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The Promise of Urban Agriculture, National Study of Commercial

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The Promise of Urban Agriculture, National Study of Commercial The Promise of Urban Agriculture National Study of Commercial Farming in Urban Areas Report Authors Dr. Anu Rangarajan and Molly Riordan Federal Project Lead Samantha Schaffstall August 2019 A Preferred Citation Rangarajan, A., & Riordan, M. (2019). The Promise of Urban Agriculture: National Study of Commercial Farming in Urban Areas. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Marketing Service and Cornell University Small Farms Program. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. B Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: The Promise of Urban Agriculture ................................................................................. 5 Types of Urban Farms ................................................................................................................................6 Exploring Commercial Urban Agriculture ..................................................................................................7 Structure of the Report ..............................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2: Study Methods .............................................................................................................. 9 Understanding Perspectives on Commercial Urban Agriculture ..............................................................9 Selection of Commercial Urban Agriculture Case Study Farms ................................................................10 Case Study Interview Protocol .................................................................................................................11 Interviews of Other Urban Agriculture Farmers and Supporters .............................................................12 Chapter 3: Case Study Briefs ..........................................................................................................13 Mycopolitan Mushroom Company, Philadelphia, PA ...............................................................................19 Little City Gardens, San Francisco, CA .....................................................................................................20 Karen Fresh Gardens, Kansas City, KS ......................................................................................................21 Our School at Blair Grocery, New Orleans, LA ..........................................................................................22 Rising Pheasant Farm, Detroit, MI ...........................................................................................................23 Growing Home, Chicago, IL ......................................................................................................................24 Brother Nature Produce, Detroit, MI .......................................................................................................25 Side Yard Farm, Portland, OR ...................................................................................................................26 Wilson Street Urban Farm, Buffalo, NY ....................................................................................................27 Love Is Love Farm at Gaia Gardens, Decatur, GA .....................................................................................28 Springdale Farm, Austin, TX .....................................................................................................................29 Brooklyn Grange, Brooklyn and Queens, NY ............................................................................................30 Mellowfields Urban Farm, Lawrence, KS ..................................................................................................31 Green City Growers, Cleveland, OH .........................................................................................................32 Chapter 4: Exploring Commercial Urban Farm Viability ..................................................................33 Farmer Training and Information Networks .............................................................................................33 Business Structure ...................................................................................................................................34 i Gross and Net Revenue ............................................................................................................................34 Business Strategy and Risk Management.................................................................................................37 Crop Choice ..................................................................................................................................37 Season Extension ..........................................................................................................................38 Markets and Income Streams ..................................................................................................................40 Farm Product Sales Channels ........................................................................................................40 Income from Related Farm Activities ............................................................................................41 Grants and Gifts ............................................................................................................................41 Expenses ..................................................................................................................................................42 Land and Infrastructure ................................................................................................................42 Labor .............................................................................................................................................44 Volunteers .....................................................................................................................................45 Taxes, Utilities, and Other Costs ...................................................................................................45 Net Revenues or Profit .............................................................................................................................47 Comparisons With Rural Farms of Small Size ...........................................................................................47 Recommendations and Considerations for Commercial Urban Farm Viability ........................................48 Chapter 5: Urban Farms as Social Enterprises ................................................................................53 Defining Social Enterprise ........................................................................................................................53 Social Entrepreneurship and Business Incorporation in Commercial Urban Farming ..................53 Benefits to People: Education .......................................................................................................55 Benefits to Planet: Ecological Stewardship ...................................................................................55 Cost of Social Enterprise ..........................................................................................................................56 Seeking Support for Social Enterprise ......................................................................................................57 Strengthening Urban Agriculture Social Impact by Bridging Approaches ...............................................58 Recommendations and Considerations for Supporting Urban Agriculture as Social Enterprises ............59 Chapter 6: The Promise and Challenges of Controlled Environment Agriculture in Cities ...............61 Help Wanted ............................................................................................................................................61 Trade Secrets ............................................................................................................................................62 Environmental Costs ................................................................................................................................63 Marketing Controlled Environment Agriculture Products .......................................................................63 Locating Controlled Enivronment Agriculture .........................................................................................64 Recommendations and Considerations to Advance Controlled Environment Agriculture ......................65 ii Chapter 7: Sustaining Commercial Urban Agriculture through Policy .............................................67 Legalizing Urban Agriculture: Urban Agriculture Ordinances ..................................................................67 Regulating Urban Agriculture ...................................................................................................................68 Site Requirements: Parking, Sidewalks, Signage ..........................................................................69 Farm Buildings ..............................................................................................................................69 Water ............................................................................................................................................70
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