DOCSLIB.ORG

Bebyggelsehistorisk Tidskrift

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bebyggelsehistorisk Tidskrift Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift Nordic Journal of Settlement History and Built Heritage ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$%&'!! ()*$&+!,#-./0!1)'2&!3)+&! 4)$*.! 56.**)+78!9+:!'.*9$.:!8$'#;$#'.8!)+!<'.%)8$&');!=9)+*9+:! >)+*9+:! ?88#.! @@! A.9'!&B!1#C*);9$)&+! DEEF! 197.8! D@@GDHI! ?JJ,!K@LEMIN@L! ?JJ,!&+*)+.!IKKIM@NDI!! 666OC.CP77.*8.%)8$&')9O&'7! ! ! Dwellings and related struetures in prehistoric mainland Finland By Milton Nunez and Pirjo Uino Despite an early interest in the subject', organized farmers. The location of most sites mentioned here efforts to learn about prehistoric building structu¬ can be seen in the map of Figure 1. res in mainland Finland did not begin to materiali¬ ze until 20-25 years ago. Apparently excavating tbe obvious grave mounds was more rewarding than searching for indiscernible building remains, which generally were investigated only after acci¬ dental discovery. In contrast Finnish archaeologists sought the more conspicuous Metal Age founda¬ tions on the Åland Islands^ and the Stone Age dwelling depressions in the mainland after their discovery in 1950. The 1970s marked a turning point with C.F. Meinander’s project on Finnish Iron Age society, which included the investigation of building foundations and demonstrated that there was much to gain from the systematic inve- 4 stigation of prehistoric building remains. This paper attempts to summarize what we have learned from this incipient branch of archaeological re¬ search in Finland. For the sake of presentation the known prehistoric building forms have been somewhat arbitrarily grouped into two major cate¬ gories according to lifeways and chronology: Stone Age and Metal Age forms. The first would be mainly related to hunter-gatberers, the latter to Figure 1. Location of the counties with sites mentioned in the text: I. Åbo; 2. Alavus; 3. Borgå; 4. Esbo; 5. Harja- valta; 6. Hattula; 7. Honkilahti; 8. Humppila; 9. Kaland; 10. Karis; 11. Karkku; 12. Kemijärvi; 13. Kors¬ näs; 14. Kuortane; 15. Laitila; 16. Malax; 17. Nakkila; 18. Outokumpu; 19. Oravais; 20. Pemar; 21. Pieksämä- ki; 22. Posio; 23. Räisälä; 24. Raahe; 25. Rovaniemi; 26. Salo; 27. Tavastehus; 28. Vörå; 29. Yli-li. 133 Stone age forms (c.8300-1500 cal BC) Simple overnight shelters Little is known about the structures from the peri¬ od of human colonization (c.8500-7500 cal BC) right after deglaciation. It is likely that the rapidly and ever-changing environments with shoreline displacements of 3-12 m/century demanded rather mobile settlement patterns and lightly built shelters that have left few or no traces for the archaeologist. What appear to be the remains of a short-lived camp with a lean-to shelter from the 7th millenni¬ um cal BC were observed at the site of Ojalan- kangas in Alavus, Southern Ostrobotnia. Possible traces of similar structures have been recorded at other sites, and it is obvious that such flimsy over¬ night constructions were used by hunters through¬ out the prehistoric and historic periods. Figure 2. Excavation plan of the conical tent remains from Lauhala, Honkajoki, with post marks and a central charcoal lens (stoneless hearth?), according to Luho (1967). Figure 3. Excavation plan of the conical tent remains from Räisälä, Pitkäjärvi, and its reconstruction according to Pälsi (1918). The conical tent or lodge The earliest building remains known from Finland comes from the South Ostrobotnian site of Mylly- vuoma in Honkajoki. It consists of a series of post- holes suggesting a 6x8 m oval hut structure with a 2-m extension, possibly an entrance chamber to the south. (Fig.2) Indications of a stoneless hearth were found inside the structure. Both shoreline chronology and the artefacts found at this site sug¬ gest utilization some time within 7900-6800 cal BC. However, similar remains have been reported from both coastal and inland sites datable to the younger Comb ceramic period and even early Metal Age, suggesting that the conical tent/lodge was in use for several millennia. The best known of these conical structures was 9 excavated by Pälsi at Pitkäjärvi, Räisälä, on the 0 2m Carelian Isthmus (currently Russia). Based on a 134 The Semisubterranean house series of well-preserved posthole marks, he made a reconstruction (Fig. 3) that has been used to illu¬ The stabilization of the shoreline displacement strate the dwellings of Stone Age for over 75 combined with other favourable factors, as the 10 years. It was roughly circular and about 6 m onset of the climatic optimum and rich maritime across judging from the post marks and soil colo¬ environments by the 7th millennium cal BC, had a ration. Like the Honkajoki hut, there were indica¬ positive effect on lifeways and led to more stable tions of an inner hearth and a prodruding chamber/ settlement patterns with recurrent and longer sea¬ passage at its entrance. Apparently the posts had sonal stays at dwelling sites. This in turn gave rise been sunk vertically to a depth of at least 60-100 to more durable and elaborate structures at dwel¬ cm (95-135 cm from the modem ground surface). ling sites. Palsi’s reconstmction is one of several feasible Some dwelling remains from the Finnish Stone alternatives and represents a variant of the conical/ Age point to the use of semisubterranean houses, pyramidal tents or lodges common in arctic/sub¬ which also have ethnographic counterparts in arc- 14 arctic Eurasia and North America: a frame of long tic/subarctic Eurasia and North America. Al¬ poles covered with skin, bark or brash. though Finnish semisubterranean structures have 12 Meinander was critical about the interpretations been traditionally labelled as Madeneva-type dwel¬ of Finnish Stone Age huts on flimsy grounds, since lings, recent fieldwork indicates that there are in many cases the occurrence of only a few possib¬ several variants which do not quite fall within the le post marks have been interpreted as conical huts. definition originally given by Meinander in the Moreover, as he correctly pointed out, the poles 1960s: used in some simple dwelling forms need not leave ”Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att gemensamt för alla de ovan any soil marks. On the other hand, the possible beskrivna antagna hyddbottnama är att de syns i markytan som location of such structures can be sometimes detec¬ en 20-60 cm djup svacka. Kulturlagrets botten i svackans mitt ted through detained documentation of soil colour har i flera utgrävda fall visat sig ligga över 1 m djupare än mark¬ 13 and/or find distributions. ytan på hyddans ryggsida (landsida). En central, stenlagd härd y ASUHUSPAt4ANNE.«molu*2 p « PUoAiVtl t-E likAinea ia hiwft holkUw totoitM Plirl. PtIroPttontn hichlio {•punomullol lummo tikoiMa voolao liWemoo nokiiaw puMa« Htlnon4*r I96S hilllyAyl puwfa luatwoMnnt kM Figure 4. Excavation plan of the semisubterranean house remains from Sätös, Outokumpu, with a central hearth and silhouette side walls (Karjalainen 1996). 135 tio. ti2 tu tie tie 920 Figure 5. Plans from Pesonen’s (1996) investigations of recorded, particularly in the northern half of the 16 the semisubterranean house remains at Kuorikkikangas, country during the last 10-15 years , and reports Posio: Surface contours of depression (top left); excava¬ of new sites tion plan (top right); distribution of burnt stones (bottom keep coming all the time. left) and artefacts (bottom right). Two semisubterranean Madeneva-like structures were investigated recently by Karjalainen at Sätös bar konstaterats endast en gång (Kolmhaara). I några fall har det in eastern Finland, and by Pesonen at Kuorikki¬ funnits skäl at förmoda att hyddan har haft en ram av grövre virke, men dess form har inte kunnat fastställas”. kangas in Lapland. These excavations show that the current shapes of depressions need not corres¬ Since then, dozens of new localities with over 2000 pond to their original shape or that of the dwelling semisubterranean building remains have been they encased. They have undergone modification 136 by both human and natural agents after their abandonment. Like their counterparts in the Carelian Republic, these c.6x4- m structures were quadrangular and devoid of posts marks. Along the walls of the Sätös structure, what appears to be indications of a bark and wood construction were also detec¬ ted. (Fig.4) No signs of stone- lined hearths were met at Sätös, only a few scattered fire-crack¬ ed stones and a patch of red- burnt sand near the centre of the structure. The Kuorikki- kangas house, on the other hand, was rich in fire-cracked stones and contained two red- burnt sand patches along its central axis. (Fig.5) The dates of these two sites are difficult to pinpoint. The pottery from Sätös is Typical Comb cera¬ mics (c.4100-3500 cal BC) and Pöljä asbestos ware (c.2600- 1500 cal BC), which seems to agree best with the wall mar- 19 kings. Kuorikkikangas potte¬ ry have a chronological range within 5000 cal BC and AD 300, and the refuse fauna sug- gests year-round occupation. Evidence about another dwelling variant was provided by the investigation of a large semisubterranean house site at Naarajarvi in Pieksämäki, eas¬ tern Finland. The structure appeared as an elongated SW- NE oriented 30^0 cm deep double depression from the ground surface, and excava- Figure 6. Surface contours and features (post markings and hearths) from the semisubterrane¬ an house remains at Naarajärvi, Pieksämäki, according to Matis- kainen & Jussila (1984): 137 it is not possible to determine whether all or some of the structures were in use at the same time. One thing is certain, as shown by the concentration of dwelling remains in successive terraces, the people kept moving the location of their dwellings down¬ river as the rapid Ostrobotnian land upheaval kept shifting the rivermouth away. Ongoing investigations at one of the li river sites, Kuuselankangas in Yli-Ii, have revealed at least 36 Figure 7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ajan Jäljet -Kohteista Löytyy Paljon Viikko Heinäkuussa Tuo Vilskettä Rauman Kaupunkikuvaan
    ELÄVÄÄ HISTORIAA KIVIKAUDELTA PURJELAIVA-AIKAAN RAUMA, EURA, EURAJOKI, SÄKYLÄ, KÖYLIÖ AJAN JÄLJET -SYMBOLIT MUSEO MUINAISJÄÄNNÖS MATKAILUNÄHTÄVYYS KAHVILA RUOKAILU NÄYTTELY MYYNTIPISTE MAJOITUS MAAILMANPERINTÖKOHDE Kivikausi (n. 4200 - 1500 eKr) Rautakausi (n. 500 eKr - 1155 jKr) 1500 - 1900 luku Euran Hinnerjoki, Honkilahti, Euran Luistari, Käräjämäki Vanha Rauma, Vuojoen Kartano Kauttua ja Kiukaisten Kulttuuri ja Kauttuan Linnavuori ja Irjanteen kirkko Eurajoella sekä Kauttuan Ruukinpuisto Eurassa ESIHISTORIA KESKIAIKA UUSI AIKA 1155 jKr 1500 500 eKr 1500 eKr Pronssikausi (n. 1500 - 500 eKr) Keskiaika (n. 1155 - 1500) Kodisjoki, Euran Panelia, Rauman Köyliön Kirkkosaari ja Kirkkokari, Vasaraisten Kylmänkorvenkallio Pyhän Henrikin tie ja Vanha Rauma ja Lapin Sammallahdenmäki Rauman seudun historia herää eloon myös monissa alueen tapahtumissa. Euran Muinaisaikaan -tapahtuma kesäkuussa tutustuttaa viikinkien elämään ja Pitsi- Ajan Jäljet -kohteista löytyy paljon viikko heinäkuussa tuo vilskettä Rauman kaupunkikuvaan. Elokuussa vietetään kiintoisaa tekemistä myös lapsille! Lapissa löylypäiviä sekä pimenevän kesäillan Suviehtoota Vuojoen kartanolla. Li- Katso lisää esitteen takasivulta. sätietoja näistä ja monista muista Rauman seudun historia- ja kulttuuritapahtu- mista löydät osoitteesta www.visitrauma.fi. terveisin: Murre ESIHISTORIALLISIA VIERAILUKOHTEITA Esihistoriaksi kutsutaan aikaa, jolta ei ole kirjallisia lähteitä. Niinpä muinaisjäännökset ja esinelöydöt ovat tutkijoiden ainoat lähteet. Esihistoria jaetaan kivi-, pronssi- ja rautakauteen.
    [Show full text]
  • 9. a Fixed Abode: Neolithic Houses in County Carlow TJ O’Connell and Nial O’Neill
    9. A fixed abode: Neolithic houses in County Carlow TJ O’Connell and Nial O’Neill Illus. 1—Location of the sites at Russellstown and Busherstown, Co. Carlow (based on the Ordnance Survey Ireland map). The type of evidence that archaeologists uncover for Neolithic settlement in Ireland can come in a variety of forms, ranging from small-scale temporary sites to larger, more permanent enclosed landscapes such as the Céide fields in County Mayo. Neolithic buildings form one part of this mosaic of settlement evidence. The remains of two Early Neolithic rectangular houses were excavated in the townlands of Russellstown and Busherstown, Co. Carlow, by Headland Archaeology Ltd in 2006 on behalf of Carlow County Council and the NRA.1 This work was undertaken in advance of construction works for the N9/N10 Kilcullen–Waterford Road Scheme: Prumpelstown to Powerstown (Illus. 1). Their identification and excavation provide important additions to our knowledge of this site type in a part of the country where they have not been documented previously. Prior to the discovery of these buildings, evidence of Neolithic settlement in County Carlow was limited to a number of impressive funerary monuments, such as Kernanstown Portal Tomb (Record of Monuments and Places no. CW007-010), known locally as Brownshill Dolmen, and the Baunogenasraid Linkardstown-type burial tomb (CW008- 031001). Both the Russellstown and Busherstown sites were located within a 3.5 km radius of Brownshill Dolmen and within 5 km of the Baunogenasraid tumulus. Although it cannot 85 Dining and Dwelling be proven at present, the likelihood that those involved in building these tombs may have lived in one or both of the houses under discussion cannot be discounted.
    [Show full text]
  • Pohjanlahden Rantatie Pohjanlahden Rantatie
    POHJANLAHDEN RANTATIE Satakuntalaisten maaseutukylien kautta Pohjanlahden rannikkoa seuraten kulkee vanha maantie. Rantatie on jo myöhäiskeskiajalla yhdistänyt toisiinsa Varsinais-Suomen ja Pohjanmaan kulkien Pohjanlahden ympäri Ruotsin eteläosiin asti. Osittain rantatietä pitkin kulki keskiajalla Turun ja Korsholman linnojen välinen yhteydenpito ja 1600-luvulta lähtien postitalonpojat kuljettivat postia tiellä osittaista verovapautta vastaan. Rantatien varrella tai sen lähiympäristössä on useita valtakunnallisesti merkittäviä kulttuurihistoriallisia ympäristöjä, arvokkaita maisema-alueita sekä luontokohteita, joihin vanha tie ja tuleva Selkämeren kansallispuisto yhdessä muodostavat luonnollisen yhteyden. Kansi: Henri Terho Kannen kuva: Jyrki Toivanen, Lankosken museosilta, Merikarvia. 2008 Kulttuurituotannon ja maisemantutkimuksen laitoksen julkaisuja XV ISBN 978-951-29-3950-3 POHJANLAHDENPOHJANLAHDEN RANTATIERANTATIE RatsupolustaRatsupolusta rannikonrannikon matkailutieksmatkailutieksii POHJANLAHDEN RANTATIE Ratsupolusta rannikon matkailutieksi Kulttuurituotannon ja maisemantutkimuksen laitoksen julkaisuja XV Pori 2009 © 2009 Kirjoittajat Turun yliopisto Kulttuurituotannon ja maisemantutkimuksen laitoksen julkaisuja XV http://www.hum.utu.fi/satakunta/ Toimittajat Maunu Häyrynen ja Mikael Lähteenmäki Ohjausryhmä Pentti Ala-Luopa, Merikarvian kunta Elisa Bruk, Turun yliopisto Pirjo Ihamäki, Turun yliopisto Pirjo Jaakkola, Eurajoen kunta Tomi Kuusimäki, SAMK Mikael Lähteenmäki, Turun yliopisto Ilmo Marttila, Noormarkun kunta Kari Ojalahti,
    [Show full text]
  • Wattle and Daub
    Wattle and Daub ”The greatest part of our building in the cities and good towns of England consisteth only of timber, for as yet few of the houses of the communalty (except here and there in the west country towns) are made of stone….’these english’, quoth he [a Spaniard of Queen Mary’s day] , 'have their houses made of sticks and dirt, but they fare commonly so well as the king”. William Harrison, Description of England, 1587 Wattle and daub is the term for the panels of woven wood and mud used to fill between the timbers of many of the Museum’s buildings. This combination of materials has been used since at least the Bronze Age; fragmentary remains of daub-like mixtures bearing wattle imprints often survive in the archaeological record having been ‘fired’ as a building burnt down and waterlogged remains of wattle panels occasionally survive also. Brick nogging might also have been used to fill in between the timbers but this was also sometimes used to replace earlier wattle and daub. Evidence for the previous existence for wattle and daub panels may come from marks left on the main timbers by daub, and from auger holes drilled into the upper timber of the panel and grooves cut into the lower where the uprights for the wattle were fitted in. Timber framing with wattle and daub panels was the dominant form of building construction in many parts of England and Wales from the mid 12th century. It was common in some areas until the late 18th century and was used into the 19th century for lower status housing.
    [Show full text]
  • Wattle and Daub (KS2)
    Schools Wattle and Daub (KS2) How did people build houses in the Stone Age? Let’s go back in time and build one! Trees have been used to build houses for thousands of years. Wattle and daub are building materials used to make these houses in the Stone/Bronze/Iron Age across Britain and Western Europe. What you’ll need • Wattle and daub kits (can be loaned from City of Trees) • Air dry clay Subjects • Hay • Water History, Science, • Mixing bowl Art & design Learning Objectives: • Ability to address and devise historically relevant questions • Understanding of Stone/Bronze/Iron Age life • Ability to note connections and trends between Stone/Bronze/Iron Age technologies Lesson Plan: Warm up/Introduction Role-playing: Find the right materials to build a house. The children must first find a strong oak tree for the long posts of their house, then willow, hazel, or birch for the structure of the walls and then mud to complete their walls. A full script for this role-playing activity is in Appendix A. Main Learning 1. Split children into groups of 4 or 5 2. Half of the groups will make the ‘wattle’ and the other half the ‘daub.’ 3. Step by step instructions for each of these two components are in Appendix B 4. Once all the groups have finished making their wattle or daub, each daub groups will pair up with a wattle group to complete the build together as show in Appendix B. Additional Activities: Cave painting or Celtic runes If you build the wall in the morning using air dry clay, pop it on the windowsill or another warm place to let it dry.
    [Show full text]
  • Tilastokeskus 1.1.1984 Kuntanumerointi 1984
    Tilastoarkisto Statistikarkivefc TILASTOKESKUS # 1.1.1984 KUNTANUMEROINTI 1984 Lukijalle .............................................................. 1 Taulu 1. Läänit, seutukaava-alueet, kuntamuoto ... 2 ■ 2. Kunnat aakkosjärjestyksessä ............. 3 * 3. Kunnat lääneittäin ....................... 12 * 4. Kunnat seutukaava-alueittaln ............ 23 * 5. Kunnat tilastoalueittain ................. 34 Liite 1. Lakkautetut kunnat vuodesta 1959 lähtien. 40 Liite 2. Kuntamuodossa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kuntien nimenmuutokset (suomenkiel. nimi) vuodesta 1960 lähtien .................... 43 KUNTANUMEROINTI 1984 LUKIJALLE Tilastokeskus ylläpitää kuntaluokitusrekisterlä, joka sisältää tietoja julkisessa hallinnossa eniten käytetyistä aluejaoista. Tästä kuntaluokitusrekisteristä tuotetaan vuosit­ tain tämä KUNTANUMEROINTI-vihkonen, joka sisältää nykyisellään luettelot kunnista aakkosjärjestyksessä (taulu 2) lääneittäin (taulu 3) seutukaava-aluelttain (taulu 4) tilastoalueittain (taulu 5) Liitteinä ovat luettelot lakkautetuista kunnista sekä kuntamuo­ dossa tapahtuneista muutoksista ja nimenmuutoksista (suomenkielinen nimi). Kuntatunnuksena käytetään aikaisemmin Kansaneläkelaitoksen, nykyisin Väestörekisterikeskuksen antamaa kolminumeroista kuntatunnusta. Niin kutsuttu "TP:n kuntakoodi", joka myös esiintyy julkaisussa, tarkoittaa vanhaa Tilastollisen Päätoimi ston kuntakoodia. Tilastotoimessa sen käytöstä on luo­ vuttu ja siirrytty Valtion tilastotoimen kehittämisohjelman mukaisesti käyttämään alueluokituksina tilastoaluejaon sijasta pääasiassa
    [Show full text]
  • Die Neolitisches Tellsiedlung in Gălăbnik by Juraj Pavúk
    The Prehistoric Society Book Reviews DIE NEOLITISCHES TELLSIEDLUNG IN GĂLĂBNIK BY JURAJ PAVÚK AND ANETA BAKAMSKA Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 91. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2021. 435pp, 153 figures, 81 photos, pb, €169.00 This volume neatly bookends two of the principal features of the Aegean–Balkan–Carpathian (‘ABC’) Neolithic – the endless debates over typo-chronology and the immense richness of settlement finds. In the former, the tell stratigraphy of Argissa Magula, in Thessaly, Greece, casts a long shadow over Balkan Neolithic studies. Vladimir Milojčić’ sequence of five stages for the Early and Middle Neolithic (Aceramic; Monochrome; Proto-Sesklo; Pre-Sesklo; and Sesklo) is largely responsible for three issues for the spread of the Balkan Neolithic: the existence of an aceramic stage in Greece and the Balkans as well as in the Near East, the existence of a monochrome stage without painted pottery in the Balkans and the possibility of a threefold division of the Early Neolithic in the Balkans. While we cannot state for certain that all three possibilities have been conclusively falsified for the Balkans, this is now the most likely interpretation of the mass of new site evidence accumulated since Milojčić’ excavations in the 1950s. Unfortunately, the third dubious possibility is the basis for Pavúk and Bakamska’s otherwise impressive monograph on the site of Gălăbnik. Moreover, throughout post-Milojčić discussions of Greek and Balkan Neolithic chronology, there has been a virtually unchallenged equation between ‘pots’ and ‘people’ that has long since been discarded in other regions of Europe and beyond. Welcome to the Balkan Neolithic! The Gălăbnik volume, dedicated to the late Mikhail Chohadzhiev, is divided into two parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Adobe: an Ancient Folk Technology by Peter Nabokov
    Adobe: An Ancient Folk Technology By Peter Nabokov In the ancient world, Arabs mixed sand, clay, water, and a vegetal binding Peter Nabokov is a Research Associate for the material to make al-tob. The Spanish, principally because of contact with the Museum ofthe American Indian. He has writ­ ten extensively, his most recent work being, Arabic Moors of North Mrica, knew the process and called it adobe. When they Native American Testimony: An Anthology of arrived in the New World, the Spanish colonists found that the Indians in the Indian and White Relations. Forthcoming works Southwest had been using the same process for centuries. Today, we still know it include Native American Architecture to be by its Spanish name: adobe. published in 1982 by Oxford University Press with Robert Easton; and Indian Running, a It is not surprising that the Spanish and Indians shared an affinity for building study ofritual and athletics throughout the with adobe. The basic materials used to make it were common to both Americas, to bepublished this fall by Capra continents. In addition, it had unique qualities that made it an ideal building Press. material for arid climates. During the day, adobe absorbed the heat of the sun, leaving the house interior much cooler than the outside. As the outside air cooled in the evening, the walls reflected the stored heat into the houses, taking the chill off the night air. Adobe was also an infinitely adaptable construction medium: it could be shaped in many forms to meet a wide range of social, cultural, and physical housing needs.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Build a Mississippian House: a Study of Domestic Architecture in West – Central Alabama
    HOW TO BUILD A MISSISSIPPIAN HOUSE: A STUDY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN WEST – CENTRAL ALABAMA by CAMERON HAWKINS LACQUEMENT A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School of the University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2004 Submitted by Cameron H. Lacquement in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts specializing in Anthropology. Accepted on behalf of the Faculty of the Graduate School by the thesis committee: _________________________________ Keith P. Jacobi, Ph.D. ____________________________ Richard A. Krause, Ph.D. ____________________________ Kathryn S. Oths, Ph.D. ____________________________ Richard R. Polhemus, Ph.D. ____________________________ Vernon J. Knight, Jr., Ph.D. Chairperson ________________________ Date ____________________________ Michael D. Murphy, Ph.D. Department Chairperson ________________________ Date ____________________________ Ronald W. Rogers, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ii Acknowledgments I am indebted to a number of individuals for their assistance in completing this thesis project. I would like to extend special gratitude to Vernon J. Knight Jr. for his support and guidance throughout this project. Without him, it would not have been possible. I also would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Keith P. Jacobi, Richard A. Krause, Kathryn S. Oths, and Richard R. Polhemus for their encouragement and direction during my project. I am also indebted to Kenneth J. Fridley, Professor and Chair of the University of Alabama’s Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, who was not an official member of my committee, yet treated me as one of his own students.
    [Show full text]
  • Pests of Cultivated Plants in Finland
    ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FE,NNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja Vol. 1 1962 Supplementum 1 (English edition) Seria ANIMALIA NOCENTIA N. 5 — Sarja TUHOELÄIMET n:o 5 Reprinted from Acta Entomologica Fennica 19 PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IN FINLAND NIILO A.VAPPULA Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Pest Investigation, Tikkurila, Finland HELSINKI 1965 ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FENNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja journal of the Agricultural Researeh Centre TOIMITUSNEUVOSTO JA TOIMITUS EDITORIAL BOARD AND STAFF E. A. jamalainen V. Kanervo K. Multamäki 0. Ring M. Salonen M. Sillanpää J. Säkö V.Vainikainen 0. Valle V. U. Mustonen Päätoimittaja Toimitussihteeri Editor-in-chief Managing editor Ilmestyy 4-6 numeroa vuodessa; ajoittain lisänidoksia Issued as 4-6 numbers yearly and occasional supplements SARJAT— SERIES Agrogeologia, -chimica et -physica — Maaperä, lannoitus ja muokkaus Agricultura — Kasvinviljely Horticultura — Puutarhanviljely Phytopathologia — Kasvitaudit Animalia domestica — Kotieläimet Animalia nocentia — Tuhoeläimet JAKELU JA VAIHTOTI LAUKS ET DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus, kirjasto, Tikkurila Agricultural Research Centre, Library, Tikkurila, Finland ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FENNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja 1962 Supplementum 1 (English edition) Vol. 1 Seria ANIMALIA NOCENTIA N. 5 — Sarja TUHOELÄIMET n:o 5 Reprinted from Acta Entomologica Fennica 19 PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IN FINLAND NIILO A. VAPPULA Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Pest Investigation,
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Micromorphology Reference Collection for Northwest Australia
    JournalJournal of the of theRoyal Royal Society Society of Western of Western Australia, Australia, 102: 102, 10–27, 2019 2019 Western wonders under the microscope: building a micromorphology reference collection for northwest Australia INGRID WARD. 1 *, DORCAS VANNIEUWENHUYSE 2, KANE DITCHFIELD 1 & JILLIAN BARTEAUX 1 1 School of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 2 Artefact Heritage Pty Ltd, Pyrmont, NSW 2009, Australia * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Micromorphology is an effective and useful tool for documenting and differentiating cultural and non-cultural (including post-depositional) contextual features within archaeological matrices. Archaeological micromorphology is still a nascent field in Australia and, more generally, in arid and semi-arid environments, and as such would benefit from a reference collection to help identify cultural and non-cultural remains and features in this region. Here we introduce the beginnings of an archaeological micromorphological reference collection themed around material from northwest Australia. Reference material includes lithogenic and biogenic components such as stone artefacts, shells, plants and scats from native fauna and sedimentary contextual features from archaeological sites in the Kimberley and coastal Pilbara regions. This reference collection is useful for teaching and research, including regional Quaternary studies, and we encourage the development of similar regional micromorphological datasets for other parts of the continent and dryland environments more generally. Keywords: Micromorphology, reference, archaeology, northwest Australia Manuscript received 13 March 2019; accepted 3 May 2019 INTRODUCTION In semi-arid environments, soil micromorphological studies are helpful to determine palaeoenvironments, Micromorphology is the microscopic study of oriented, palaeoclimate (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • African Architectural Transference to the South Carolina Low Country, 1700-1880 Fritz Hamer University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected]
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty and Staff ubP lications University Libraries Spring 1997 African Architectural Transference to the South Carolina Low Country, 1700-1880 Fritz Hamer University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/lib_facpub Part of the History Commons Publication Info Published in Tennessee Anthropologist, Volume 22, Issue 1, Spring 1997, pages 1-34. http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kesmith/TNARCH/Publications/TAAAbstracts.html © 2007 by Tennessee Anthropologist This Article is brought to you by the University Libraries at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty and Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AFRICAN ARCHITECTUAL TRANSFERENCE TO TIlE SOUTII CARLIN'A LOW COUNTY, 1700-1880 Fritz Hamer and Michael Trink1ey ABSTRACT There is growing historical and archaeological evidence that African style housing was an integral pan of slave communities on plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Besides the "shotgun" house, other African housefonns were built in Nonh America before descendants of African slaves became acculturated to western construction techniques. The rarity of historical and archaeological evidence of these structures can be attributed to the culture bias of early white observers and the poor preservation of these impennanent structures in the archaeological record. Introduction In 1907 an American ethnographer discovered a group of African-Americans living in Edgefield County, South Carolina near the Savannah River who convincingly demonstrated that they were born and raised in Africa. The evidence showed that they were one of the last of the illegal slave shipments brought into the South on the Wanderer in 1858, forty-nine years earlier.
    [Show full text]