Rod Load Calculations and Definitions for Reciprocating Compressor Monitoring

GE Measurement & Control

GER-4490B (01/15)

Author: Brian Howard, P.E. Sr. Technologist Reciprocating Compressor Condition Monitoring GE Measurement & Control

Introduction Calculation Methodology

The term “rod load” has been used for decades to describe the Figure 1 shows the rod load curves and data generated by 3500/S1. maximum forces a reciprocating compressor assembly can Inertial Force withstand. The term has some ambiguity, but recent papers have The red line in Figure 1 represents the forces due to inertia clarified some of the key definitions and terms1. forces. The inertia mass for nearly all reciprocating compressor With the improved understanding beginning to permeate industry, condition monitoring installations includes the crosshead customers have begun to ask questions about how GE’s Bently assembly, crosshead nut, piston rod, and piston assembly. Nevada* 3500 Series Monitoring Systems and System 1* Condition This collection of mass for inertia is consistent with the definition Monitoring Software (referred to as 3500/S1 hereafter) calculate provided in API-618 5th Edition (Data Sheets, Page 7, line 31)2. these values. The purpose of this note is to answer those questions. 3500/S1 does allow the user to exclude the crosshead mass from the inertia force calculations (see Figure 3); however, the The terminology and context for this application note are American configuration is rarely encountered in the field, is not consistent Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 618, 4th edition and 5th edition2. with API-618 4th or 5th edition terminology, and is outside the Previous editions of API 618 used other descriptions and definitions scope of this application note. for rating values of reciprocating compressors. For ease of reference, the terms and definitions used herein appear at the end of this application note.

Gas Load Synch Crank Angle Make-Up Compressor From 06MAY2002 21:02:42 To 06MAY2002 21:02:42 Historical MACHINE SPEED: 276 rpm Inertial Load Crank Angle Make-Up Compressor Historical Combined Force -55526.8 lbf (-246996 N) Crank Angle 0 Degrees Make-up Compressor Historical TDC

100 440

50 220

0 44k N/di v 10k lbf/di v <--COMPRESSION FORCE TENSION--> <--COMPRESSION FORCE TENSION-->

-50 -220

-100 -440

0100 200 300 20 Degrees/div Crank Angle

Figure 1. Rod load curves generated by 3500/S1

GE Measurement & Control | GER-4490B (01/15) 1 Gas Force The gas pressures in the chamber act not only on the piston, but The blue line in Figure 1 represents the gas forces acting on the also on the heads of each cylinder. The combined gas force on the compressor’s static components and running gear. This force is the crank and head end heads has the same absolute value as the gas gas load referenced in API-618 (paragraph 6.6.2)2. To obtain this load calculated above, but acts in the opposite direction (i.e., has force, the indicated cylinder pressure on the head end is multiplied opposite sign). by the head end area of the piston. This is shown in green in Combined Rod Load Figure 2 for a typical double-acting cylinder. The resultant force Finally, the green line in Figure 1 represents the combined rod is then subtracted from the indicated crank end cylinder pressure load, or crosshead pin load. This force is the combined rod load times the crank end piston area (shown in brown in Figure 2). This referenced in API-618 (paragraph 6.6.1)2. The gas load is added to summation represents the net force1 acting on the piston rod and the inertia force at each point of measurement to obtain this force. can be written as: Since, as noted in the previous section, the gas load is computed 720 times for each crankshaft revolution, 3500/S1 also performs the combined rod load calculation 720 times for each crankshaft The cylinder pressure varies continuously throughout the revolution. For each of these 720 points of measurement during revolution of the crankshaft so the calculations must be performed the crankshaft revolution, the calculation can be written as: multiple times throughout the revolution to obtain a curve. For each 360 degrees of crankshaft rotation, 3500/S1 collects 720 indicated cylinder pressure data points simultaneously for both the head and crank end. The gas load calculation is thus performed When the mass used in the inertia force calculation includes the 720 times for each revolution. crosshead, the smallest distance between the points of zero force (shown by black dots at approximately 35° and 200° of crank angle in Figure 1) represents the degrees of rod reversal referenced in API-618 (paragraph 6.6.4)2.

Had 3500/S1 been configured to calculate rod load at the piston rod, the inertia forces would no longer include the crosshead mass. The combination of this inertia force and gas force results in the Figure 2. Piston areas used for gas rod load calculation forces that act on the piston rod, next to the crosshead. Note that this force no longer reflects those acting on the crosshead pin, and therefore cannot be used to calculate rod reversal.

/77M Cylinder Pressure Mon - HP CYL1 CHP510-XM1

Throw: Cylinder: Chamber: Rack Type: Slot: Channel: A 1 Crank End Standard 3 2 (Active)

Enable Transducer Properties Full-scale Range Clamp Value Discharge Pressure 0-100 psig 0 Properties...

Suction Pressure 0-100 psig 0 Barriers Maximum Pressure 0-100 psig 0 None Minimum Pressure 0-100 psig 0

Compression Ratio 0-100 psig 1 Alarm Mode Alert Delay Rod Load Latching At Crosshead Pin Alert 30 Crank End / Inner End Head Nonlatching At Piston Rod 1 - 60 s Peak Rod Compression 0-10000 lbf 0 Danger Danger 30 Peak Rod Tension 0-10000 lbf 0 Latching Nonlatching 1 - 60 s Degrees of Rod Reversal 0-180 deg 0 API618 Convention Head End / Outer End Head Non-API618 Convention

OK Set Defaults Cancel CP Mod Print Help 3500

Figure 3. Reciprocating compressor terminology Figure 4. 3500/77M configuration screen

2 Conclusion • Gas Load: The force resulting from the internal pressure in each chamber acting on the associated piston and cylinder Rod load curves and peak rod load / reversal values provide head surfaces. important insight into the health of a reciprocating compressor. This is the curve labeled “Gas Force” in System 1 software plots. Understanding how 3500/S1 calculates these values and how they As it depends only on the pressure and cylinder geometry, it relate to OEM and API-618 definitions enables end users to better remains the same whether the force calculation is done at the manage their reciprocating compressors. crosshead pin or piston rod. The term appeared in both the 4th and 5th editions of API-618 with the same definition; however, Bibliography 4th edition required that it be calculated every 10 degrees and the 5th edition required that it be calculated every 5 degrees. 1. Atkins, K.E.; Hinchliff, M.; McCain, B., “A Discussion of the Various • Maximum Allowable Continuous Combined Rod Load Loads Used to Rate Reciprocating Compressors.” Proceedings of (MACCRL): A value determined by the Original equipment the Gas Machinery Conference, 2005. Manufacturer (OEM) based on design limits of the various 2. API Standard 618, Fifth Edition (2007), “Reciprocating components in the compressor frame and the running gear Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry (bearings, crankshaft, connecting rod, crosshead assembly, Services,” American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. piston rod, piston assembly).

With minor exceptions (see 6.6.5 of API-618, 5th edition), Terms and Definitions no single value of combined rod load can exceed the manufacturer’s ratings for maximum allowable continuous The following definitions draw extensively from reference (1). The combined rod load (see paragraph 3.19 of API-618 5th edition reader is encouraged to consult this reference for a complete for a formal definition). OEMs may have individual limits for discussion of these terms and others, as well as a valuable compressive rod load, tension rod load, and compressive historical perspective. plus tension. • Combined Rod Load: The sum of actual gas load (including • Maximum Allowable Continuous Gas Load (MACGL): A value valve and passage losses) plus inertia loads at the crosshead pin, determined by the OEM based on the design limits of the static in the direction of the piston rod. components (frame, distance piece, cylinder and bolting). This is the force curve labeled “Combined Force” in System 1 With minor exceptions (see 6.6.5 of API-618, 5th edition), no software’s rod load plots when the inertia force includes the single value in the gas load curve can exceed the manufacture’s mass of the crosshead assembly. This force varies continuously ratings for maximum allowable continuous gas load. Reference throughout the revolution. The term appeared in both the 3.20 of API-618 5th edition for a formal definition. 4th and 5th edition of API-618 with the same definition; however the 4th edition required that it be calculated every • Rod Reversal: The shortest distance, measured in degrees of 10 degrees and the 5th edition required that it be calculated crank revolution, between each change in sign of force in the every 5 degrees. Reference 3.7 of API-618 5th edition for a combined rod-loading curve.

formal definition. Reference paragraph 3.49 of API-618 5th edition for a formal • Crosshead Pin Load: Same definition as “combined rod load.” definition; however, note that the API 618 definition is not entirely accurate as it references “piston rod loading” instead of Note this term is not defined within API-618, but is a commonly “combined rod loading.” encountered industry term used to clarify the component at which the combined rod load calculations are being done.

GE Measurement & Control | GER-4490B (01/15) 3 Notes

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