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Download Article (PDF) Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 564 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Administration Science 2020 (ICAS 2020) Model of Handling the Exodus of Timor Timur in East Nusa Tenggara (Case Study in Kupang and Belu Regency) Helmi Tachejadi Soerjono* Applied Masters Study Program, State Development Administration Politeknik STIA LAN Bandung Bandung, Indonesia *[email protected] Abstract—The handling of the exodus of the former Timor April 25, 1974, caused a very big change to the political policy Timur in NTT Province (East Nusa Tenggara) who wants to of Portuguese colonization in Africa and Timor Timur. return to the Republic of Indonesia (the Unitary State of the Indigenous political parties quickly emerged in Timor: the Republic of Indonesia) has not resolved all the main problems. Timorese Democratic Union (União Democrática Timorense, The purpose of this study is to analyze and find a model for UDT) was the first political association to be formally declared handling the exodus of the former Timor Timur that is in on 11 May 1974 following the Carnation Revolution [1]. UDT accordance with the social conditions of the community in initially consisted of senior administrative leaders and Kupang City and Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. plantation owners, as well as indigenous leaders. These leaders The government's efforts to overcome the obstacles in handling had conservative origins and showed loyalty to Portugal, but the exodus are carried out by building social institutions with local communities so that they have the opportunity to access never advocated integration with Indonesia. resources and get support services in overcoming the problems On 30 November 1975, the pro-integration group asked for they face. The qualitative research method with a descriptive Indonesian support to take Timor Timur from the Communist- approach is used to describe the object of research by analyzing leaning Fretilin. Indonesia answered this request by sending and evaluating the implementation of the exodus subscription troops on December 7, 1975, in a military operation called system for the former Timor Timur in the perspective of Operation Seroja [2]. APODETI, UDT, TRABALHISTA, and community empowerment. The model for handling the exodus of KOTA immediately held a counter-proclamation in Balibo the former Timor Timur which is in accordance with the social stating that Timor Timur was part of the Republic of Indonesia. conditions of the community in Kupang City and Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, is formulated based on the history Data from the NTT Regional Government shows that the of the integration period which has caused the social capital of former Timor Timur in NTT who still need treatment are ± the former Timor Timur to experience destruction so that it is 24,524 households or 104,436 people [3], while the data hoped that by growing positive social capital it can encourage available in the Ministry of Social Affairs states that the residents former Timor Timur rose and came out of poverty and number of former Timor Timur in NTT is ± 55,000 the various social problems it was experiencing. Policy households. The Ministry of Public Housing of the Republic of recommendations for handling the reconstruction and resolution Indonesia in 2014 stated that the number of ex-refugees living process by the government and stakeholders by considering: a) involvement of the former Timor Timur with local communities, in Belu currently numbered approximately 16,000 families or b) encouraging learning from local communities, c) being an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 people. The number of involved in joint planning with local communities, d) encouraging refugees is beyond the estimation of the NTT provincial participation in work the same as the local community, e) government, so that it has an impact on the handling of directed at starting with the capabilities of the former Timor refugees in various refugee camps [4]. In general, there are four Timur, and f) the development of the former Timor Timur built main problems faced by displacement, namely the absence of with the ownership of the local community. access to basic services, housing, access to land and employment opportunities [5]. Keywords—handling model, conflict management, exodus, former Timor Timur, East Nusa Tenggara The relatively large number of ex-Timorese refugees has the potential to cause conflict, especially in the refugee camps of Belu Regency, which can occur at any time. Some of these I. INTRODUCTION former Timor Timur refugee communities have the initiative to Timor Timur was a Portuguese colony since the early 16th move from refugee camps individually or in groups, or self- century. The Flower Revolution that took place in Portugal on Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 300 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 564 independent resettlement, which aims to avoid conflicts with arbitrarily and without any compensation, attitudes and local residents. behavior that did not respect the prevailing norms and were often anarchic and unfair competition in terms of livelihoods Another problem is that many of them are unemployed and (buying and selling competition in the scope of traditional live below the poverty line, unable to access basic social markets and cheap labor wages). services (education and health) and adequate micro-economic institutions. Chronic poverty, ignorance, low health status, acts Departing from the phenomenon of handling the problems of violence and even prostitution and child trafficking are some of the former Timor Timur who wanted to return to the bosom of the existing social problems and will increase as a result of of the Republic of Indonesia since 1999 until now have not the unavailability of the necessary resources and basic social resolved all the main problems, the author would like to present services. The condition of the former Timor Timur in NTT, the problems related to the handling of the exodus of the who are poor and have various potential social problems, is former Timor Timur by taking the title "MODEL OF THE further exacerbated by the rejection of several local community EXODUS HANDLING OF TIMOR TIMUR EXODUS. IN groups towards their existence and the attitude of the EAST NUSA TENGGARA (Case Study in Kupang City and Government in several regions which seems to state that Belu Regency)" handling the problems of the former Timor Timur is the matter of the Central Government. The problems in this study are: One of the problems of the conflict between the local • The handling of the existence of the former Timor community and the former Timor Timur in 2000 was that there Timur who wanted to return to the bosom of the was a conflict in the form of a physical clash between residents Republic of Indonesia since 1999 until now has not of Tuapukan village and Timor Timur refugees. This clash resolved all the main problems. occurred because the villagers of Tuapukan questioned the • The former Timor Timur in East Nusa Tenggara live in existence of Timor Timur refugees who had been in their various social problems in one area and are far from village for more than three months. Comparison in terms of local community settlements, making it difficult to carry number, the population of Tuapukan Village is less than the out good social communication and new problems refugees of the former Timor Timur, so that more victims are arising. residents of Tuapukan Village. Often the former Timor Timur refugees thought that the local population did not provide • There is a bad stigma from the local community and the social support by paying attention to their condition and Government towards the former Timor Timur, so that seemed selfish. The issue of exclusion and exclusion of land they are unable to carry out social communication in the access has the potential to cause social conflict between them place where they live. and local residents or landowners. • The non-development of social communication between As of 2017, there are still many ex-refugees who face former Timor Timur and local communities, the stigma problems of their legitimacy over their occupied resettlement and loss of trust towards all parties, has resulted in land, which has an impact on their agricultural activities. In negative and destructive behaviors. fact, some of the ex-refugees must continue to depend on the • Lack of attention by the central and local governments cooperation or compassion of the local population and tribes as in solving the root of the problem. landowners. The objectives to be achieved from this research are: The customary institutions within the local tribes play an important role in enforcing the rules and protecting the lands of • Describe the obstacles faced by the Government in their respective tribes. Several problems between ex-refugees dealing with the exodus of the former Timor-Timor in and local tribes are often encountered, due to the strong Kupang City and Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara influence of customary institutions and land protection Province. mechanisms for the benefit of tribal members. In general, customary institutions can determine which outsiders can • Analyze the efforts made by the government in access local tribal land, even limiting, blocking or expelling the overcoming obstacles in handling the exodus of the existence of outsiders in their territory, as happened to the ex- former Timor Timur in accordance with the social Timor Timur refugee group on land belonging to the Matabesi conditions of the people in Kupang City and Belu tribe and Liudasik in Belu Regency. Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The main problem observed was the role and process of • Analyze and find a model for handling the exodus of the customary institutions and local actors in exercising their former Timor Timur that is in accordance with the legitimacy so that nothing would hinder the access of social conditions of the community in Kupang City and community land for the former Timor Timur refugees.
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