DOCSLIB.ORG

VU Research Portal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VU Research Portal VU Research Portal Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO nanoparticles to Folsomia candida Waalewijn-Kool, P.L. 2013 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Waalewijn-Kool, P. L. (2013). Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO nanoparticles to Folsomia candida. Off-Page, www.offpage.nl. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO nanoparticles to This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the ecotoxicity and bioavailability of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) for a Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO soil-dwelling organism, the springtail Folsomia nanoparticles to Folsomia candida candida. Different fate and effect studies were performed in natural soils to unravel the contribution of particulate and dissolved Zn to ZnO-NP toxicity. This study shows that the release of toxic Zn2+ ions P.L. Waalewijn-Kool from ZnO-NP continues for at least one year, but that this does not lead to increased toxicity. This research suggests that ZnO-NP can be evaluated using the current risk assessment of Zn. The studies performed during this Ph.D. project were part of the European project NanoFATE (Nanoparticle Fate Assessment and Toxicity in the Environment). Folsomia candida P.L. Waalewijn-Kool P.L. Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO nanoparticles to Folsomia candida Pauline Lydia Waalewijn-Kool This research was conducted in the context of NanoFATE, Collaborative Project CP-FP 247739 (2010-2014) under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission (FP7-NMP-ENV-2009, Theme 4). Thesis 2013-06 of the Department of Ecolocial Science, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Layout and printing: Off-Page, www.offpage.nl ISBN: 978-94-6182-324-3 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Ecotoxicological assessment of ZnO nanoparticles to Folsomia candida ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op donderdag 24 oktober 2013 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Pauline Lydia Waalewijn-Kool geboren te Leiderdorp promotor: prof.dr. N.M. van Straalen copromotor: dr.ir. C.A.M. van Gestel “Ik heb u tot een keurmeester van metalen gemaakt, zodat u het erts kunt testen en de waarde ervan kunt bepalen.” Jeremia 6:27. Het Boek, oktober 2009 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction 9 Chapter 2 Effect of different spiking procedures on the distribution 25 and toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in soil Chapter 3 Chronic toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, non-nano ZnO and 39 ZnCl2 to Folsomia candida (Collembola) in relation to bioavailability in soil Supporting Information 52 Chapter 4 Sorption, dissolution and pH determine the long-term 57 equilibration and toxicity of coated and uncoated ZnO nanoparticles in soil Supporting Information 69 Chapter 5 The effect of pH on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to 84 Folsomia candida in amended field soil Supporting Information 98 Chapter 6 Effect of soil properties on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles 107 to Folsomia candida in a comparison of four natural soils Supporting Information 120 Chapter 7 Summary and discussion 129 Bibliography 145 Appendix I Summary of ecotoxicity studies with ZnO nanoparticles 156 (ZnO-NP) and terrestrial invertebrates Appendix II Letter to the Editor. Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: 158 New research themes should not ignore old rules and theories Samenvatting 163 Acknowledgements 167 Curriculum vitae 169 SENSE Certificate 171 1General introduction General introduction 1 1Scope Nano is a prefix meaning extremely small. When quantifiable, it translates to one- billionth. The term “nano-technology” was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974 and refers to the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale (Maynard, 2006). Nowadays different types of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) can be purchased on the commercial market with the potential of being released in the environment (Gottschalk and Nowack, 2011). Although the size-dependent properties make engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) desirable for many applications, their release into the environment and implications for the environmental fate and effects need to be investigated (Klaine et al., 2008). This thesis focuses on how ZnO-NP reacts in natural soils and how toxic these particles are for a soil dwelling organism, Folsomia candida. In this Chapter I introduce ZnO-NP as one of the most widely used ENPs and their route into the soil environment. Then, I describe the fate processes that tend to occur when ZnO-NP are in the soil and how these processes relate to soil properties. An overview of available terrestrial studies is shown, indicating adverse effects of ZnO-NP to soil organisms. And an outline of the thesis is given in which the investigated aspects of the fate and effects assessment of ZnO-NP are addressed. 2 Engineered nanoparticles ENPs exhibit novel properties with specific and improved functionality and increased efficiency (Navarro et al., 2008). The physico-chemical properties of ENPs are attributable to their small size (surface area and size distribution), chemical composition (purity, crystallinity, electronic properties), surface structure (surface reactivity, surface groups, inorganic or organic coatings), solubility, shape, and aggregation (Nel et al., 2006; Hassellöv et al., 2008). The surface area-to-volume ratio is a function of particle size, with smaller particles having a larger surface area per weight than larger particles (Bottero et al., 2011). Their higher surface to volume ratio makes ENPs potentially more reactive than larger particles. Approximately 35-40% of the atoms are localized at the surface of a 10 nm nanoparticle compared to less than 20% for a particle larger than 30 nm (Auffan et al., 2009). ENPs are used in a large variety of industrial and consumer products, such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, textiles, food packaging, fuel catalysts, biosensors and for environmental remediation. The use of ENPs has grown dramatically in the last decade and will continue growing in the coming years (Aitken et al., 2006; Royal Society, 2004). The commercially useful properties of ENPs have resulted in a large range of different ENPs. They can be classified based on their chemical composition into carbon-containing (organic) and metal-based (inorganic) 11 Chapter 1 ENPs (Nowack et al., 2007; Peralta-Videa et al., 2011). Inorganic ENPs include metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as silver (Ag), which are widely incorporated into products for their antibacterial and antifungal properties; titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), which are used in sunscreens for their ultraviolet (UV) absorbance and reflecting capability; and cerium oxide (CeO2), which is used in fuel additives as a catalyst. Mixtures of different phases are also manufactured (e.g. cadmium selenide). ENPs can be produced by a huge range of procedures which can be grouped into top-down and bottom-up strategies (Ju-Nam and Lead, 2008). Top-down approaches are defined as those by which ENPs are directly generated from bulk materials using physical methods such as milling, attrition or repeated quenching. Bottom-up strategies involve molecular components as starting materials linked with chemical reactions, nucleation and growth processes (Christian et al., 2008). ENPs can be produced with different shapes or structures; they can be spherical, tubular or irregularly shaped and can have a functionalized surface or a coating (Nowack et al., 2007). ENPs are defined as manufactured particles with sizes smaller than 100 nm in one or more dimensions. The cut-off value of 100 nm is considered the working definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2008) and used by many researchers working with ENPs nowadays (e.g. Handy et al., 2008; Heinlaan et al., 2008; Unrine et al., 2010). As ENPs rarely have one size after release into the environment, it is more realistic to consider ENPs with a distribution of particle sizes around the nanoscale (Handy et al., 2008). The European Union recommends considering particle size distributions in the definition of ENPs instead of one particle size only. This means that when 50% of the total number of particles in a certain material has one or more dimensions smaller than 100 nm, all material is considered as nanomaterial. The definition of the European Union for nanomaterials reads: “Nanomaterial means a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Folsomia Candida and the Results of a Ringtest
    Toxicity testing with the collembolans Folsomia fimetaria and Folsomia candida and the results of a ringtest P.H. Krogh DMU/AU, Denmark Department of Terrestrial Ecology With contributions from: Mónica João de Barros Amorim, Pilar Andrés, Gabor Bakonyi, Kristin Becker van Slooten, Xavier Domene, Ine Geujin, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Silvio Knäbe, Vladimír Kocí, Jan Lana, Thomas Moser, Juliska Princz, Maike Schaefer, Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand, Hege Stubberud, Berndt-Michael Wilke August 2008 1 Contents 1 PREFACE 3 2 BIOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY OF F. FIMETARIA AND F. CANDIDA 4 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO F. FIMETARIA AND F. CANDIDA 4 2.2 COMPARISON OF THE TWO SPECIES 6 2.3 GENETIC VARIABILITY 7 2.4 ALTERNATIVE COLLEMBOLAN TEST SPECIES 8 2.5 DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE TWO SPECIES 8 2.6 VARIABILITY IN REPRODUCTION RATES 8 3 TESTING RESULTS OBTAINED AT NERI, 1994 TO 1999 10 3.1 INTRODUCTION 10 3.2 PERFORMANCE 10 3.3 INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPE 10 3.4 CONCLUSION 11 4 RINGTEST RESULTS 13 4.1 TEST GUIDELINE 13 4.2 PARTICIPANTS 13 4.3 MODEL CHEMICALS 14 4.4 RANGE FINDING 14 4.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 14 4.6 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 15 4.7 TEST CONDITIONS 15 4.8 CONTROL MORTALITY 15 4.9 CONTROL REPRODUCTION 16 4.10 VARIABILITY OF TESTING RESULTS 17 4.11 CONCLUSION 18 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 27 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 29 7 REFERENCES 30 ANNEX 1 PARTICIPANTS 36 ANNEX 2 LABORATORY CODE 38 ANNEX 3 BIBLIOMETRIC STATISTICS 39 ANNEX 4 INTRALABORATORY VARIABILITY 40 ANNEX 5 CONTROL MORTALITY AND REPRODUCTION 42 ANNEX 6 DRAFT TEST GUIDELINE 44 2 1 Preface Collembolans have been used for ecotoxicological testing for about 4 decades now but they have not yet had the privilege to enter into the OECD test guideline programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Collembolans Folsomia Fimetaria and Folsomia Candida and the Results of a Ringtest
    Toxicity testing with the collembolans Folsomia fimetaria and Folsomia candida and the results of a ringtest Paul Henning Krogh Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser Aarhus Universitet Environmental Project No. 1256 2009 Miljøprojekt The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark. Contents 1 PREFACE 5 2 BIOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY OF F. FIMETARIA AND F. CANDIDA 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO F. FIMETARIA AND F. CANDIDA 7 2.2 COMPARISON OF THE TWO SPECIES 9 2.3 GENETIC VARIABILITY 10 2.4 ALTERNATIVE COLLEMBOLAN TEST SPECIES 11 2.5 DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE TWO SPECIES 11 2.6 VARIABILITY IN REPRODUCTION RATES 11 3 TESTING RESULTS OBTAINED AT NERI, 1994 TO 1999 13 3.1 INTRODUCTION 13 3.2 PERFORMANCE 13 3.3 INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPE 13 3.4 CONCLUSION 14 4 RINGTEST RESULTS 17 4.1 TEST GUIDELINE 17 4.2 PARTICIPANTS 18 4.3 MODEL CHEMICALS 18 4.4 RANGE FINDING 18 4.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 18 4.6 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 19 4.7 TEST CONDITIONS 19 4.8 CONTROL MORTALITY 20 4.9 CONTROL REPRODUCTION 20 4.10 VARIABILITY OF TESTING RESULTS 21 4.11 CONCLUSION 22 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 31 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 33 REFERENCES 35 3 4 1 Preface Collembolans have been used for ecotoxicological testing for about four decades now but they have not yet had the privilege to enter into the OECD test guideline programme.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress
    molecules Review The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress Iwona Morkunas 1,*, Agnieszka Wo´zniak 1, Van Chung Mai 1,2, Renata Ruci ´nska-Sobkowiak 3 and Philippe Jeandet 4 1 Department of Plant Physiology, Pozna´nUniversity of Life Sciences, Woły´nska35, 60-637 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (V.C.M.) 2 Department of Plant Physiology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, Vinh City, Vietnam 3 Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] 4 Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, 02 51687 Reims CEDEX, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-846-6040; Fax: +48-61-848-7179 Received: 25 August 2018; Accepted: 8 September 2018; Published: 11 September 2018 Abstract: The present review discusses the impact of heavy metals on the growth of plants at different concentrations, paying particular attention to the hormesis effect. Within the past decade, study of the hormesis phenomenon has generated considerable interest because it was considered not only in the framework of plant growth stimulation but also as an adaptive response of plants to a low level of stress which in turn can play an important role in their responses to other stress factors. In this review, we focused on the defence mechanisms of plants as a response to different metal ion doses and during the crosstalk between metal ions and biotic stressors such as insects and pathogenic fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Collembola and Plant Pathogenic, Antagonistic and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: a Review
    Bulletin of Insectology 71 (1): 71-76, 2018 ISSN 1721-8861 Collembola and plant pathogenic, antagonistic and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review 1 2 Gloria INNOCENTI , Maria Agnese SABATINI 1Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy 2Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Abstract The review focuses on interactions between plant pathogenic, antagonistic, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Collembola to ex- plore the role of these arthropods in the control of plant diseases caused by soil borne fungal pathogens. Approximately forty years ago, the plant pathologist Elroy A. Curl and his co-workers of Auburn University (Alabama, USA) suggested for the first time a role of Collembola in plant disease control. The beneficial effect of springtails for plant health have been confirmed by several subsequent studies with different collembolan and fungal species. Collembola have been found to feed preferably on pathogenic rather than on antagonistic or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal propagules, thus springtails can reduce the inocu- lum of pathogens without counteracting the activity of fungi beneficial for plant growth and health. Fungal characteristics that may affect the grazing activity of Collembola are also examined. Key words: springtails, soil fungi, plant disease control. Introduction and Thalassaphorura encarpata (Denis) (= Onychiurus encarpatus), the two prevalent Collembola species in Collembola are among the most abundant groups of soil Alabama soils, significantly reduced colony growth of mesofauna; they range in size between 0.2 and 2 mm the plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani Khun, Fu- (Anderson, 1988; Hopkin, 1997). The geographical sarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) range of Collembola is enormous, as they live in all Snyder et Hansen, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) climatic environments from the Arctic and Antarctic to Goid., and Verticillium dahliae Kleb., separately cul- tropical areas (Tebbe et al., 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Dressing Pesticides on Springtails in Two Ecotoxicological Laboratory Tests
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 105 (2014) 65–71 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv Seed dressing pesticides on springtails in two ecotoxicological laboratory tests Paulo Roger L. Alves a,c,n, Elke J.B.N. Cardoso a, Alexandre M. Martines a, José Paulo Sousa b, Amarildo Pasini c a Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 10, 13416-900 Piracicaba, Brazil b IMAR-CMA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, P3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal c Department of Agronomy, State University of Londrina, 86051990 Londrina, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Terrestrial ecotoxicological tests are powerful tools for assessing the ecological risks that pesticides pose Received 27 January 2014 to soil invertebrates, but they are rarely used to evaluate seed dressing pesticides. This study investigated Received in revised form the effects of seed dressing pesticides on survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola), 3 April 2014 using standardized ecotoxicological tests (after ISO guidelines with few adaptations for tropical Accepted 9 April 2014 conditions). Commercial formulations of five seed dressing pesticides were tested individually in Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS): the insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil, thiametoxam, and the fungicides Keywords: captan and carboxinþthiram. Thiametoxam, captan, and carboxinþthiram were only lethal to F. candida Seed treatment at the highest concentration tested (1000 mg of active ingredient kgÀ1 of dry soil). Imidacloprid and Collembola À fipronil were lethal at lower concentrations (100 and 10 mg a.i. kg 1 soil d.w, respectively), however, Folsomia candida these concentrations were much higher than those predicted (PEC) for soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Blastodermal Cuticle Formation Contributes to Desiccation Resistance in Springtail Eggs: Eco-Evolutionary Implications for Insect Terrestrialization
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/767947; this version posted September 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Vargas et. al., Springtail eggs. This preprint has not been submitted to any journal. September 12th, 2019. Blastodermal cuticle formation contributes to desiccation resistance in springtail eggs: eco-evolutionary implications for insect terrestrialization Helena Carolina Martins Vargas1,2; Kristen A. Panfilio3; Dick Roelofs2; Gustavo Lazzaro Rezende1,3 ¹Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil. ²Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. HCM: ORCID 0000-0001-8290-8423, [email protected] / KAP: ORCID 0000-0002-6417-251X, [email protected] DR: ORCID 0000-0003-3954-3590, [email protected] / GLR: ORCID 0000-0002-8904-7598, [email protected] /[email protected] Abstract Land colonization was a major event in the history of life. Among animals, insects had a staggering terrestrialization success, due to traits usually associated with post-embryonic life stages, while the egg stage has been largely overlooked in comparative studies. In many insects, after blastoderm differentiation, the extraembryonic serosal tissue wraps the embryo and synthesizes the serosal cuticle, an extracellular matrix that lies beneath the eggshell and protects the egg against water loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Dilemma: the Case of Collembola Jean-François Ponge
    Move or change, an eco-evolutionary dilemma: the case of Collembola Jean-François Ponge To cite this version: Jean-François Ponge. Move or change, an eco-evolutionary dilemma: the case of Collembola. Pedobi- ologia, Elsevier, 2020, 79, pp.150625. 10.1016/j.pedobi.2020.150625. hal-02482688 HAL Id: hal-02482688 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02482688 Submitted on 18 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Public Domain 1 1 Move or change, an eco-evolutionary dilemma: the case of Collembola 2 Jean-François Ponge* 3 4 Abstract 5 The present opinion paper suggests that springtails, which can live above- and/or belowground 6 according to species requirements, have two strategies at their disposal to face environmental hazards, 7 called ‘move’ or ‘change’. Species with poor dispersal capacity, often parthenogenetic, and living 8 mainly in a confined environment, have to adapt themselves by increasing their phenotypic plasticity 9 or letting the environment selecting or adding favourable mutations. Conversely, species with a high 10 dispersal capacity, often sexual and living in a more open environment, may emigrate and immigrate 11 without the need to become better adapted to changing environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioindication and Collembola Jean-François Ponge
    Bioindication and Collembola Jean-François Ponge To cite this version: Jean-François Ponge. Bioindication and Collembola. 2014. hal-01224906 HAL Id: hal-01224906 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01224906 Preprint submitted on 5 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Public Domain Bioindication and Collembola JF PONGE Soil springtails are abundant in a variety of environments, from forests to agricultural crops and bogs, from the deep soil to the crown of trees and from seashore to higher mountains (Ponge, 1993; Sadaka and Ponge, 2003; Mouloud et al., 2007). If most species prefer moist environments, due to their tegumentary respiration, some species are adapted to desert and other psammophilic environments, where they live in small interstices between sand grains (Greenslade, 1981; Thibaud, 2008), and many collembolan species support saline stress quite easily (Witteveen et al., 1987; Owojori et al., 2009). However, this apparent ubiquity masks profound differences in the ecological requirements of species. As a consequence, springtail communities exhibit a variable composition. The most cited examples are those relative to soil acidity. It has been shown that, beside a basic species pool, communities of acidic (ph < 5) and less acidic to neutral or alkaline environments differ markedly at the species level (Hågvar and Abrahamsen, 1984; Ponge, 1993; Loranger et al., 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • The Collembola of North Forests of Iran, List of Genera and Species
    Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 8 (2019) 139-146 doi:10.17265/2162-5263/2019.04.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Collembola of North Forests of Iran, List of Genera and Species Masoumeh Shayanmehr1 and Elliyeh Yahyapour2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Mazandaran 582, Iran Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Arak-Branch, Arak 38135/567, Iran Abstract: The Collembola fauna of Iran has received little attention and this applies in particular to the Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran. In this study, the list of Collembola from north forests of Iran, and collected information such as study site, until March 2019 are listed. At present, 107 species, belonging to 14 families and 51 genera are known from northern forests of Iran. Key words: Collembola, checklist, forest, Iran. 1. Introduction work on their fauna [6-22]. Here, authors provide an update to the list of Collembola from northern forests Hyrcanian forests are located in northern Iran and of Iran published from 2013 to 2019. Obviously, the mostly are composed of deciduous trees. The climate fauna of forests of Iran is unknown, this present study of south Caspian region is humid with most aims at contributing to close this gap of knowledge, precipitation occurring in autumn, winter and spring. concentrating the unique Hyrcanian forests and Soil and leaf litter in these forests are occupied by providing information on the fauna of Collembola in different soil-dwelling animals especially Collembola different soil layers and their seasonal variation.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Steve Hopkin's FSC / AIDGAP Key to the Collembola
    Introduction to Steve Hopkin’s FSC / AIDGAP key to the Collembola Peter Shaw University of Roehampton The main key we will use: Developed by Steve Hopkin, somewhat despairing at the problems of identifying these common animals from old keys aimed at other countries. His aim was to key out commoner species selectively, and always have simple clear dichotomous questions. (Not always simple to see the answer, but that’s another story). Taxonomic purists have been somewhat sniffy about the book’s “popularist” approach, in particular cases where different members of the same genus key out down different paths based on colour patterns. It’s perfectly valid to ask if a UK Lepidocyrtus is creamy white or whether it is dark / patterned, and in this case they will follow different paths. Purists prefer to get the genus first, then have a separate subkey to each genus. This approach does run into the sands badly when a new species/ genus appears – as they are doing! But for all common / often met species it works well, as well as most of the others in my experience. Other resources Frans Janssen’s web page www.collembola.org UK list + images + links to other sites http://ws1.roehampton.ac.uk/collembola/taxonomy/index.html (google roehampton collembola + follow “Taxonomy” link Excellent keys to Nordic Collembola, almost all species covered being found in UK too, by Arne Fjellberg as hardback books. 4 Major key steps Some key questions need no explanation – “colourless or has clear pattern” etc, but often there are specific things to consider. I’ll pick up the main ones that you will keep on re- meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecotoxicity of Mercury to Folsomia Candida and Proisotoma Minuta (Collembola: Isotomidae) in Tropical Soils: Baseline for Ecological Risk Assessment
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 22–29 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv Ecotoxicity of mercury to Folsomia candida and Proisotoma minuta (Collembola: Isotomidae) in tropical soils: Baseline for ecological risk assessment Andressa Cristhy Buch a,n, Júlia Carina Niemeyer b, Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia c, Emmanoel Vieira Silva-Filho a a Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n., Centro, 24020-007, Niterói, RJ, Brazil b Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecossistemas Agrícolas e Naturais (PPGEAN), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center of Curitibanos, Rod. Ulysses Gabordi, km 3, 89520-000, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil c Embrapa Agrobiology, BR 465 km 7, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic nonessential trace metal. Despite its natural occurrence in the Earth's Received 29 September 2015 Crust, its concentrations have been steadily increasing in the environment due to anthropogenic sources. Received in revised form Recent studies have showed great concern about soil fauna, once the potential adverse effects of mercury 11 January 2016 concentrations in the environment of these invertebrates are still poorly understood, especially when Accepted 11 January 2016 linked to forest soils and tropical biota. Different collembolan species can show distinct toxicity effects to Available online 19 January 2016 the contaminants, impairing its developing lifelong and affecting its diversity and abundance in the Keywords: environment. Laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of Hg(II) to collembolan Autochthonous species species collected in Brazil, Proisotoma minuta (autochthonous) and Folsomia candida (allochthonous), as a Ecotoxicological tests tool to predict effects in ecological risk assessment of tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Springtails Community on Plant-Growth
    Biological Forum — An International Journal, 2(2): 70-72(2010) ISSN : 0975-1130 Effects of springtails community on plant-growth Deepmala Verma and A.K. Paliwal Department of Zoology, Ganjdundwara (P.G) College, Ganjdundwara, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, (U.P.) India ABSTRACT : The soil is a reservoir of organisms ranging from beneficial to deleterious for plants. The interactions among these organisms are very important for plant growth and health. The majority of springtails feed on fungal hyphae or decaying plant material. In the soil, they may influence the growth of mycorrhizae and control fungal diseases of some plants. Therefore, the objective of this article discussed the role of springtails community on plant growth. Keywords: Springtail, soil fertility. INTRODUCTION COLLEMBOLAN DIVERSITY Collembola (commonly known as “springtails”) are Habitats with extreme climates such as deserts and polar currently considered to be a monophyletic Class of the regions support few species of Collembola, but sites with Phylum Arthropoda There are three main Orders of many niches have a diverse springtail fauna. Collembola Collembola. Members of the Arthropleona (about 6500 seem to follow the general rule that diversity is inversely species) have a more or less elongated body shape and related to latitude; that is, there are more species in tropical range from highly active surface-dwelling species to those than in temperate zones. In tropical rain forests, more than that live out all their lives in the depths of the soil. An 130 species m-2 have been found in soil, leaf litter, and example of this Order is Folsomia candida , which belongs aboveground vegetation.
    [Show full text]