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Quality of the Surface Waters of Oregon

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Quality of the Surface Waters of Oregon DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEJBIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 363 QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF OREGON BY WALTON VAN WINKLE Prepared in cooperation with THE STATE OF OREGON John H. Lewis, State Engineer WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1914 CONTENTS. Page. Outline of investigation.................................................... 7 Previous work............................................................. 8 Value of information regarding the quality of surface waters.................. 9 Acknowledgments.......................................................... 9 Natural features of Oregon.................................................. 10 Topography........................................................... 10 Hydrography......................................................... 11 Rivers............................................................ 11 Lakes............................................................ 11 Swamps........................................................... 13 Floods............................................................ 13 Geology.............................................................. 13 Rocks............................................................ 13 Soils.............................................................. 15 Climate................................................................ 16 Economic features......................................................... 16 Population............................................................. 16 Agriculture........................................................... 17 Lumbering and manufacturing......................................... 17 Constituents of natural waters............................................... 18 Water for domestic use...................................................... 19 Water for boilers............................................................ 19 Corrosion.............................................................. 19 Formation of scale..................................................... 20 Foaming.............................................................. 22 Water for use in factories.................................................. 22 Industries chiefly affected............................................. 22 Breweries............................................................. 22 Paper mills........................................................... 23 Wool-scouring, bleaching, and dyeing works............................. 24 Laundries............................................................. 24 Tanneries............................................................. 25 Slaughterhouses....................................................... 25 Purification of water....................................................... 25 Slow sand filtration.................................................... 25 Rapid sand filtration.................................................. 26 Sterilization.......................................................... 28 Softening............................................................ 29 Methods of analysis........................................................ 30 River water........................................................... 30 Highly mineralized waters............................................ 32 Interpretation of the results of analysis..................................... 34 Industrial interpretation............................................... 34 Geochemical interpretation............................................ 36 3 CONTENTS. San Francisco Bay drainage basin......................................... 38 Goose Lake........................................................... 38 General features................................................... 38 Character of the water............................................ 38 North Pacific coast drainage basins.......................................... 39 Klamath Eiver......................................................... 39 General features................................................... 39 Character of the water............................................. 40 Crater Lake........'.................................................... 42 General features................................................... 42 Character of the water.........................................^... 42 Rogue River.......................................................... 43 General features................................................... 43 Character of the water............................................. 44 Umpqua River........................................................ 46 General features................................................... 46 Character of the water............................................. 46 Siletz River........................................................... 48 General features................................................... 48 Character of the water............................................. 49 Columbia River drainage basin.......................................... 51 General features................................................... 51 Snake River...................................................... 52 General features............................................... 52 Character of the water......................................... 53 Owyhee River................................................. 55 General features........................................... 55 Character of the water..................................... 55 Malheur River................................................ 57 General features........................................... 57 Character of the water..................................... 57 Powder River.................................................. 58 General features........................................... 58 Character of the water....................................... 59 Grande Ronde River........................................... 61 General features........................................... 61 Character of the water..................................... 61 Wallowa River............................................ 63 General features....................................... 63 Character of the water................................. 63 Umatilla River..................................................... 66 General features............................................... 66 Character of the water......................................... 66 John Day River.................................................... 71 General features............................................... 71 Character of the water......................................... 71 Deschutes River.................................................. 74 General features............................................... 74 Character of the water......................................... 75 Crooked River................................................. 78 General features........................................... 78 Character of the water..................................... 79 White River.................................................. 81 CONTENTS. 5 North Pacific coast drainage basins Continued. Columbia River drainage basin Continued. Page. Sandy River......................................................... 82 General features............................................... 82 Character of the water......................................... 82 Bull Run River............................................... 85 General features........................................... 85 Character of the water..................................... 85 Willamette River.................................................. 87 General features............................................... 87 Character of the water......................................... 88 McKenzie River.............................................. 91 General features........................................... 91 Character of the water..................................... 91 Santiam River................................................ 93 General features............................................ 93 Character of the water..................................... 93 Breitenbush Hot Springs.......,.......................... 93 Clackamas River............................................... 95 General features........................................... 95 Character of the water..................................... 97 Columbia River at Cascade Locks.................................. 97 General features............................................... 97 Character of the water......................................... 97 The Great Basin............................................................ 103 Outline of geologic history.............................................. 103 Harney Basin......................................................... 104 General features................................................... 104 Character of the water............................................. 105 Bonner und Blitzen River.......................................... 107 General features............................................... 107 Character of the water......................................... 107 Silvies River..................................................... 107 General features............................................... 107 Character of the water......................................... 109 Warner Lake Basin..................................................
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