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Restauro Archeologico restauro archeologico Conoscenza, conservazione e valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico d’interesse archeologico e di quello allo stato di rudere Rivista del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze The knowledge, conservation, and valorization of all endangered, neglected, or ruined architectural structures. Journal of the Department of Architecture University of Florence FIRENZE UNIVERSITY FIRENZE PRESS UNIVERSITY PRESS restauro archeologico Conoscenza, conservazione e valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico d’interesse archeologico e di quello allo stato di rudere Rivista del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze The knowledge, conservation, and valorization of all endangered, neglected, or ruined architectural structures. Journal of the Department of Architecture University of Florence Editor in Chief Anno XXIII n. 1/2015 Roberto Sabelli Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze (Università degli Studi di Firenze) n. 5313 del 15.12.2003 [email protected] ISSN 1724-9686 (print) Managing Editor ISSN 2465-2377 (online) Andrea Arrighetti (Università degli Studi di Siena) Direttore responsabile Saverio Mecca (Università degli Studi di Firenze) INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD Mariarosaria Barbera Daniela Esposito Lorenzo Nigro (Soprintendenza Speciale (Sapienza | Università di Roma) (Sapienza | Università di Roma) per i Beni Archeologici di Roma) Carlo Alberto Garzonio José Manuel López Osorio Philippe Bernardi (Università degli Studi di Firenze) (Universidad de Málaga) (Centre national de la recherche Luca Giorgi Andrea Pessina scientifique, Aix-en-Provence) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) (Soprintendenza peri beni archeologici Giovanna Bianchi Alberto Grimoldi della Toscana) (Università degli Studi di Siena) (Politecnico di Milano) Hamdan Taha Susanna Caccia Gherardini Paolo Liverani (Former Director General of Antiquities, (Università degli Studi di Firenze) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) Palestinian Territory, Occupied) Emma Cantisani Pietro Matracchi Guido Vannini (Istituto per la Conservazione e la (Università degli Studi di Firenze) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali | CNR) Alessandro Merlo Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares Giuseppe Alberto Centauro (Università degli Studi di Firenze) (Universitat Politècnica de València) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) Camilla Mileto Cristina Vidal Lorenzo Michele Coppola (Universitat Politècnica de València) (Universidad de Valencia) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) Gaspar Muñoz Cosme Maurizio De Vita (Universitat Politècnica de València) (Università degli Studi di Firenze) Stampato su carta di pura cellulosa Fedrigoni X-Per Cover photo Davide Bosetti Copyright: © The Author(s) 2015 This is an open access journal distribuited under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode). graphic design published by didacommunication lab Firenze University Press •••DIDA Dipartimento di Architettura Università degli Studi di Firenze Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press via della Mattonaia, 14 Borgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italy 50121 Firenze, Italy www.fupress.com Indice La pratica conservativa in contesti in rapido sviluppo tra restauro, ripristino e riqualificazione. Il Da Ming Palace National Heritage Park di Xi’an (Shaanxi, Cina) 4 Antonino Frenda Alcune riflessioni sulla conservazione e valorizzazione degli antichi edifici ludici e teatrali gallo-romani 14 Emanuele Romeo Le rovine dell’Avana tra realtà e finzione 38 Viola Gastaldi Developing the pattern of ancient city of Tauric Chersonese valorisation: risks, values, identity 54 Iryna Snitko, Kateryna Veprytska, Nora Lombardini Terremoto e memoria: la chiesa di San Gregorio Magno all’Aquila. Indicazioni metodologiche per una ipotesi di ricostruzione 74 Francesca Marsugli Roman changes to the hill of Gareb in ‘Aelia Capitolina’ through a review of the archaeological data 88 Roberto Sabelli La pratica conservativa in contesti in rapido sviluppo tra restauro, ripristino e riqualificazione. Il Da Ming Palace National Heritage Park di Xi’an (Shaanxi, Cina) Antonino Frenda Politecnico di Torino Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST) Abstract pagina a fronte In a context of rapid development such as the Chinese one, the policies of pres- Fig.1 ervation of traditional architectural heritage weigh heavily, directly affecting Da Ming Palace the preservation of cultural heritage. National Heritage Park. Una romantica The traditional historical buildings as well as the urban layout of the ancient installazione nel city are constantly threatened by a modernisation which carries the image of laghetto Taye. Xi’an, miraculous economic boom. Shaanxi, Cina The Government believes that the restoration development projects in the an- cient city must generate profit and believes as well in the symbolic importance of the new urban development projects.Cultural tourism has now been added to the main issues of development in China because it creates jobs and there- fore fosters economic growth. These reasonings guide the projects concerning historical heritage, which are often carried out through operations of tabula rasa of entire urban contexts, wiping out stratifications and cancelling the spirit of places. Introduzione In Cina, il sistema di filosofie e religioni – che enfatizzano l’intangibile piut- tosto che il tangibile - ha prodotto significative ricadute sul modo di inten- dere e operare la conservazione. Se in Occidente l’architettura e la città erano un mezzo per perseguire l’im- mortalità (intesa nel senso fisico del termine) identificata nella grandiosi- tà dell’opera che veniva costruita con materiali durevoli, in Oriente questa veniva raggiunta nel perseguimento di un equilibrio cosmogonico1 (la ma- terialità dell’opera diventa un concetto che passa in secondo piano per la- 1 Si ricorda l’importanza che ha avuto la sciare spazio agli aspetti immateriali). Geomanzia, meglio nota con il nome cine- se di Feng Shui, definita da Chatley H. (1917) Come conservare, quindi, un patrimonio concepito e realizzato per non durare? come “l’arte di adattare le dimore dei vivi e Incarnazione di una voluta temporaneità, l’architettura storica cinese è di- dei morti così da contribuire ad armoniz- sinteressata a lasciare testimonianze pietrificate che dominassero la natu- zarle con le correnti locali del respiro co- smico”. rale transitorietà e la continua evoluzione del mondo e tende a una costan- te ricerca di armonia tra edificio e paesaggio (Bertan e Foccardi, 1998), tro- 4 vando nello stesso paesaggio la sua ‘materia’ (Spengler, 2008). RA 1 | 2015 , pagg. 4 | 13 © The Author(s) 2015. This is an open access article distribuited under the terms of the Creative Commons ISSN 1724-9686 (print) | ISSN 2465-2377 (online) License CC BY-SA 4.0 Firenze University Press. DOI: 10.13128/RA-17571 - www.fupress.net/index.php/ra/ 5 RA Antonino Frenda Antonino 2 Padre Matteo Ricci (Macerata 1552 – Pe- Testimonianza di questa peculiarità del patrimonio costruito cinese sono chino 1610) è il missionario gesuita che an- le annotazioni lasciateci da Matteo Ricci2 il quale osserva che “Nella archi- nunciò il cristianesimo in Cina e gettò il primo vero ponte culturale tra Oriente ed tettura […] i Cinesi […] non edificano se non per durare gli puochi anni che Occidente. È stato autore di numerosissi- hanno di vita e non migliaia di anni come i nostri. […] e stupiscono quan- me opere scritte in cinese per diffondere in Estremo Oriente gli aspetti più signifi- do gli diciamo che ordinariamente le nostre case durano centinaia di anni” cativi della cultura europea ma scrisse an- (Ricci, 2011, p. 41). che i Commentari della Cina per far cono- scere in Europa le meraviglie della cultura Le ragioni che sottendevano questo modo di concepire l’ambiente costrui- e civiltà cinese. to ce li spiega Ji Cheng3 che nel suo trattato scrive “[…] è sufficiente creare un contesto che duri quanto la tua vita, per non imporre questo - che è tuo - ai 6 tuoi eredi, che potrebbero non gradirlo” (Gazzola, 1999, p. 101). Fig. 3 Da Ming Palace National Heritage Park. La planimetria mostra chiaramente l’ampia area urbanizzata interessata dall’ambizioso progetto del Da Ming Palace National Heritage Park. Xi’an, Shaanxi, Cina pagina a fronte Fig. 2 Da Ming Palace National Heritage Park. Planimetria generale, Xi’an, Shaanxi, Cina L’architettura era vista come qualcosa di fruibile solo per il tempo della vi- ta di un individuo e per questa ragione la pratica conservativa cinese ope- ra secondo un modus operandi ai nostri occhi disinvolto e spregiudicato in cui è spesso accettabile la sostituzione di fabbriche storiche e/o la loro ri- locazione in altri contesti passando attraverso operazioni di tabula rasa di interi comparti urbani, fenomeno che potremmo definire innato nella cul- 3 Ji Cheng (1582-1642 ca.) è stato un proget- tura cinese. tista di giardini, autore del primo trattato sull’arte di sistemare i giardini Yuan Ye Storicamente è provato che le dinastie che salivano al potere bru- (Crogiolo dei Giardini). ciavano i vecchi palazzi per costruire una città nuova di zecca, sim - bolo del nuovo ordine oltre che espressione di potere e supremazia. 7 Analogamente, il famoso slogan politico del Presidente Mao po jiu li xin4 -distruggi il vecchio e costruisci il nuovo- emblematico della Rivoluzio- RA ne Culturale del 1966, era animato dall’idea
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