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The World at War 1914–1945 CHAPTER 12 World War I 1914–1918 CHAPTER 13 The Interwar Years 1919–1939 CHAPTER 14 World War II 1930–1945 Themes Nationalism in Europe caused government rivalries and alliances that led to devastating world wars and inspired citizens to fight for their countries. New inventions changed the science and technology of modern warfare, which became more deadly and destructive than ever before. German and British fighter pilots Entire countries were mobilized for war, and try to outmaneuver each other in the global conflicts left millions of soldiers this painting of World War I. and civilians dead and societies in ruins. BattlebetweenBritish and German airplanes,artist unknown,1916 377 CHAPTER 12 1914–1918 World War I A variety of powerful forces—including growing nationalism, a tangle of alliances, and decades of rivalry and competition—created conditions that transformed a single assassination into a worldwide war. After years of unprec- edented bloodshed and political upheaval, the warring nations finally reached an uneasy peace. Theme The role of governments and citizens in wartime has varied greatly throughout history. In this chapter you will examine how citizens contributed to the war effort during World War I. TIME LINE June 28, 1914 July 28, 1914 May 1915 December 1915 February 1916 Archduke Franz Austria-Hungary Germany attacks The Gallipoli The Battle CHAPTER Ferdinand is assas- declares war on Serbia, and sinks the Campaign ends. of Verdun begins. EVENTS sinated in Sarajevo. and World War I begins. Lusitania. 1914 1916 WORLD November 1916 EVENTS August 1914 Germany and Austria-Hungary The Panama Canal opens. establish the Kingdom of Poland. 378 CHAPTER 12 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of modern warfare. Reading like a This photograph shows a Historian British tank and British soldiers during a battle in 1917. World War I marked November 1917 November 11, 1918 the first time that tanks were used in combat. Communists take An armistice ends control of Russia in the the war. Analyzing Visuals How do you think the use of Bolshevik Revolution. tanks during World War I would change the nature of warfare? Explain your answer, referring to details from 1918 the photograph. June 1917 See Skills Handbook, p. H26 The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded. WORLD WAR I 379 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points Interactive EUROPEAN ALLIANCES AND MILITARY FORCES, 1914 /038": FS ¡8 JW 48&%&/ 3 B H M P 7 /PSUI 4FB B S F F %&/."3, 4 JW 3 JD MU B 6/*5&% 3644*" H B M # P ,*/(%0. 7 /&5)&3-"/%4 ¡/ % PO 3JWFS (&3."/: 0EFS #FSMJO 3 -POEPO JW & F MC S F 3 #&-(*6. %OJF "5-"/5*$ QFS 3JWFS 0$&"/ -69 %OJ FTU 3 4F FS JWFS 1BSJT JOF 3 "6453*")6/("3: '3"/$& 7JFOOB 48*5; #VEBQFTU %BO 1P3JWFS VCF3 JWFS 30."/*" #MBDL4FB *5"-: & C 4BSBKFWP SP 4&3#*" 3 JW F #6-("3*" S $POTUBOUJOPQMF 5B HVT3JWFS 3PNF .0/5&/&(30 10356("- 41"*/ "-#"/*" ¡8 ¡/ 0550."/&.1*3& (3&&$& ¡ ¡& ¡& ¡& " ' 3 * $ " .JMFT .FEJUFSSBOFBO4FB "MMJFE1PXFST ,JMPNFUFST $FOUSBM1PXFST "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO /FVUSBMOBUJPOT USPPQT In the late 1800s and 1. Identify Which nations were members early 1900s, European nations began a massive of the Allied Powers in 1914? Which Listen to History nations made up the Central Powers? military buildup, in part to protect their overseas Go online to listen to an colonies from rival powers. At the same time, 2. Predict Given the alliances and the size explanation of the starting these nations formed a complicated network of of the armed forces in Europe in 1914, points for this chapter. alliances to protect themselves from opposing what might happen if conflict broke out? armed forces. By 1914 the uneasy peace was go.hrw.com about to end. Keyword: SHL WW1 380 CHAPTER 12 SECTION 1 The Great War Begins Take notes BefORE YOU READ on the events leading up to MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE the outbreak of war. Europe in 1914 was on 1. Why was Europe on the brink Triple Alliance the brink of war. After an of war in 1914? Triple Entente assassination, the nations 2. Why did war break out? Franz Ferdinand of Europe were drawn one Gavrilo Princip 3. What were the results of the by one into what would neutral fighting in 1914? World War I Begins be called the Great War, or Central Powers World War I. Allied Powers Western Front How did an archduke’s trip lead On the day that the archduke visited Sarajevo, seven to war? It seemed like a bad idea for members of the Black Hand positioned themselves around Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand to the city to watch for him. One would-be assassin, 19-year- make a trip to the Bosnian city of Sarajevo (SAR-uh-YAY-voh). old Gavrilo Princip, had just stepped out of a sandwich After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia and Herzegovina shop when Franz Ferdinand’s car pulled up in front of him. just six years earlier, and many Bosnians were still bitterly Unable to believe his luck, Princip grabbed his pistol and opposed to Austrian rule. fired, killing both the archduke and the archduke’s wife, Bosnia was also the home of many Serbs and ethnic Sophie. This assassination started a chain of events that, Slavs who were equally outraged by Austria’s actions. Ser- within weeks, would pull most of Europe into the largest war bian leaders hoped to expand Serbia by uniting the ethnic the world had ever seen. Slavs in Bosnia, but Austria-Hungary stood in the way. Now the future ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was com- ing to pay a visit. Franz Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo fell on June 28, which was also St. Vitus Day, a holiday that symbolized Ser- Soldiers arrest Gavrilo Princip after bian unity. Members of a Serbian terrorist group known as he shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand. the Black Hand plotted to kill Franz Ferdinand. A Murder in Bosnia WORLD WAR I 381 Europe on the Brink of War CAUSES OF In 1914, rising tensions in Europe had the con- WORLD WAR I /PSUI 48&%&/ TU.BTVSJBO-BLFT B tinent on the brink of war. These tensions were 4FB F %&/."3, 4 4FQU D MUJ % the result of four factors: militarism, alliances, 6/*5&% B P # O MILITARISM ,*/(%0. /&5)&3-"/%4 3 imperialism, and nationalism. • European nations engage in a &MC TU:QSFT F3 3644*" massive military buildup. 0DUo/PW 5BOOFOCFSH 0E Militarism Throughout the late 1800s and ¡/ -POEPO #FSMJO FS "VHo4FQU #&-(*6. 3 early 1900s, European countries had under- (&3."/: &"45&3/ '30/5 %OJF 'SPOUJFST QFS3 taken a massive military buildup. This milita- ALLIANCES "VH • European countries form partnerships 1BSJT -69 %OJ rism was caused mostly by the desire to protect FTU "6453*" FS to protect themselves. "5-"/5*$ TU.BSOF F3 OVC )6/("3: 3 overseas colonies from other nations. Across 4FQU %B 0$&"/ 7JFOOB #VEBQFTU Europe, the size of armed forces and navies 8&45&3/ 48*5; '30/5 had risen sharply, particularly in Germany. IMPERIALISM '3"/$& • Rival empires seek to keep power. 1P3 The growing power of Europe’s armed 30."/*" #MBDL4FB *5"-: & 4BSBKFWP forces left all sides anxious and ready to act at CS ¡8 P 4&3#*" 3 #6-("3*" .JMFT the first sign of trouble. In this nervous envi- NATIONALISM 5 $POTUBOUJOPQMF ronment, even a minor disagreement had the • People feel loyalty and devotion to BHVT3 ,JMPNFUFST .0/5&/&(30 3PNF "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO potential to turn quickly into armed conflict. their country or culture. 10356("- 41"*/ "-#"/*" ¡/ 0550."/ &.1*3& Seeking to protect themselves from (3&&$& Alliances .FEJUFSSBOFBO ¡& ¡ 4FB opposing armed forces, the nations of Europe ¡& formed a series of alliances, or partnerships. southeastern Europe that was home to many For example, in the late 1800s, the so-called ethnic groups. In the early 1900s, some of Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria- these ethnic groups were trying to break free Hungary, and Italy. France and Russia feared from the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled Germany’s growing power and formed their the Balkans for hundreds of years but was own alliance. Soon Great Britain joined with now nearing collapse. France and Russia in a less formal promise Some of the strongest nationalist tensions to cooperate—an entente (ahn-TAHNT). France, in the Balkans were in Serbia. At the time, Russia, and Great Britain thus became known Serbia was an independent nation. Many eth- as the Triple Entente. Leaders hoped that these nic Serbs, however, lived outside Serbia in other alliances would help keep the peace. They areas of the Balkans. Serbian leaders wanted believed that no single nation would attack to expand the nation’s borders and unite all another, since that action would prompt the their people in a “greater Serbia.” But Austria- attacked nation’s allies to join the fight. Hungary, the powerful empire to the north of Imperialism The quest to build empires in Serbia, opposed any Serbian expansion, fear- the late 1800s and early 1900s had created ing that such growth might encourage ethnic much rivalry and ill will among the nations of groups within Austria-Hungary to rebel. Ten- Europe. Germany, France, Russia, and Great sions between Austria-Hungary and Serbs Britain each saw themselves as great imperial would continue to rise in the early 1900s. nations. They believed they could not afford to Summarize Why was Europe stand by while a rival empire gained power. on the brink of war in 1914? Nationalism An important part of the rising tensions in Europe was an increase in nation- alism beginning in the late 1800s.
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