtekNet and hoops. Photo Wren Vile
Follow-on Winter Hoophouse Crops A sequence of different crops occupying the same space over time. Sometimes confusingly called “Succession Planting”.
• We follow our 1st radishes with 2nd scallions on 11/17
• 1st baby brassica salad mix with 5th radishes on 12/23
• Some of our 1st spinach with our 2nd baby lettuce mix on 12/31
• Our 1st tatsoi with our 4th spinach on 1/15
• Our Tokyo Bekana on 1/16 with spinach for planting outdoors
• Our pak choy & Chinese cabbage on 1/24 with kale & collards for outdoors
• Our 2nd radishes with our 2nd baby brassica salad mix 2/1
• Our 1st Yukina Savoy with our 3rd mizuna on 2/1
• Some of our 1st turnips with our 3rd baby lettuce mix on 2/1
• More of our 1st spinach with dwarf snap peas on 2/1
Filler Greens • As well as scheduled plantings, sow a few short rows of lettuce, spinach, Senposai, Yukina Savoy, Maruba Santoh, Tokyo Bekana to transplant and fill gaps as soon as they occur. • We simply dig them up, replant where needed and water well. Bare-root transplanting is much easier than many fear. • Alternatively you could keep some plug flats of these plants handy. • Brassica salad mixes use small areas and short time gaps • Peashoots can be grown as a gap- filling crop if there is unexpected open space in late winter.
Large transplants of filler greens. Photo by Ethan Hirsh Bare-root Gap-filling We fill gaps with Asian greens, spinach or lettuces as appropriate, until Jan 25 From Jan 25 to Feb 20 we fill all gaps everywhere with spinach transplants From Feb 20, we only fill gaps on the outer thirds of the beds, leaving centers free for tomatoes, etc. “Filler” spinach. Photo Wren Vile
Interplanting Warm Weather Crops After 2/20, we harvest the winter crops from the center rows first, plant the new early summer crops down the center, then harvest the outer rows bit by bit as the new crop needs the space or the light. This overlap allows the new crops to take over gradually.
Our winter and spring Tomatoes transplanted in the middle of a crops end in April lettuce mix bed. Photo Kathryn Simmons
Interplanting
• Fast growing crops like lettuce, radishes and greens can be planted between or alongside slower- growing crops to generate more income and diversity • Interplanting lettuce and tomatoes is 39% more efficient than growing each crop individually. (Statistic and photo thanks to Alison and Paul Wiediger) • We have grown peas with spinach
Succession Planting for Continuous Harvests As temperatures and day- Tatsoi. Photo Ethan Hirsh length decrease in the fall, the time to maturity lengthens, A single day's difference in sowing date in the fall can lead to almost a week's difference in harvest date. To get harvests starting an equal number of days apart, vary the interval between one sowing date and the next according to the season For all the details, see my slideshow Succession Planting for Continuous Keep records to fine-tune your Harvests on SlideShare.net planting dates Hoophouse Succession Planting
Hoophouse Crop Planting Date Harvest Dates Notes Brassica Salad Mix #1 sown 10/2 10/29 – 12/22 #2 sown 12/18 ? – 4/20 11 days to germinate. #3 sown 1/27 4/15 – 5/15? Only 2 cuts Succession #4 sown 2/1 2/12 is last sow date Chard #1 transplanted 10/16 12/11 - 4/9 #2 sown 10/26 2/6 - 5/1 Lettuce Mix #1 sown 10/24 12/14 - 3/15 Up to 8 cuts Planting #1.5! sown 11/16 ? New this year #2 sown 12/31 2/21 - 3/31 (4/15?) 3 cuts if we’re lucky #3 sown 2/1 3/18 - 4/30 3 cuts if we’re lucky 2 sowings of chard, #4 sown 2/15 3/25? - 5/15 Only sow if spring outdoor lettuce is late Lettuce heads until October 11/16 - 2/20 Harvest leaves from the mature plants scallions, tatsoi, 2/21 - 3/31 Cut the heads Mizuna #1 transplanted 10/20 11/25 - 1/25 Includes other frilly mustards yukina savoy #2 sown 11/9 2/26 - 3/24 #3 sown 2/1 3/24 – 5/23 Scarlet Frill, Golden Frills outlive mizuna and Ruby Streaks Onions (bulbing) #1 sown 11/10 Transplanted outdoors as early as possible in March #2 sown 11/22 3 sowings of mizuna, #3 back-up sown 12/6 Radish #1 sown 9/6 10/3 - 11/16 turnips, bulb onions #2 sown 10/1 11/10 - 12/25 #3 sown 10/30 12/15 - 1/31 #4 sown 11/29 ? Records lacking #5 sown 12/23 2/13 - 3/30? 4 sowings of baby Scallions #1 sown 9/6 12/8 - 2/1 #2 sown 11/18 3/19 - 5/15 Following radish #1 Spinach #1 sown 9/6 10/30 - 2/15 or later Sprouted seeds sown lettuce mix, brassica #2 sown 10/24 11/25 - 5/7 #3 sown 11/9 These later sowings are We keep planting to fill gaps and pulling up finished salad mix #4 sown 1/16 harvested until 5/7 plants #5 sown 1/17 Until mid-May To transplant outdoors in February Tatsoi #1 sown 9/7 10/30 - 12/31 9 weeks of harvest #2 sown 11/15 2/12 - 3/12 4 weeks of harvest 5 sowings of spinach, Turnips #1 sown 10/14 12/5 - 2/20 Thinnings 11/29 #2 sown 10/25 2/1 - 3/13 Thinnings 1/11 radish #3 sown 12/10 3/5 - 3/20 Only worthwhile if thinned promptly and eaten small Yukina Savoy #1 transplanted 10/6 12/5 - 1/25 #2 transplanted 10/24 1/8 - 2/1 or so Only one week extra Our Succession Crops C-S • Chard #1, transplanted 10/15, harvest 12/11-4/9. – #2, sown 10/26, harvested 3/6-4/9 • Lettuce Mix #1, sown 10/24, harvest 12/11-2/21. – #2, sown 2/1, harvest 3/20-4/20 (3 cuts if we’re lucky) • Leaf Lettuce: Succession planting is practical only until October. From November to March, harvest leaves from the same mature plants. • Mizuna (and other frilly mustards) #1, transplanted 10/20, harvest to 1/25. – #2, sown 11/10, harvest 2/26-3/20, – #3 sown 2/1, harvest 3/24-4/23 • Onions (bulbing) #1, sown 11/10. – #2, sown 11/22. – #3, sown 12/6 as back-up. Transplanted outdoors as early as possible in March. • Scallions #1, sown 9/6, harvest 12/25-3/20. – #2, sown 11/13, following radish #1, harvest 3/19-5/15.
More Succession Crops S-Y • Spinach #1, sown as sprouted seeds 9/6, harvest 10/30-4/9. • #2, sown 10/24, harvest 11/20-5/7. • #3, sown 11/10 as gap-filler. • #4, sown12/27. • #5, sown 1/17, as gap filler. All the later sowings are harvested until 5/7. We plant to fill gaps, and pull up finished plants. • #6, sown 1/24, primarily to transplant outdoors. • Tatsoi #1, sown 9/7, harvest 10/30-12/28. • #2, sown 11/15, harvest 2/15-2/28. • Turnips #1, sown 10/15, harvest 12/4-2/20. • #2, sown 11/10, harvest 2/25-3/10 (thinnings 1/11). • #3, sown 12/10, harvest until 3/20. This sowing is only productive if thinned promptly and eaten small. Turnip greens provide a crop even if the roots are too small. • Yukina Savoy #1, transplanted 10/10, harvest 12/30-1/22. • #2, sown 10/24, harvest until 1/29 (only one week extra) Make a Graph - 6 Steps 1. Gather sowing and harvest start and finish dates for each planting of each crop 2. Make a graph for each crop: sowing date along the horizontal (x) axis; harvest start date along the vertical (y) axis. Mark in all your data. Join with a line. Smooth the line. 3. From your first possible sowing date find the first harvest start date. 4. Decide the last worthwhile harvest start date, mark that. 5. Divide the harvest period into a whole number of equal segments, according to how often you want a new patch. 6. Find the sowing dates needed to match your harvest start dates Next we’ll take one step at a time Step 1 Gather Sowing & Harvest Dates
For each sowing of each crop, collect 1. Sowing date Radishes 2. Date of first harvest 3. Date of last worthwhile harvest of Sowing Harvest Harvest that sowing Date Start End
Compared to spring and summer 6-Sep 30-Sep 7-Nov plantings, the results for winter plantings can look quite wacky. 6-Sep 3-Oct 10-Nov Spinach and kale grow every time the temperature in your 6-Sep 7-Oct 7-Nov hoophouse is 40F (4.5C) or more, Some other crops need warmer 1-Oct 2-Nov 17-Dec temperatures to make any growth, and will “sit still” when it’s too 1-Oct 10-Nov 25-Dec cold. 5-Oct 9-Nov 2-Jan Here’s the first part of our data
Step 2 Make a Graph • Mark in all your data, and join with a line. • Graphs can be made by hand or using a spreadsheet program such as Excel, which calls them charts. This type of graph is called a “scatter chart.”
4/15/2017
3/26/2017 Radishes 3/6/2017 - several
2/14/2017 years’
1/25/2017 data
1/5/2017
Ser…
12/16/2016 Harvest Harvest datestart 11/26/2016
11/6/2016
10/17/2016
9/27/2016 Y axis = Harvest Start Date Start Harvest = axis Y 9/7/2016 8/18/2016 9/7/2016 9/27/2016 10/17/2016 11/6/2016 11/26/201612/16/2016 1/5/2017 1/25/2017 2/14/2017 X axis = Sowing Date, across the bottomSowing date Step 3 From Your First Possible Sowing Date Find the First Harvest Start Date Draw a line up from your first possible 4/15/2017
sowing date on the x 3/26/2017 axis to the graph 3/6/2017 line. 9/7? 2/14/2017 Draw a horizontal 1/25/2017 line from the point 1/5/2017
on the graph line to Seri…
the y axis. 12/16/2016 Harvest Harvest datestart This is your first 11/26/2016 harvest date. Ours is 11/6/2016 around 10/1. 10/17/2016 Harvest date varies 9/27/2016 according to 9/7/2016 8/18/2016 9/7/2016 9/27/2016 10/17/2016 11/6/2016 11/26/2016 12/16/2016 1/5/2017 1/25/2017 2/14/2017 temperature. Sowing date
Step 4 Decide Your Last Worthwhile Harvest Start Date
4/15/2017 • Decide your last 3/26/2017 worthwhile harvest 3/6/2017 start date 3/18? 2/14/2017 • Draw a line across 1/25/2017 from this date on 1/5/2017
the y (harvest) axis S…
to the graph line 12/16/2016 Harvest Harvest datestart • Draw a line from 11/26/2016 this point on the 11/6/2016 graph line down to 10/17/2016 the x axis to show 9/27/2016
when to sow. 1/26? 9/7/2016 8/18/20169/7/20169/27/201610/17/201611/6/201611/26/201612/16/20161/5/20171/25/20172/14/2017 Sowing date Smoothing the Graph Line • The line joining the points on the graph is often jagged, due to differences in weather from year to year, and to growing varieties with differing maturity dates. • Smooth the jaggedness by drawing a smooth line hitting most of your points, with equal numbers of points above and below it, equally distributed over time. • Practice with a pencil, drawing a line in the air just above the graph. • When you’re fairly confident, draw a smooth line. • With radishes the curve is slight, but it’s there. Radish Succession Crops Graph with Smoothed Line Step 5 Divide the Harvest Period into a Whole Number of Segments Count the days from first harvest of the first sowing to the first harvest of the last sowing:10/1–3/18=30+30+31+31+28+18=168 Decide roughly how often you want a new patch coming on line Divide the harvest period into a whole number of equal intervals. If we want new radishes every 34 days, we’ll need 5 equal intervals between plantings (34 x 5 = 170). Five intervals means 6 plantings. (P-I-P-I-P-I-P-I-P-I-P) The harvest start dates will be 10/1, 11/4, 12/8, 1/11, 2/14,3/20 Draw a horizontal line from each harvest start date to the graph line – see next slide
Radish Succession Crops Harvest Start Dates Radish Succession Crops Sowing Dates Step 6 Determine the Sowing Dates to Match Your Harvest Start Dates Drop a vertical line down to the horizontal axis from each place that a horizontal line meets your smoothed curve. Read the date on the horizontal axis at this point Write these planting dates on your schedule: 9/7, 9/30, 10/28, 11/22, 12/20, 1/27 Sowing intervals are 23, 28, 25, 28, 38 days – longer in Dec-Jan. If your planting plans exceed the space you’ve got, simply tweaking to a less frequent new harvest start could free up space to grow something else. Also consider a gap in radish supply, if other crops could make better use of the space.
Our Radish Succession Dates After many calculations and too many radishes, we cut back to 5 sowings of 32' (10 m) each. We reduced the amount we sow each time as a result of evening out our supply.
1. Radish #1, sown 9/6, harvested 10/5- 11/15. 2. #2, sown 10/1, harvested 11/6-12/25 3. #3, sown 10/30, harvested 12/16-2/7 4. #4, sown 11/29, harvested 1/16-2/25 5. #5, sown 12/23, harvested 2/19-3/16 Our harvest intervals are uneven: 31-40 days. This fits better with our other crops. Sept 7 sowing of radishes on Oct 3. Photo Pam Dawling Crop Rotations
• We work out an ad-hoc plan for each year, juggling rotation, timing, height and shading. • We don’t repeat the same crop family two years running. • Because everything happens faster in a hoophouse, we are growing multiple crops in each bed each year. • We look at the sequence of crops, rather than the number of years since the same crop was grown. • We hope that the part of the year spent growing other crops contributes to a speeded up version of the time needed away from that crop in an outdoor rotation. Cool Weather Crop Rotations Cool weather crops mostly fall into 3 crop families Lettuce and chicories Lettuce, Brassicas chicories Spinach, chard and beets. 2 other families are grown in smaller amounts Legumes Spinach, Alliums chard Brassicas and beets Rotate the main families each cool season. Use the less common families to fill out the space, ad hoc. Pam HoopHouse Map September 2016 - March 2017 5 Sept September 2015 - Pam HoopHouse Map 2016 24 August March 2016 2015 By 9/6 1 bed for bbb, scallions #1, radish #1, spin #1, tatsoi #1 By 9/30 1/2 bed for Tokyo Bekan/Maruba Santoh, ChinesBy 9/6 cabbage, 1 bed for Pak bbb, Choy, scallions brass #1, radish #1, spin #1, tatsoi #1 Bed fill #1 By 9/30 1/2 bed for Tokyo Bekana/Maruba Santoh, Chinese cabbage, Pak Choy, Prep By 10/13 1/4 bed for chard #1; 1/2 bed forBed turnips #1;By 1/2 10/13 bed for1/4 lettbed #1 for chard #1; 1/2 bed for turnips #1; 1/2 bed for lett #1 Over- By 10/21 1/2 bed for kale (the ex-Nema bed,Prep with YukinaBy 10/21 Savoys, 1/2 bedMizunas, for kale (the ex-Nema bed, with Yukina Savoys, Mizunas, radishes?) view radishes?) By 10/23 1/2 bed for lett #2; 1/2 bed for sps;Over- 1/4 bed Byfor 10/23 spin #2; 2 beds: 1/4 bed 1/2 forbed lett for mix lett #2; 1/2 bed for sps; 1/4 bed for spin #2; 1/4 bed for #1; 1/4 bed for turnips #2; 1/4 bed for tatsoiview #2; lett mix #1; 1/4 bed for turnips #2; 1/4 bed for tatsoi #2; Scale: 1 row=2 ft G F E G D F C E B D A C B A 96' 92' 88' 96' 88' 92' 88' 88' 92' 88' 96' 88' 92' 96' September 2015 September 2016
Ready 9/16 Ready 10/24 Ready 10/2, 10/22ReadyReady 9/24 10/24 Ready 10/1Ready 9/6 Ready 10/2Ready 10/12Ready 10/24Ready 10/ 24, 11/29 Ready 10/24 Ready 9/6 Ready 9/16 Two beds in our NEMA BED Beets, Peppers Cowpeas B&S 4/29-5/29. Tomatoes 3/22-7/29 Year 2 Edamame Nemaland 36 ft 4/11-10/31 Tomatoes 6/1-9/15 Cowpeas - 6/1- W: Cowpeas 6/1-9/15 9/15 B & S 7/30 - 10/21 Gherkins 4/29-7/12, Seed to 10/26/23-9/23Squash Solarize4/7 - 7/8 to 9/15Tomatoes 3/24-GherkinsE: Beans, Cowpeas 6/28-10/12Tomatoes Squash Buckwheat 8/9-9/6
Savoy #1
10/16 - 5/10 - 10/16
Chard #1 Chard then x r 4 11'
1/16 11'x15 r 1/16 11'x15 Bekana
Spinach #5a #5a Spinach
4 4 rows x 12'
West end, south side followed bysouthend, West followed 3 rowsLettuce side arugula Mix + - 3/20 x31' 12/31 #2
Tokyo Tokyo Spinach
Yukina Yukina 3 rows Red x Round96': to North, Hakurei to south
10/6 - 2/10 10/6 end NorthbyWest followed Snapside Peas 2/1 - 5/31 x followed by followed Sesame and marigolds - 6/15 4/13 Cowpeas 7/23-10/23 Cowpeas 6/30-10/23 Cowpeas #2, 7/11 -10/23 10/1-1/14 Radish #3 10/30 -1/30 B&S 7/31 - 9/1 1/16
13' x 4 x 13'
Lettuce #1,Mix+ Arugula
rows 11/9-3/24
6' x 6' 6 x rows
Mizuna
Wheat (and Mustard?) Wheat Mustard?) (and
#2
West by end North followed side
24' x 24' 8 rows
West end, by foll S side Real Life Crop Rotations
56' 8 x (5rows Tyee,rows 1.5 Avon,rows 1.5 Chevelle)rows
10/24 - 2/28
10/2-1/23 11' x 11' 10/2-1/23
Kale/Collards Kale/Collards
Cabbage Cabbage
1/24 8'/3' x 15r x 8'/3' 1/24
Chinese
10/20 - 1/25 10/20
Mizuna
6 6 rows x 8'
#5b #5b
9/11 -4/10
10/24 - 3/2 10/24 then r 4
8' x 8' 4 rows x
9 9 rows x 30'
Yukina
Savoy
Turnips #1 Turnips
#1
#2
10/24 - 2/28 10/24
Senposai
38' 4 x rows
Lettuce #2, 10/25 - 3/1
Spinach #1 9/6 - 2/15 - - March 2017 March 2016
Collards/Brass Collards/Brass
10/3-1/23 11' x 11' 10/3-1/23 hoophouse
Pak Choy Pak Sal Brass
12/18-3/29
1'/10' x 15 r 15 x 1'/10' then rows 4
Sal #3 Sal
Mix
8'x8r 8'x8r
Spinach #1 Spinach
#2 #2
4 4 rows x 50' 8 rows x 56'
Lettuce Lettuce Mix #2
1/24
9/6 -9/6 2/15
10/25- 3/1
10/14 2/10-
Lettuce #2 Lettuce
Snap Peas Snap RadSpinach #2, 10/24 - #4 Brass Salad #1 11/29-2/25 4'
Red kale on south,kale Red Whiteon north Russian kales 10/22 kales -Russian 4/17. 10/2-12/22 4' then R ad# 5
Tatsoi #2 Tatsoi
Turnips #1, Turnips 10/14 - 2/10
11/15 - 3/12 - 11/15 50' x 50' 4 rows Peppers 56' 4/7-9/23
8 8 rows x 18' Radish #2 10/1-12/31 2'rows 4 x 14'
12/31-3/20 32'x3 rows
Red kale on south,on White north
4 x 11', 4 x 11',
3/14
Lettuce #1 10/15 - 3/1
96' x then96' 3 rows
Russian kales kales Russian
10/1 - 12/30 10/1 Brass Fill #1 10/10 1.5'
Bekana
2/1 - 5/31
Tokyo
10/24 - 3/1310/24 -
2 rows x 96', 230 plants 2 rows230 @10" x 96',
10/22 - 4/17 - 4/17 10/22 rows6 x 11'
Turnips
#5 1/15 #5 Brass Fill #2 10/20 1.5' in two consecutive coolseasons
52' x 4 rows x 52'
foll by Spin Spin by foll
#2a Fill Lett #1 10/23 2'
4 4 rows x 52'
56' 1 x row
11/9 Spin #3
Cabbage Cabbage
East bysouthend, followed 3 rowsLettuce2/1 - 4/30 side Mix #3, x26'
4 x 11' foll by foll 4 x 11'
Chinese Chinese
10/2 - 1/23, - 1/23, 10/2
Chard #2 #2 Chard
kale kale 1/24
10/26 - 5/1
6'
Lettuce Mix #3 Lettuce
9' x 8 rows8 x 9'
Filler
11/9
10/26 - 3/22
Lett
#2
Turnips #2, Turnips
4' 4'
6 6 rows x 21'
followed by followed Spinach
10/15 3/1-
foll by
9/7 -12/31 9/7
Tatsoi Tatsoi #1,
Pak Choy Pak
Tatsoi #1 Tatsoi
Brass Salad #3
4 x 11' foll by foll 4 x 11'
#4 1/15 - 5/7, - 5/7, 1/15 #4
12 rows12 x16'
8 8 rows x 16'
16' 15 x rows
10/3 - 1/23 10/3
9/7 -9/7 1/14
Collards +
16' 8 x rows
1/15 - 5/7
Lettuce #1 Lettuce
Senposai, Senposai, 10/24 - 2/28
2/1 26' x at26' 5 rows 2/1 East end
1/27
10/24 5/1-
Spinach #4
Lettuce Mix #1,LettuceMix
10/26 3/13-
48' x 48' 4 rows
10/24 - 2/28 10/24
4 4 rows x 38'
Spinach #2 Spinach
Turnips #2b Turnips
10/20 - 1/25 10/20
Mizuna
30' 10 x rows
8' x 8' 6 rows x
Chard #1 Chard Chard #2
10/26 - 5/1 10/26
8 8 rows x 9'
10 rows10 x 9'
#1
36' x 4 rows 1 (2T, A, 1 C)
9' x 9'10 x rows
10/16 - 5/1 10/16
9/7 9/7 - 4/25
Beets,
Blood
9/7 - 4/25
Beets Beets Blood
Bull's
Bull's Bull's
4 4 x 13'
10/24 - 3/2 10/24
4 4 rows x 8'
Yukina
Savoy
29' x 29' 6 rows
#2
10/6-1/25 12'x4r 12'x4r 10/6-1/25
then
2/1 12'x6 rows 12'x6 2/1 Savoy #1
Tatsoi Tatsoi #2
11/15 - 3/1 11/15
8 8 rows x 7'
Yukina Yukina
9/6-11/7 5r 7' x 9/6- 3/1, r 7' x7
Mizuna #3 Mizuna #3 then #1 Radishes Rad #2 10/1 foll by Brass
------
11/18 5 r 7'x #1(North) Scallions Scallions Sal # 2 2/1-11/23
11/9-3/24
6 6 rows x
Mizuna Brass Sal #1 10/2 foll by
Scall #2 Scall #2 Brass filler #1 10/10 Rad #5 12/23-4/`15
#2 #2
6'
Radishes #1 Radishes
Scallions #2 Scallions #1 Scallions
Brass filler #2 10/20 then 7' x 5
9/6-11/7 3/1,9/6-
7 x 7' 7' x 7 Lettuce filler #1 10/23 Spinach #3 11/9 - filler 12 rows crosswise in 3' Lettuce filler #2 11/9Radish #3 10/30 -1/30 Scale: I row = 2 feet Radish #4 11/29 Warm Weather Crop Rotations
• Nightshades 3 beds • Cucurbits 2 beds Tomatoes • Legumes 2 beds or Peppers
• Edge beds are too low for tomatoes, too narrow for cucumbers. Bush Squash, beans, Cucumbers • Cowpeas or or Gherkins Edge beds are colder in the Edamame early spring
Crop Planning • We do our detailed crop planning in 2 parts each year. • In February, we schedule the few, straightforward, March– September plantings, • In early–mid August, we schedule the many and varied September–March plantings. • This allows us to take account of anything that happened that we hadn’t planned for. • We have root knot nematodes, and are using a strategy of two years of resistant crops followed by one year of susceptible crops. Following the Nematode Plan takes priority over our usual crop rotation plan.
Step-by-Step Crop Planning 1. Make a list of crops you hope to grow 2. Modify the previous year’s plans. 3. Either plant one or two beds at a time, through September and October — or clear the whole hoophouse at once. 4. If planning the September to March crops, figure out the early planting bed (September 7) first, then the nematode infested areas, then the others. 5. Start with maps. Keep a standard blank map of the bed layout ready for copying when needed. 6. Write in the previous cool weather and warm weather crops and the dates each bed will become available (at the top of each bed). A 7. Consider crop rotations, pest or disease problems, edge beds being narrow and colder, and dates C B available. B+W 2 HoopHouse Map Sept 2017 - March 2018 Aug 2017 → North Make a Map
G F E D C B A 8. Start with the crops needing 96' 92' 88' 88' 88' 92' 96'
"NEMA YEAR 3" NEMA YEAR 1 most space - leaf lettuce, Peppers B + S 7/17-10/1 or Tomatoes 3/17-7/30 Cowpeas 4/11-10/31 sooner Bkwt 8/6-9/1 6/1-9/15 W B + S 7/21=10/8 Tomatoes 3/15-7/30 Squash 4/1-7/16
Spinach #5b Spinach
11/16 24' x 3 rows then rows 3x 24' 11/16 spinach, kale, turnips, and large Rad #2 10/1-12/31 2' E Cowpeas 5/1- 8/18 Bkwt 8/6-9/1 Cowpeas 7/14-8/30
Lettuce Mix #2.5 #2.5 Mix Lettuce
10/20-1/25 10/20-1/25 Senposai
8' x 6 rows 6x 8'
Mizuna #1 Mizuna Brass Fill #1 10/10 1.5' Brass Fill #2 10/20 1.5' Asian greens. Find a home for Lett Fill #1 10/23 2'
Lettuce #2 Lettuce
Yuk Savoy #1 Savoy Yuk
1/16 24' x 8x 24' 1/16
West end S side foll by
12' x 4 r 4 x 12'
Mizuna#3
Turnips#1
10/24-
12' x 6 rows 6 x 12' Brass Salad #1 10/6-1/25
10/2- 12/22 4' then Rad #5 West end N side foll by
2/28 38' x 38' rows 4 2/28
PakChoi
10' x 15 rows rows 15x 10'
Brass Sal #3 Sal Brass
1/23 11' x 4x 11' 1/23 rows then rows every crop in a space available
then
2/1 2/1
1/27
#2 BrassSal Mix
10/3-
10/25-3/1 50' x 50' rows 4 10/25-3/1
12/18-3/29 12/18-3/29
10/14 - 2/10 96' x 96' thenrows - 3 2/10 10/14
8' x 8 r 8 x 8' 4 rows Avon, 4 rows Reflect4 rows Avon, timewise and suitable rotation-
8'/Collards 3' 3' 8'/Collards
10/2-1/23 11' 11' 10/2-1/23
9/6 - 2/15 56' x 8 rows x 56' - 2/15 9/6
Cabbage
x 15r 1/24 15rx1/24 thenr4 x Chinese
Kale Kale
Lettuce Mix #2
Spinach #1 Rad #4 11/29-2/25 Snap Peas wise 4'
1/16 11' x 15 r 15x 11' 1/16
10/1-1/14 16' 16' 10/1-1/14
Spinach#5a
x 4 r thenr4 x
Bekana
Tokyo
11/15 - 3/12 3/12 11/15 -
14' x 4 rows4 x 14'
Tatsoi#2
2/1-5/31 56' x 1 rowx 56' 2/1-5/31
12/31-3/20 32' x 3 rows x 32' 12/31-3/20 RussianKale 9. Pencil each crop in, showing how
10/22-4/17 52' x 52' rows 4 10/22-4/17
Turnips #2a
11' x 6 rows x 11' 10/25-3/13 10/25-3/13 much space it needs
Spin #3 Spin #3
11/9 6' 11/9
Lettuce Mix #3Mix Lettuce
White on N Red on S White onon RedN S
Chard #2
9' x 9' 8 rows x 10/26-5/1 10/26-5/1 10. Write in the planting dates and
Lett #2 Lett#2
11/9 4' 11/9
13' x 4 rows x 13'
Chard #1
10/16-5/10 10/16-5/10
Fill Fill
Lettuce #1 Lettuce
then finish dates
9/7 - 1/14 16' x 8 rows x 16' - 1/14 9/7
2/1 26 ft 26 2/1 x atrows 5 East end
Spinach #4
16' x 15 rows 15 x 16'
Tatsoi Tatsoi #1
10/15 - 3/1 43' x 4 rows4 x 3/143' 10/15 -
Spinach #2
Turnips #2b 11. Note remaining space left in the
1/15-5/7 1/15-5/7
Lettuce Mix #1 #1Mix Lettuce
30' xrows 30' 10
10/24-2/28 10/24-2/28 bed, available for minor crops.
10/24 - 5/1 36' x 4 rows x 36' - 5/1 10/24
10/25-3/13 29' x 6 rows x 29' 10/25-3/13
9/7 - 4/25 9' 9' 4/25 - 9/7
x 10 rows 10 x
Beets Beets Blood
Bull's Bull's
Mizuna
6' x 6' 6r x
11/9-
3/24 3/24 #2 #2 12. Then fit everything else in, in a
Savoy #2
Rad #1 (S)9/6- Rad #1
9/6-3/1 7' x 7r x 5r 7' 11/18
then Scall then #2
Yukina
11/7 7' x 5r 7' 11/7
10/24-
Scall #1 (N)
8' x 4 4 x 8'
------rows 3/2 3/2 way that works with your Rad #3 10/30-1/30 planting dates. Make a Planting Schedule 13. Set up the framework for a planting schedule (modify last year’s?) 14. Enter a row for each planting of each crop, including planting date, bed, row length, number of rows, space between rows, in-row space of transplants, variety name, expected harvest start and end dates
Row Row Plant Date Plan Sow length in space in space in Harvest Harvest Done Date Bed /Tpl feet inches Rows # inches Crop Notes Start Finish Success? 15. Watch out for changes between growing something in a 2ft edge bed or a 4ft middle bed. Half as many rows in an edge bed, rows need to be twice as long as in a middle bed 16. Plan follow-on crops where possible. It is important to know how long the first round of crops will be there. Photo Wren Vile Make a Planting Schedule
17. Write the location on the schedule and the crop on the map, along with how much space it needs. 18. Follow all changes through to both the map and the schedule. 19. Check: add total row feet assigned to each bed - make sure it fits! 20. Sort the planting schedule by date. 21. Have 2 people proofread for sense and for compatibility with map. 22. Make any needed corrections. Photo Wren Vile
Look at the Overview —Tweak to Make Your Best Possible Plan • If you can’t fit in everything you want, drop some crops or change your quantities, or tighten up your planting schedule. • Perhaps the old crop is not so worth keeping, if pulling it helps you establish a new crop in a more timely way. • Keep your highest priorities in mind: crops for your best markets, the signature crops you are famous for, and food for your household. • Check the timings of your sowings for transplants — do you have enough germinating capacity? • Sometimes it helps to simplify planting dates, e.g., squash and cucumbers on the same day. • Other times it helps to spread the workload over several consecutive days, to give you time to harvest, eat lunch, do your outdoor work. Record Results for Next Year’s Better Plan • Make recording easy to do • Have a daily practice of writing down what was done that day: Planting dates and harvest start and end dates for each planting of each crop and the amount of work done on each crop, and amount harvested. • Allow time to do that, without losing your lunch break • Minimize the paperwork. Record planting dates and harvest start and finish dates on the planting schedule. • If your records suggest adjusting a date next year, adjust it to halfway between last year’s plan and what seems ideal - gradually zero in on the likely date without wild pendulum swings based on variable weather.
Advantages of Planning and Record -Keeping 1. Use all the space to best advantage 2. You may find you don’t need to sow as often or as soon as you had thought. 3. Your records may show up the chanciness of certain sowing dates, particularly crops that will bolt soon after sowing. See our example of turnips #3. You may choose a better idea. 4. Your record keeping may show up some other ways to increase the harvest period (eg pay attention to aphids in February), and remove Chard Photo Kathryn Simmons the need to resow so soon.
Resources - General ATTRA https://attra.ncat.org/ Market Farming: A Start-up Guide; Plugs and Transplant Production for Organic Systems; Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for a Continuous Harvest; Intercropping Principles and Production Practices (mostly field crops, but the same principles apply to vegetable crops); Season Extension Techniques for Market Farmers, etc. SARE https://www.sare.org/ A searchable database of research findings. See Season Extension Topic Room https://articles.extension.org/organic_production and https://eorganic.info/ The organic agriculture community with eXtension. Publications, webinars, videos, trainings and support. An expanding source of reliable information. Growing Small Farms: https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu/ click Farmer Resources. Jean-Paul Courtens , Roxbury Farm https://www.roxburyfarm.com/. Regenerative Farming Practices tab: Soil Fertility Practices; Biodynamic Practices; Whole farm Approach; Harvest Manual; Crop Manual; Purchasing Equipment; Crop Plan for a 100 Member CSA, including a CSA Share List, Greenhouse Plan, Field Plan Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/ or https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/veg-hort/transplant/ (All about transplants) Resources - Hoophouses HighTunnels.org: http://hightunnels.org/category/for-growers/growing-in-high-tunnels/ or http://hightunnels.org/for-growers/ Penn State High Tunnel Production Manual, William Lamont, $25 https://extension.psu.edu/high-tunnel-manual The Hoophouse Handbook Revised and Expanded, by Growing for Market: https://www.growingformarket.com/store/products/165 Greenhouse and Hoophouse Grower's Handbook – Organic Vegetable Production Using Protected Culture, Andrew Mefferd, Chelsea Green https://www.growingformarket.com/store/products/182 U of MN High Tunnel Production Manual http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/fruit- vegetable/#high-tunnel U of MN Deep Winter Greenhouse https://extension.umn.edu/growing-systems/deep- winter-greenhouses U of MN Cold-Climate Greenhouse Resource http://www.cura.umn.edu/publications/catalog/cap-186 The Northlands Winter Greenhouse Manual, Carol Ford & Chuck Waibe https://mosesorganic.net/product/northlands-winter-greenhouse-manual-the/ High Tunnels: Using Low Cost Technology to Increase Yields, Improve Quality, and Extend the Growing Season by Ted Blomgren, Tracy Frisch and Steve Moore. University of Vermont Center for Sustainable Agriculture. $15 or on the web: http://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/hightunnels.html Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture Hoop House How-To. Low cost DIY small hoophouse. http://kerrcenter.com/organic-farm/hoop-house/ Resources - Season Extension Extending the Season: Six Strategies for Improving Cash Flow Year-Round on the Market Farm a free e-book for online subscribers to Growing for Market magazine Janet Bachmann, Season Extension Techniques for Market Gardeners, ATTRA, 2005. attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=366 Fall and Winter Gardening Quick Reference, Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, www.southernexposure.com/growing-guides/fall-winter-quick- guide.pdf www.johnnyseeds.com. Growers’ Library, Winter growing guide www.motherofahubbard.com Winter Vegetable Gardening Solar Gardening: Growing Vegetables Year-Round the American Intensive Way, Leandre Poisson, Gretchen Poisson and Robin Wimbiscus, 1994, Chelsea Green
Resources - books The Market Gardener, Jean-Martin Fortier, New Society Publishers The Complete Know and Grow Vegetables, J K A Bleasdale, P J Salter et al. Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, Maynard and Hochmuth http://extension.missouri.edu/sare/documents/KnottsHandbook2012.pdf The New Seed Starter’s Handbook, Nancy Bubel, Rodale Books The Organic Farmer’s Business Handbook, Richard Wiswall, Chelsea Green Sustainable Vegetable Production from Start-up to Market, Vern Grubinger, http://host31.spidergraphics.com/nra/doc/fair%20use%20web%20pdfs/nraes- 104_web.pdf NRAES The New Organic Grower and The Winter Harvest Manual, Eliot Coleman, Chelsea Green Extending the Season: Six Strategies for Improving Cash Flow Year-Round on the Market Farm a free e-book for online subscribers to Growing for Market mag. Crop Planning for Organic Vegetable Growers, Daniel Brisebois and Frédéric Thériault (Canadian Organic Growers www.cog.ca) The Lean Farm, How to Minimize Waste, Increase Efficiency, and Maximize Value and Profits with Less Work and The Lean Farm Guide, Ben Hartman
Resources – More Books The Urban Farmer, Curtis Stone, New Society Publishers High-Yield Vegetable Gardening, Colin McCrate and Brad Halm, Storey Market Farming Success: The Business of Growing and Selling Local Food, Lynn Byczynski John Jeavons How to Grow More Vegetables 8th edition 2012, Ten Speed Press has charts: Pounds Consumed per Year by the Average Person in the US & Average US Yield in Pounds per 100 Square Feet Gardening When it Counts, Steve Solomon, New Society Publishers Wholesale Success, Atina Diffley, Jim Slama https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59370f34a5790a9ef264ae76/t/5 9a71ff7e3df28f2da21badc/1504124924473/Farmer%E2%80%99s+Guide +to+Food+Safety%2C+Selling%2C+Postharvest+Handling%2C+Packing+P roduce.pdf / Nature and Properties of Soils, fourteenth edition, Nyle Brady and Ray Weil Garden Insects of North America, Whitney Cranshaw
Web Resources The Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers http://ascfg.org/ Soil Solarization Homepage: http://agri3.huji.ac.il/~katan Soil Solarization University of California: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74145.html Southern Exposure Seed Exchange www.southernexposure.com wonderful link for Seed Saving Resources: http://homepage.tinet.ie/~merlyn/seedsaving.html Saving Our Seeds website has information on isolation distances, seed processing techniques, where to get manuals on growing specific seeds, and links to more information: www.savingourseeds.org AgSquared online planning software: http://www.agsquared.com/ COG-Pro record-keeping software for Certified Organic Farms: https://cog-pro.com/
Resources – My Slideshows https://www.slideshare.net/ Search for Pam Dawling. You’ll find: Cold-hardy Winter Vegetables Lettuce Year Round Cover Crops for Vegetable Producing Asian Greens Growers Production of Late Fall, Winter Crop Planning for Sustainable and Early Spring Vegetable Crops Vegetable Production Season Extension Crop Rotations for Vegetables Seed Growing and Cover Crops Sequential Planting of Cool Diversify your Vegetable Crops Season Crops in a High Tunnel Fall and Winter Hoophouse Spring and Summer Hoophouses Fall Vegetable Production Storage Vegetables Feeding the Soil Succession Planting for Growing Great Garlic Continuous Vegetable Harvests Growing Sweet Potatoes from Sustainable Farming Practices. Start to Finish Resources - Slideshows Mark Cain Planning for Your CSA: https://www.slideshare.net/ (search for Crop Planning) Brad Bergefurd, Cultural Practices And Cultivar Selections for Commercial Vegetable Growers. https://www.slideshare.net/guest6e1a8d60/vegetable- cultural-practices-and-variety-selection Daniel Parson Planning the Planting of Cover Crops and Cash Crops, SSAWG 2012 https://www.slideshare.net/parsonproduce/southern-sawg Joel Gruver Cover Crop Innovation and Cover crops for vegetable cropping systems https://www.slideshare.net/jbgruver/cover-crops-for-vegetable-crops Joel Gruver Finding the best fit: cover crops in organic farming systems. Some overlap with previous slideshow. https://www.slideshare.net/jbgruver/cover- crops-decatur Alison and Paul Wiediger https://www.slideshare.net/aunaturelfarm/high- tunnel-1-why-grow-in-high-tunnels and at least 11 more.
Many Crops, Many Plantings to Maximize High Tunnel Production Efficiency ©Pam Dawling 2018 Twin Oaks Community, Central Virginia Author of Sustainable Market Farming and The Year-Round Hoophouse
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