CO.NSCRIPTION AND

CONSCIENCE. . . . A HISTORY '1916-1919

·. - . B)" . JOHN W. GRA-HAM, M.A~ Printipal of DaltDn Hall, Universily of Ma;rchtsttr, .Autlur ~f . ~ "The Faith .of a Qua.ktr"

-1 • LONDON: GEORGE .i\LLEN & UNWIN, LTD.

~USKIN HOUSE, 40 MUSEUM STREET, W.C. 1 First jublishetl ;,. 1921 ,

(..411 rights riSUfJed) .. I shaU only consider the best means of making the path of that class a very hard one.': . . • MR.· D. LLoYD- GEORGE, House of Commons, July 26, 1916.

" I ask no man to scrap his principles:• Ma. D~ LLoYD GEORGE, Manchester, September'' IJ, 1918. DEDICATED WITH AFFECTIONATE REVERENCE

TO THE YOUNG MEN

WBO IN TIIB DARE DAYS OF TBB WAJl DPT TBB F¥rB AND STOOD BY THEIR COURTRY AND 11AMEIRD

WITH A COURAGE THAT DID ROT FAIL Composetl by the Chartist Leader, Ernest Jones, wk~n confinetl in a solitary cell, on breatl antl water, without books or writing materials, May 1849· .

Troublesome fancies beset me Sometimes as I sit in my cell, That comrades and friends may· forget me, And foes may remember too well.

That plans which I thought well digested May prove to be bubbles of air; And hopes, when they come to be teste~. May turn to the seed of despair.

But tho' I may doubt all beside me, And anchor and cable may part, Whatever-whatever betide me, Forbid me to doubt my own heart I

For sickness may wreck a brave spirit, And time wear the brain to a shade ; And dastardly age disinherit Creations that manhood has made.

But God I let me ne'er cease to cherish The truths I so fondly have held, Far sooner, at once let me perish, Ere firmness and courage are quelled.

Tho' my head in the dust may be lying, And bad men exult o'er my fall, I shall smile at them-smile at them, dying ; The Right is the Right after all. AUTHOR'S NOTE

To write with complete accuracy recent history concerning matters personally known to hundreds of accessible people,· and sometimes even matters· within my own cognizance, has been found more difficult than might be thought. Two _ eyewitnesses' account of the same event do not always agree.. It must be much easier to make a narrative' of events long gone by, concermng which there are few or no first-hand authorities. I .cannot hope to have made no mistakes, in spite of every effort to be correct, and 1n spite of very great help given to me by many friends. The whole book has been carefully read by Clifford Allen, A. Fenner Brockway, Hubert W. Peet, Miss Edith M; Ellis. and Miss Joan M. Fry ; and various chapters have been read by Miss Catherine Marshall, Howard C. Marten, and A. Barratt Brown. To their assistance the. book owes­ besides many minor con-ections--some general advice of high value. Ernest E. Hunter in particular has contri­ buted definite portions of that part of the narrative which concerns the inner working of the N.C.F. organization. To all these helpers I am deeply grateful. · It will be seen that' the Preface does not concern the history, but is a statement of future policy should con2 scription ever be imposed again. Writing here as a mere narr~tor, I have not felt it necessary to concern myself­ or to make up my mind-with regard to a situation which we hope, by the united efforts of us all, to make so remote that I shall no longer be an actor in it. · J. W. G. DALTON lLu.L, MANCHESTBK. Decem11w 1921. u INDEX

Absolute Exemption, 84, 86, 346 Beardsworth, Mr., 138 Absolutists and Alternativists, 192, Beauchamp, Miss Joan, 199, 200 213-220. 234· 252 201,202 Absolutists, number of, 351 Beaumont, F., 137 Advising C.O.'s, 75 Beavis, H. Stewart, 93, 198, 234 Albright, W. A., 271 Benson, Mr. George, 138 Aldred, Guy, 306 Bigland, Mrs. Percy, 167 Alexander, Horace G., 162, 170 Bigland, Percy, 168 . Allen, Clifford, II, 40, 92, 173: Bilthoven message, 206 Address at Conference, 176; at Birkenhead Park, outrages at, 138. First Convention, 189, 191, 192, Birukoff, 366, 367 193; on Home Office Scheme, 225, Bishop, Douglas R., 85; 287 226 ; letter from prison, 26o-264 ; Blake, Major, 308 · on work-striking, 290 ; liberated, Bodkin, Sir Archibald, l97, 201 299 ; final speech, 332-338 Bolsheviks, 366 Alternative service; 161 ; Guild, 207 Bone, Walter, death of, 321 Ambulance Unit for Italy, 159 Booth, the spy, 238 Ammon, C. G., 135, 242 n. Boothroyd, B. J., 192 Andrews, Maurice, cruelties to, 139 Boulogne, xzo-124, 146 Anti-Conscription Committee, 342 Brace, Mr., M.P., 209, 223, 235, 243, Appeal Tribunals, 85 244, 248; Committee, 251, 309 Appeal to the Conscience of theNation, Brierley, Mr., stipendiary, 69 287 Briggs, Mark, 126-133. Archbishop of Canterbury, 294 Brightmore case, 14o-143 Al'mageddon Ol' Calvary, 127, 130, 132 Briscoe, Major, 244 Army Order X, 148, 187 Brockway, A. Fenner, 11, 82, 93, Asquith, Mr., 52; speech. 53, 112, 172; Mrs., 172, 173, 192: letter 113; on Home Office Scheme, from, 258-260; work-striking, 291 Z2l-2:Z4; letter to, from National Brooke, Lieut.-Colonel, 144-146 Committee, 227-229 Brotherhood Church, riots at, 139 - • Attesting, 73 Brown, A. Barratt, n, 84, 93, 11}2: Ayles, Walter H., 93, 192; at Wake- poem, 281; 286; sesignation, z88 field, JOI Brown, H. Runham, 96, 198,294 • Broxbum, 240 B;~.d:house, Edward, 170 Bryce, Viscount, 250 Baker, Philip J., 157 Buchan, Colonel John, 309 Ballachulish, 241 Bums, W. E., death, 320, 321 B;~.llantyne. Garth, 126-133 Butler, Arthur, 313, 314 Barlinnie Barracks, 150, 151 Barlow, John Henry, 165, 166 Canadian C.O.'s in England, 133. 134 Barnes, Rev. E. W., 309 Cartmell, Sir Harry, Bs Barritt, Cornelius, no, 122, 125, 234 Catchpool, T. Corder, 94 Barrow. Harrison, 165. 166 Catherall, A., 135 Basis of Testimonv, 36-39 Cave, Sir George, 209, 244, 310, 326 Baxter Brothers, New Zealand, u6- Cecil, Lord Hugh. 112 ; speech. 133 82W31 :181 384 _CONSCRIPTION AND CONSCIENCE Central Fund, ·207 Derby, Lord, II2, 294, 296 Central Tribunal, circular from, and Derby Scheme, 51, 176 reply, 79. So, 86, 216, 230 Devlin, James, 138 C11allenl(e to Militarism, 165 Devonshire House, Bishopsgate, mob Chamberlain, W. J., 84, 191, 192, at, 1391; 71, 188, 331 202, 271 Disfranchisement, 328 Chancellor, Mr., M.P., 209 Ditton Priors, arson at, 140 Chaplains'. Committee, 167-170 Divided loyalty, 212 Chaplains, list of, 169, 170 D.O.R.A., 140, 164 Charlesworth, Ernest, 241 Dryer, Oliver, 206 Chertkofl, 366 Duckers, J. Scott, 215, 216, 303 Childs, Brigadier-General, 64, 135, 190 Dukes, Mr., 138 Christ before a Tribunal, 106-109 Dunkirk, 158 Christadelphians, 34, 34 7 Dyce, 232, 233 · Christmas cards in prison, 169 Clark, Oswald, 94 ; poem, 282 ; 287 Egypt, violence in, 150 Clark, Roderick, 94, 265 • Elliott, Sir Thomas, 223 Clark, Roger, 162 Ellis, Miss Edith M., II, 161, 165- Cleethorpes, brutality at, 140 167, 286 Collins, Sir Stephen, 57 • Ellison, T. H., 306 C.O.'s Hansard, 208 Emergency Committee, 160 C.O.'s Information Bureau, '186 England, Ernest, death of, 318, 319 C.O.'s sent to France, 111-126 Everett, Ernest, 194, 258 Compulsory registration, 175 Exemption Clause, 53 Conditions of release from prison, 230, 231 Fairby Grange, 328 Conference of the N.C.F., November Fellowship of Reconciliation, 161, 1915, 176-182 183, 204-206; in Scandinavia, Conscience, 42, 43 206 ; in America, 206 ; against Conscription, worth while ? 62, 63 Capitalism, 206, 327 Convention of the N.C.F., first, Field Punishment No. 1, 114, 120, April 1916, x88 122 Courl Martial Friend and Prison Firth, Henry W., 317-318 Guide, 110; in France, 122 Fletcher, John P. J., 192, 285, 288, "Court martial friends," 186 353 Courtney of Penwith, Lord, speech, 6o Friends' Ambulance Unit, 83, 84 ; Crawshaw, James, letter from, 143, General SeCtion, 97, 347; 157- 144 .. 159; York Hospital, 347; Cruelties in America, 372, 373, 376- Uflculme, 347 ; " Star and 378 . Garter," 347; King George Crusade,, 205 Hospital, 347 Friends' Service Committee, 157, Daily News, 297, 326 160, 161, and passim. Darling, Justice, 73 · Friends' Yearly Meeting of 1915S Dartmoor, 168 ; diet, 210, 234-240 ; t6o; January 1916, 162 ; May groups at, 235 .,, ; , Press stunt, 1916, 163 ; May 1918, 165, 287 ; c 237; spies suspected at, ·238; May 1917, 171 ; Epistle, 283 cost of, 240 ; and slacking, 246 ; Fry, Lord Justice, 295 grading at, 247; mob riots, 248 Fry, Miss Joan M., II, 134; 167 Darwen, men from, brutally treated, Fuller, Mr., 197 136 . Davenport, Frank, 241 . Gabarree prison, t50-152, 154 ·Davies, P. T., 303 Gales, Edwin L., 208 n. Deaths, 312-325·; list of, 323 Gamage, Mr. A. W., 216 Debs, Eugene, 37 · Gardner, Miss Lucy, 205 Declaration by Friends, 1914, 155 Gibbins, Hagh, 94 Deportations,. 111-'i26 ~ New·· ~ea­ Giesen, J., 358 . · · landers, 126-133; Canadians1 133. ·Gilbert, Edwin, 231, 244 · 134; others, 135 : ... · Gillan, Paul Leo, death of, 321, 322 INDEX 385 Gillett, Charles E., 315, 316 Jordans, 157; on continuation of Gillett, J. Rowntree, 125 N.C.F., 339 Gore-Booth, Miss Eva, 102 Gosport Barracks, 139 Reddington, 233 Go!>s, Isaac, 327 Kierman, Harold, 99 Gray, Jack, cruelty to, 143, 144 King George Hospital, 347 Griffith, R. A., 244 King, Joseph, M.P., 58, 6o, 208 .; on Grubb, Edward, 183, 190, 192, 204 diet, 210; on spies, 238, 309 Gwilliam, A. L., 192 Kinloch-Cooke, Sir C., M.P., 239 Kinmel Park, IIJ, 137, 147 Hallett, G. H., 375 Kirwan, L. J., 127, 133 Harby, E. W., 308 Knutsford, riot, 2JJ, 248-250 Harfleur, 120 Harmsworth Press, on Dartmoor, Labour Exchange, 162 237. 246 Labour Leader, 171, 210 Harris, Henry, 168 Labour Party, 297 Harris, J. Theodore, 207 Lambert, Richard, 208 Harvey, T. Edmund, M.P., 53 : Langdon-Davies, B. N., 73, 206 speech, 55, 59 ; speech, 77; I 14, Lees-Smith, Mr., M.P., 208 208, 217 ' Liberation, 310, JII Harwich circular redoubt, Ill Lincoln, Bishop of, 74 Haycock, A. W., 321 Literature Department of the N.C.F., Henriville Camp, IZ4 187 Herbert, Dorian, 137 Liverpool gaol, 297, 310 Hereford Barracks, 139 Llanddeusant, 241 Herford, Professor, 277 Llanon, 241 . Herford, Hugh V., 208 n. Lloyd George, Mr., M.P., speech, 78: Hicks, Mr. Joynson, M.P., speech, 54 on Absolutists, 221 Hills, John F .• 353 Long, Mr., M.P., speech; 58 ; circular, History of th6 F.A.U., 159 67. 8J, 112 Hobhouse, Mrs., quoted, 41, 276,'277 Long, Robert J., 170 Hobhouse, Stephen, 94, 258, 264 ; Ludlam, Dr. Ernest B., 95 liberated, 299 Lyme Regis, 248 Hodgkin, Henry T., 82, 204, 206 Lyndhurst, 248 Hodgkin, J. E., 272, 287, 298 Holland, H. E., M.P.,-127 MacCallum, Dr. J. C., 240 Home Office Compounds, 242 Maclean, Sir Donald, Chairman· of Home Office Scheme, 221-251 ; reply Tribunal, 69 to, by the J.A.C., 224 Macdonald, J. Ramsay, M.P., ·58, Hornsea Camp, cruelty at, 143, 144 6o, 207, 209 Horton, Arthur, JI4-JI7 Macpherson, Mr., 135. 209, 309 Horwill, George, JOJ Maidstone gaol, 300 ; hunger-strike, L{ounslow Barracks, cruelty at, 136 J04 !'toward, Geoffrey, 112 Mainwaring, T., '94 · Hudson, J. H., 95, J92; on work­ Manchester, 75. 87, 207, 208 n. · ·• striking, 292, 315 Manchester Guardian, 6o, 142, 147; . Hughes, I. P., 318 o~ First Convention, 188; . on Hunter, Ernest E., II, 202, 204, Dartmoor, 235-237, 297 ; on 242 "·· 293 Wakefield, JOI Manifesto from Wakefield, 302, I.L.P., 58, 6o, 173. 210 JOJ Industrial Conscription, 61, 6z Mann, Albert, 315 Maoris, 364, 365 Jesus Christ, central message, 36 Marshall, Miss Catherine E., 11, 82, Joint Advisory Council, 161 and 185, 192, 198, 204, 294 passim, 18.~. 186 Marten, Howard C., 11, 115; diary, Joint Board for Assistance, 328 118-126, 148, ZJI, ZJ5 C., ZJ8 Jones, Morgan, M.P., 96 Mayors, A. J., 238 Jones, Rufus M., 369 Mee, John, 207 386 CONSCRIPTION AND CONSCIENCE Meeting for Sufferings, November Outhwaite, Mr., M.P., 54, 58, 208 1914, 155 ; · Peace Committee, Oxford, Bishop of, letter, 74; 250 156, 170, 17I, November I915, Oxford Tribunal, 70 162; December 1917, 164, 194 Oxfordshire Appeal Tribunal, 70 Mellor, Judge, 69; and Pelham Committee, 99 ; at Knutsford, Pacifism, 38. 39 249 Pacifist Union Committee, 342 Memorial Hall. I 76 Page-Croft, General, 239 Mennell, Robert 0., 82, 93, 162 Parmoor,Lady,2o5 Mennonites, 358, 366, 37I Parmoor, Lord, 250, 294, 295, 309 Message to Men and Women, 171 Parton, F. Ll., case against Tribunals, Meyer, Rc;v. F. B., I23 73 .Meynell, Francis, I92 Peace G roup m· P arlia ment, 5 8 , 59, Military prison, II7, II9, 121, 208-210 129-131 Peake quoted, 4I Military representative, 66, 84 Peel, Viscount, 250, 352 Military Service Act II, 52 ; last, Peet, Hubert W., II, 45, 82, 95, ~ 326 123, I62, 187 ; writings, 264; Militaiy Training in Schools, Com-· on diet, 275 mittee on, 342 Pelham Committee, 99, 207, 242, Millwood, Ernest V., I35 .• 347 Molokans, 366, 377 Pentonville, 266 Morrell, Philip, Mr., M.P., 77, 208 Perry, J. S., 243 Murfin, F. J., 234 Pettifer, Mr., 347 Murray, Professor Gilbert, II2; on Philcox, Roland, I 16 Absolutists, 2I7, 309 Pimlott, 0. K., 134 Mustapha Camp, Alexandria, ISO Plymouth, 237 Plymouth Brethren, 34 Nathan, Sir Matthew, 223 Political Departlnent of the N.C.F., National Committee of the N.C.F., 185. 187, 208 I82 ; prosecuted, 19I, I92 ; let~er Ponsonby, Mr. A. H., M.P., 58, 6o, to Mr. Asquith on alternative 208 service, 227-229 Pontrefract guardroom, I37 National Council against Conscrip­ Preston Barracks, cruelty at, I36 tion, 73, 187, 206; for Civ~ Prichard, Rev. Mr. and his sons, 69 Liberties, 206 Princetown, 168, 234-240; death National Labour Pres.~.-194 at, 317, 318. See Dartm?or National Registration, I6I , Prison, library, 256 ; heatin~ a!ld Nazarenes, 355-357 ventilation, 265 ; personality m, Newcastle, hunger-strike, 303, 304 266; letters, 267 ; chaplain, 268 ; Newhaven, I93,233 Quaker chaplain, 269, 270 ; Newman, Major, 239 punishments, 272; in Scotl':lnd,~ Newman, Sir George, 157 273, 274 ; doctor, 274 ; d1et~. . New Zealanders sent to France, 275, 276; magazines, 279-;28I ; 126-133 concessions, 298, 299 News Sheet of F.O.R., 205; at Purley Tribunal, 84 Dartmoor, 245, 247 No-Conscription Fellowship, 171- 204 and passim ; final Con- Quaker chaplains, 125, 187, z6g vention 331-342 · · • Quakerism, 204, 205 Non-combatant service, 213, 348 Quakers, 55 ; well trea~ed, 84, 151-- trial at Guildhall, I65- Non-resistance, 44 171 · 167,' 172, 183; union with N.C.F. Norman, Mr. C. H., 144-146, I73. Committee, I83 ; in Aberdeen, 247· 318 . Northern Friends' Peace Board, 156 232 · at Dartmoor, 234 ; num­ bers' of, 352 ; in Russia, 368 Occupations of National Importance, Questions in Parliament, 83 roi · Orchard, Dr., 204, 205 Raid on N.C.F. office, 194 INDEX 387 Ramus, Pierre, 355. 357 Socialist objection, Preface, 35 Hecords Department of the N.C.F., Socialists, 172, 210; number of, 185 352 Hedfern, Percy, 207 Society of Friends, see Quakers Hegistration Act, 52 Solicitcw's Journal, 74 Hegulation 27C, 164 Solomon, 86 Heligion of a C.O., 46 Southall, Eric P., 96, 303 Heligious objection, 34 South Molton, 248 Hepeal the Act, 191 · · Sparkes, Malcolm, 95, 243 Reply to Central Tribunal's circular, Stafford, Norman, 153 7cr82 Stanton, H. E., 234 Richards, Leyton, 205 " Star and Garter" Home, 347 Richardson, Hugh, 186 Statement of Faith, N.C.F., 174 Rinder, Miss, 272, 309 St. Stephet~'s House, 16o Hoberts, Richard, 82, 204, 205 Stevenson, Miss Lilian, 204, 20S Roberts, Walter, 232, 312, 313 Street, Mr. S. H., 200 Hobinson, A., 138 Sturge, Joseph, 140 Robinson, Mrs. Wright, 207 Substitution scheme, 61, 02 Rose, Aylmer, 95. 172 Suffragists, 175, 185 Routine of disobedience, I 10 Sutherland, George A., 95 Rowntree; Arnold S., M.P., 53 ; Swansea, Recorder of, 295 speech, 54. 112, 208 Swanwick, 205 Rowntree, Maurice L., 95 Royal Army Medical Corps, 153 Taylor, Albert, 279 Hoyden, Miss Maude, 204, 205 Taylor, Alfred W., 234 Runacres, Mr., case of, 77, 78 Tennant, 113, 147 Russell, Bertrand, quoted, 36; trial Terrell, Major, M.P., 244, 245 of, 195-197. 199, 204; on Home Thieves, crucified, 38 Office Scheme, 222, 272 Thirty-four condemned to be shot, Russell, Earl, 250, 294 111-128 Thomas, Gilbert, 205 Salisbury, Lord, 230 Thomas, Henrietta, 161 Salter, Dr. Alfred, article quoted, 45; Thomas, Norman, 206, 369 204 ; on work-striking, 290, 328 Thompson, Mabel, 167 Salter, Mrs., 207 Thompson, W. H., 303 Samuel, Mr. Herbert, M.P., speech, Tillard, Violet, 185, 207 56, 326, 327 Times, 296 Sandhurst, Lord, 296 Total number of C.O.'s, 349 Sara, Henry, 303 Trades Unions, against conscription, Saunders, J. B., 150 64 Seaford, arson at, 139 Trevelyan, Charles, M.P., 54 ; ..speech, Seventh-Day Adventists, 152, 153 s6; 58, 6o, 135. 208 ~effield Tribunal, 72 Trial of Service Committee at Guild­ Shirkers, 40 hall, 165-16'7 Shortt, Mr., M.P., 304, 308 Tribut~al, 187, 190, 197; attacks "Simon, Sir John, speech against upon, 199-203 ; on Absolutists, Conscription Bill, 53, 59, 187 218-220 ; on Home Office Skinner, J. A., 278, 279 Scheme, 222; on work-striking, Sling Camp, 127 290 Smillie, Robert, 206 Tribunals, ordered, 53; nominated, Smith, Sir George Adam, on C.O.'s, '65 ; character, 66 ; composition, 43 68; failure, 68; ignorance, 71; Smith, Henry, 96 breaches of law, ~~. 72; char­ Smith, Lydia S., 96, 187, 202; acter, 'i8 ; neglect of circulars, letter to Manchester Guardiafl, 87 ; . exemptions, 89 ; tyranny, 235-237 97, 98; description by Miss Snowden. Philip, 54. 58, 6o, 73 ; Gore-Booth, 102 ; revision, 300 speech, 7f. 87; liZ, 136, 147,190, Tribunal statements, 89-92 208, 309. J26 Tyrell, W. G., 146 388 CONSCRIPTION AND CONSCIENCE Uffculme Hospital 347. Webb, Mr. C. P., M.P., 363 Union of Democratic Control, 58, Wedgwood, Commander, 208, 304, 6o, 209 · 308 . Urquhart,. Harry, 365 Wellock, Wilfred, 96 . ' ; Whitaker, 1\-Ir. T. P., M.P., 144 • Venture,;, 205 ·- · Whitehouse, J. H., M.P., 58, 6o, 79, Visitation by N.C.F., 186 209 . Whitlow, Maurice, 293 . Wakefield, Settlement at, 233, 245; · Wilson, Alexander C., 309 ; Mrs., 286 •: final experiment, 301-303 Wilson, Theodora Wilson, 2Q5 . Wallis, Bennett, 233, 319, 320 Winchester prison, 209; Whisperer, Walmsley, Alwyne A., 169 280 ; work-striking, 292 ; hunger- Wandsworth, I·H• 253; rebellion; strike, 304 ' .. 305-309 ' Wolstencroft, 241 Wanganui Barracks, 363 · ~ork of national importance, 53. Waplington, Mrs., 293 56. 57 : • War Office•. letter from, 149; 167; World Conference of Churches, 171, · . sunender, 326 · 206 War Victims' Relief Committee, 159, World To-morrow, The, 206 24:z; in America, 371, 372 Wormwood Scrubs, 168, 169; 187, Warwick Settlement, 233 ' 210, 230, 253 . Waste: in .punishment ol. C.O 's, Wyatt, Rende! H., 112, 116, 234 242. ~ • Watkins; Mr:, case of, 78 . Yearly Meeting, see Friends' Yearly Watson, William,- 247 Meeting ~atts, Arthur, 165, 166 York Hospital, 347

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