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Uncorrected Page Proofs CHAPTER 3 BREAKING WITH THE PAST (1914–OCTOBER 1917) PROOFS UNCORRECTED PAGE By SCOTT SWEENEY & TOM RYAN CHAPTER OVERVIEW Overview of Chapter 3 2 Economic Crisis Collapse of 1 World War I transport Taxes increased to pay for war system High death toll Printing of extra notes led to inflation Grain hoarding and food shortages Low morale of troops Supplies Devaluation of rouble stopped Poor military decisions blamed on Tsar and Tsarina reaching 3 February Revolution major cities Distrust of Rasputin’s influence Strikes in major cities Unusually cold winter Petrograd garrison mutinies Bolsheviks form Military Revolutionary Committee Tsar persuaded to abdicate Kerensky strikes first but Bolsheviks take Petrograd Provisional Government takes power Lenin inspires storming of Winter Palace 7 October Revolution 4 Lenin Returns to Russia Formation of Central Executive Committee PROOFS Release of April Theses All-Russian Congress of Soviets convened Radicalisation of Bolsheviks Reliant on loans Provisional Government undermined in Kornilov Affair from Allies Promise of ‘Peace, Land, Bread!’ Kerensky frees BolsheviksUNCORRECTED from prison Forced to stay in World War I Red Guards armed Petrograd Soviet ‘July Days’ supports Lenin 6 Bolsheviks Gain Strength rioting Failure of June Offensive PAGE Provisional Government Majorities in Petrograd and Moscow Soviets deemed illegitimate 5 Provisional Government Struggles TIMELINECHAPTER 3 TIMELINE First full meeting of Military Revolutionary Committee Bolshevik Central Committee (Milrevcom). discusses whether to overthrow Coalition Lenin declares Provisional Government. Petrograd Soviet formed. Soviet Order No 1. government overthrow of introduced, Provisional Provisional Committee Abdication including Government. More Trotsky elected Chairman assumes authority. of the Tsar. Soviet detail on p. X of Petrograd Soviet. leaders. Lenin issues Progressive bloc in Provisional duma calls for first decrees. POLITICAL Government POLITICAL Bolsheviks achieve reform of ministers. formed. majority in Petrograd Formation of Tsar dismisses duma. Soviet. Council of People’s Commissars Duma defies Tsar’s Bolsheviks (Sovnarkom) order to disband. Kerensky achieve announced. New becomes majority in Soviet Central Prime Moscow Executive Minister. Soviet. Committee (CEC) elected. 1 28 31 15 25 2 4 20 16 18 23 26 27 1 3 2042 4 5 18 3 5 8 18 24 27 2 8 25 10 20 23 24 25 26 27 OCT JAN FEB APR DEC AUG AUG AUG MAY MAY MAR 1914 1915 1916 1917 JULY SEPT SEPT SEPT SEPT JUNE JUNE Tsar Nicholas II Kornilov takes charge of Bolsheviks capture Petrograd Affair. armed forces. Kerensky orders Winter Palace and Garrison Kornilov arrest of leading overthrow mutiny. Kerensky’s Russian army defeated appointed Bolsheviks, Provisional at Tannenburg. June Government. More MILITARY PROOFSSupreme closure of Military Commander of Bolshevik detail on p. X. Germany declares war Offensive the Armed newspapers and on Russia. begins. MILITARY Forces. raising of Brusilov’s offensive in Galicia. Lenin arrives bridges of Milrevcom troops and in Petrograd. central Red Guards begin to Petrograd. re-take city from Lenin announces Kerensky’s forces. UNCORRECTEDhis April Theses. Rasputin murdered. Riots in Petrograd against July Days. SOCIAL Putilov Steel Works strike. Provisional Government’s handling of war. Lenin revives slogan International Women’s Day marches. ‘All Power to the Soviets’. PAGETrotsky returns SOCIAL to Russia. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1917 CHAPTER 3: FALL OF THE ROMANOC DYNASTY (1914–SEP 1917) INTRODUCTION WORLD WAR I World War I, which started so promisingly in 1914, degenerated into a litany of Russian FRIEDRICH ENGELS: ‘War is the mid-wife of every old society pregnant with a new one.’ defeats, and, eventually, mutiny at the front. By 1914, few people in Europe would have thought the long period of peace would In 1913, as the 300-year anniversary (tercentenary) of the Romanov dynasty continue. Tsar Nicholas II said, ‘The accelerating arms race is transforming the receded, Russia entered a period of tremendous upheaval. The period between 1914 armed peace into a crushing burden that weighs on all nations and, if prolonged, and 1917 brought challenges to the Russian autocracy from almost every element will lead to the very cataclysm it seeks to avert.’1 The build-up of arms and navies, of society. Massive strikes paralysed Russian cities in 1914. The outbreak of war the surge in nationalism throughout Europe, the series of small-scale conflicts and in August of that year initially brought celebration and increased nationalism but disagreements in the years preceding and the complex system of alliances had all set eventually provoked starvation and internal collapse. The Russian economy faltered, the preconditions for war by 1914. leading to shortages in food and fuel. By 1915 the transport system had fallen apart, When the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 intensifying these shortages and leading to widespread hunger. World War I, which Tsar Nicholas II. June 1914, by a Serb nationalist, the Austrian government sought German support started so promisingly in 1914, degenerated into a litany of Russian defeats, and, for a declaration of war on Serbia. On 23 July, the Austrian government gave Serbia eventually, mutiny at the front. an ultimatum it knew would not be accepted because it would mean the surrender Archduke Franz Ferdinand. By the beginning of 1917, Tsar Nicholas II was so unpopular he had lost the support of Serbian sovereignty. As fellow Slavs, Serbia requested assistance from the might of of even the Petrograd garrison. Unable to forcibly put down the growing opposition the Russian Empire and the following day the Tsar ordered the partial mobilisation of and strikes within Petrograd, the Tsar had no option but to abdicate, thus ending Russian troops. Full mobilisation was ordered on 30 July. The Russian Empire was so Statue and mural 304 years of Romanov rule. In his place the Provisional Government, drawn mostly large that the mobilisation, once ordered, could not be easily rescinded. celebrating Lenin’s from the old Duma, took political control of Russia, while the newly re-established This had significant ramifications. When the Tsar’s cousin, Kaiser Wilhelm, warned leadership in the October Soviet maintained popular support without formal authority. The Dual Authority Revolution, Artillery Nicholas to halt troop mobilisation, the Tsar was unable to oblige. As A.J.P. Taylor shared an uneasy alliance for some months, but this proved unsustainable in the Museum, St Petersburg. wrote, ‘Once started, the wagons and carriages must roll remorselessly and inevitably face of repeated challenges, particularly from forward to their predestined goal.’2 Despite the Russian defeat at the hands of Bolshevik leader Lenin. Besieged from the outset, Japan in 1905, the Russian army was still greatly feared in Europe and referred the Provisional Government was ill-equipped to to colloquially as the ‘Russian Steamroller’. Russian mobilisation meant war, and maintain power and failed to provide a strong Germany duly declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914. Following the plan set transition to constitutional democracy. The overthrow of the Tsar in the February Revolution did not magically solve all of Russia’s ills. Russia was still beset by economic deprivation and failure on the war front. Combined with this, the Provisional Government’s failures led to political instability and a wider acceptance of PROOFS radical agendas like those of the Bolsheviks. By September 1917, Russia had broken from its past, yet there was no clear indication of what its future would hold. The drumbeat of Bolshevik agitation for ‘All Power to the Soviets’ and ‘Peace! Land! Bread!’ continued to undermine the beleaguered ProvisionalUNCORRECTED Government as 1917 wore on. In October the Bolsheviks overthrew Kerensky’s last cabinet of ministers and at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets declared the 1 Cited in J. Keegan, The First World War (New York: founding of a new government – the Council Vintage Books, 2000), 17. of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom). It was a 2 A.J.P. Taylor, The First World defining moment in modern history; the first ever War: An Illustrated History PAGE (London: Penguin Books, socialist regime. 1966), 17. Russian troops. 70 CHAPTER 3: BREAKING WITH THE PAST (1914-OCTOBER 1917) REINVENTING RUSSIA: THE REVOUTIONARY EXPERIENCE 71 CHAPTER 3: FALL OF THE ROMANOC DYNASTY (1914–SEP 1917) out by General von Schlieffen in 1905, Germany realised that Russian mobilisation would take time, so the country sent a small force to the East and the bulk of their RUSSIAN INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD forces to the Western Front in an effort to defeat the French and avoid fighting two WAR I Minister of the Interior, fronts at the same time. On 3 August, Germany invaded Belgium in an unsuccessful Peter Durnovo, sent a attempt to knock France out of the war. The result of Germany’s failure was a war GRAND DUKE NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH (Russian general in World War I): ‘I have no rifles, no shells, memo to Tsar Nicholas across two fronts that would drag on until the end of 1918. no boots.’ II in February 1914, warning of the dangers Tsar Nicholas II did not foresee the difficulties that World War I would present. He of impending war. He was, of course, not alone. Virtually all the statesmen and all the generals in every wrote that if the war participating country misunderstood the way modern wars would be conducted. The 1914 fared poorly
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